Deck 16: The Family

Question 1

Children who are exposed to marital conflict have an increased likelihood of exhibiting which of the following behavioural outcomes?

A)aggressive interactions with siblings and peers
B)hostility toward their siblings, but closer friendships
C)hostility toward their peers, but closer sibling interactions
D)withdrawal from interactions with both siblings and peers

Answer 1

aggressive interactions with siblings and peers

Question 2

Zachary always wants to play his way, or not at all, and he often breaks in on other groups of children as they are playing.He is known for fighting with other children if they won't play "his way." Based on Baumrind's research, what would be your prediction for the style of parenting that Zachary's parents exhibit?

A)permissive
B)authoritarian
C)authoritative
D)uninvolved

Answer 2

permissive

Question 3

Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of research regarding conflict in sibling relationships?

A)It is quite rare in sibling interactions.
B)It occurs at a high frequency in many interactions between siblings.
C)Although it is a normal part of sibling relationships, positive interactions tend to be more frequent.
D)It occurs only when parents show favouritism toward one of the children.

Answer 3

Although it is a normal part of sibling relationships, positive interactions tend to be more frequent.

Question 4

How do the developmental achievements of children tend to change as the number of parental marital transitions increases?

A)They improve due to an increase in the variety of role models.
B)They worsen due to inconsistent parenting.
C)They improve depending on context.
D)They remain constant.

Question 5

Consider this exchange between a parent and his or her two-year-old: "Let me help with that." Two-year-old: "I do it myself." Now consider this exchange between a parent and his or her 12-year-old child: "Where are you going?" "Out." "What are you going to do?" "Nothing." What do the determined two-year-old and the evasive 12-year-old have in common?

A)his or her drive toward moral consistency
B)his or her quest for heteronomous morality
C)his or her quest for autonomy
D)his or her drive toward identification

Question 6

According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues, what behavioural outcome is associated with the use of psychological control for discipline?

A)affiliation with positive peer role models
B)anxiety and depression
C)increased academic success
D)high self-esteem

Question 7

Imagine that you are a preschool teacher and you suspect that your student Eric may be the victim of physical abuse.When his classmate Holly broke a classroom toy and began to cry, Eric did not respond in the same way as most of the other children.Based on this description, how did Eric respond to Holly's distress that aroused your suspicions?

A)He approached Holly and gave her a hug.
B)He ignored Holly's cries and continued playing with his toy.
C)He became angry and slapped Holly.
D)He asked you to help her fix the toy.

Question 8

Adoption practices in some countries are changing from a confidential system to a more open system.Which statement best summarizes the preliminary research evidence on the presence of the birth mother in a child's life?

A)Adopted children who have no contact with their birth mothers are more likely to be securely attached to their adoptive parent.
B)Contact with the birth mother disrupts the attachment relationship the adopted child has with the adoptive parent.
C)Contact with the birth mother undermines self-esteem in adopted children.
D)Adopted children are more satisfied with information about their roots when they can share information or have contact with their birth mothers.

Question 9

According to the research of Hildy Ross and Avigail Ram, the quickest and least negative resolutions between siblings in a play situation reflect what characteristics?

A)pre-existing positive sibling relationships
B)parental style
C)low-conflict situations
D)high-conflict situations

Question 10

Diya is a 14-year-old who wants to go to her first boy-girl evening party.The party will be at her best friend Elene's house but without chaperones.Diya tells her parents about the party and asks if she can go.Which type of response would be typical of Diya's permissive parents?

A)"Absolutely not.Case closed."
B)"Do whatever you want.It's your life.We don't care where you go."
C)"Let's sit down and discuss this.We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details.We can probably work something out."
D)"We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 11

Which statement best characterizes the divorce rate following the 1986 amendment to the Canadian Divorce Act?

A)a significant decrease in the divorce rate, followed by a slow rise at present
B)an increase by nearly a factor of 7 over the past 50 years
C)a steady, slow decrease over the past 50 years
D)a sudden one-year increase in the divorce rate, followed by a substantial decline

Question 12

According to Erikson, what two aspects of parenting are important throughout childhood and adolescence?

A)acceptance and responsiveness
B)responsiveness and control
C)demandingness and control
D)warmth and acceptance

Question 13

Mario is a 16-year-old who has been asked to join a student group that will be travelling to Thailand to assist with relief efforts for families that were left homeless after a recent tsunami.Mario tells his parents about the trip, provides brochures and information sheets, and asks if he can go.Which type of response would be typical of Mario's authoritarian parents?

A)"Absolutely not.Case closed."
B)"Do whatever you want.It's your life."
C)"Let's sit down and discuss this.We're not sure it's a good idea for you right now, but maybe we can work something out."
D)"We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 14

Samuel's parents Lise and Rachel are lesbians who were married for several years before Samuel was born.Based on this scenario, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Samuel's developmental outcomes relative to his peers?

A)He will be slower to develop a basic gender identity.
B)He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature.
C)He will be more likely to play with same-sex peers.
D)He will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.

Question 15

Based upon current research evidence, which of the following best characterizes the development outcomes for children who are raised by LGBTQ2+ parents versus heterosexual parents?

A)They are equally likely to be psychologically well adjusted.
B)They are less likely to become socially withdrawn during adolescence.
C)They are equally likely to be academically successful, yet are more likely to show delays in emotional development.
D)They are more likely to show delays in the development of a personal identity.

Question 16

Compared to high-SES parents, low-SES parents are more likely to have which type of parenting style?

A)permissive
B)authoritarian
C)neglecting
D)authoritative

Question 17

According to research findings, children typically show better adjustment to a divorce when they live with which parent?

A)their mother
B)their father
C)the same-sex parent
D)the opposite-sex parent

Question 18

Which statement best summarizes behavioural outcomes of children of divorce?

A)They fear intimacy and withdraw from relationships.
B)They do not find happiness in love relationships.
C)They are pessimistic about the success of their own marriages.
D)They are optimistic that their own marriage will be successful.

Question 19

Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Question 20

What type of child abuse is most visible?

A)psychological
B)sexual
C)physical
D)neglect

Question 21

What percentage of adults who were abused as children go on to abuse their own children?

A)less than 5 percent
B)about 30 percent
C)about 50 percent
D)more than 75 percent

Question 22

Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a child will be abused?

A)The child is responsive.
B)The child has a difficult temperament.
C)The child is sickly.
D)The child's parents are strict authoritarians.

Question 23

A father shouts at his child: "As long as you live under my roof, you will do what I tell you to do." Which parenting style does the father's behaviour exemplify?

A)uninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 24

Which of the following statements represents a stance taken by researchers to explain the link between poverty and maladaptive family dynamics?

A)Blue collar work is associated with greater independence, and so economically stressed parents believe they are preparing their children for the world they will be entering.
B)Economically stressed families experience distress and increased marital conflict, which disrupts the ability for the adults to be involved and supportive parents.
C)Obedience and unquestioning respect for authority leads to self-confidence and self-reliance, and so parents in low SES families create this environment to better prepare their children for the future.
D)Children in low income schools and neighbourhoods are more likely to be stubborn, impulsive, and to have low control.This causes parents to react more coercively.

Question 25

What effect does the addition of a stepfather have on the custodial mother's children?

A)It produces a loss of self-esteem in boys, but not in girls.
B)It increases acting-out behaviour in both boys and girls.
C)It produces depression and withdrawal in boys.
D)It increases self-esteem in boys.

Question 26

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood that a child will be abused?

A)The child is responsive.
B)The child is healthy and happy.
C)The child has an intellectual disability.
D)The child lives with his or her biological parents.

Question 27

How has the average age of first marriage in Canada changed over the last 100 years?

A)It has steadily increased.
B)It has recently risen, after initially decreasing.
C)It has steadily decreased.
D)It has recently decreased, after initially rising.

Question 28

Which of the following best summarizes the recent Canadian statistics regarding childbearing among married couples?

A)They have children immediately once they are married, but have fewer children.
B)They postpone childbearing, but then have multiple children closely spaced together in age.
C)They postpone childbearing and opt for a small number of children.
D)They have children immediately once they are married, and have multiple children closely spaced in age.

Question 29

Following remarriage and establishment of a blended family, what characteristic is of particular benefit to boys?

A)sharing a room with stepsiblings
B)practising role-taking skills with their stepmother
C)becoming more dependent on their biological mother
D)gaining a male role model in the form of a caring stepfather

Question 30

What parental characteristic defines a simple stepparent home?

A)They travel long distances to visit their other children.
B)They have full-time careers outside the home.
C)They do not both have biological children living in the home.
D)The both have biological children living in the home.

Question 31

Which conclusion is best supported by current research evidence regarding the sexual orientation of most children who are reared by cohabiting same-sex parents?

A)They voluntarily choose gay or lesbian orientations because of social learning.
B)They have genetic factors that increase the likelihood of being gay or lesbian.
C)They become gay or lesbian themselves due to cognitive schemas.
D)They are just as likely to be heterosexual as are children who are reared by heterosexuals.

Question 32

Which of the following theorists' research is most compatible with the family social system approach?

A)Piaget
B)Freud
C)Vygotsky
D)Bronfenbrenner

Question 33

Which of the following statements best captures the definition of a traditional nuclear family?

A)The traditional nuclear family consists of a married mother and father and at least one child.
B)The traditional nuclear family consists of a group of blood relatives who live together in the same household.
C)The traditional nuclear family consists of a married couple with or without children.
D)The traditional nuclear family consists of a group of people who are both related and unrelated and who live together in the same household.

Question 34

In comparison to children with siblings, what behavioural outcomes characterize only children?

A)They tend to be more obedient and intellectually competent.
B)They tend to have difficulties establishing peer relationships.
C)They tend to be less intellectually competent.
D)They tend to be less securely attached to their parents.

Question 35

What does research on the impact of divorce on children and families indicate about behaviour after the divorce?

A)Parenting and child behaviour often deteriorate for a year or more during the divorce crisis.
B)Parenting and child behaviour often deteriorate at the time of the separation and divorce, but immediately recover.
C)Children tend to become demanding and manipulative, whereas parents tend to become permissive and overindulgent.
D)Parenting style shows little change during the divorce crisis, but children often react with aggressive fear or anger responses because of losing a parent.

Question 36

According to Belsky, what is the most important aspect of parenting in infancy?

A)control and sensitivity
B)responsiveness and control
C)demandingness and control
D)warmth and sensitivity

Question 37

What is the term for a family system in which a group of blood relatives from more than one nuclear family live together in the same household?

A)a traditional nuclear family
B)a nontraditional dynamic family
C)a blended family
D)an extended family

Question 38

Relationships between siblings are more likely to show high levels of conflict when parents consistently pay more attention to one sibling.Who have researchers found are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment?

A)Younger siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the older sibling is favoured.
B)Girls are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that a brother is being favoured.
C)Boys are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that a sister is being favoured.
D)Older siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the younger sibling is favoured.

Question 39

According to the child-effects model, which behavioural influences are most important to a child's developmental trajectory?

A)that of the children in response to societal norms
B)that of parents toward the children
C)that of the children toward their parents
D)that of the parents in response to societal norms

Question 40

Baumrind's research with nursery school children and their parents indicated that impulsive, aggressive children are most likely to have what type of parents?

A)uninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 41

Eighteen-month-old Berat's parents have just introduced him to his newborn sister.Although Berat is curious and interested in having a sister, he becomes difficult and disruptive over the next four weeks.Based on current research, what accounts for Berat's response?

A)He has not yet developed a categorical self.
B)He feels neglected and less securely attached.
C)He has a very strong, secure attachment to both parents.
D)He has not yet developed a concept of gender identity.

Question 42

Studies of adopted children have shown that adoptees often display higher rates of learning difficulties and emotional problems when compared to their peers who are raised by their biological parents.According to the textbook, what is one reason for this?

A)Adoptive parents tend to be older and are less likely to be responsive to the needs of the adopted child.
B)Most adoptive parents fail to develop strong emotional ties to their adopted children.
C)Adoptive parents have smaller families and are more likely to be demanding and controlling in their parenting style.
D)Adopted children are more likely to have special needs or other pre-existing conditions.

Question 43

Which of the following best characterizes the behaviours of children who experience a permissive style of parenting?

A)They are bossy, impulsive, aggressive, and low in achievement.
B)They are self-reliant, socially responsible, bossy, and achievement oriented.
C)They are unfriendly, moody, easily annoyed, and selfish.
D)They are aggressive, hostile, selfish, and rebellious.

Question 44

Why might children who are raised by their biological parents have better developmental outcomes than children who are adopted into a family?

A)The rearing environment that the adoptive parents provide is not compatible with the child's predispositions.
B)Most adoptive parents fail to develop strong emotional ties to their adopted children.
C)Adoptive parents tend to be older and are less likely to be responsive to the needs of the child.
D)Adoptive parents have smaller families and are more likely to be demanding and controlling in their parenting style.

Question 45

Regarding the general developmental outcomes for children who are reared by cohabiting same-sex parents, which conclusion is best supported by current research evidence?

A)They are likely to become depressed and socially withdrawn during puberty.
B)They are likely to become aggressive with their peers.
C)They are likely to show confusion during gender identification.
D)They are likely to be as well-adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents.

Question 46

How do LGBTQ2+ parents compare to heterosexual parents?

A)They are superior parents to heterosexual parents.
B)They are more likely to be authoritarian than heterosexual parents.
C)They are as knowledgeable about effective child-rearing practices as heterosexual parents.
D)They are less attached to their children than heterosexual parents.

Question 47

From the social systems perspective, which of the following explains the parenting effects of economic hardship?

A)The effects are unrelated.
B)The effects are highly correlated with the traditional nuclear family.
C)The effects are uncommon in collectivistic cultures.
D)The effects can be offset by close ties to the community.

Question 48

According to Baumrind's research, which of the following characterizes the behaviour of children of authoritarian parents?

A)They are moody and unfriendly.
B)They are impulsive and aggressive.
C)They are cheerful and self-reliant.
D)They are moody, but self-reliant.

Question 49

After a new baby arrives, mothers often devote less attention to their older children.How does this change in attention affect the older sibling?

A)He or she becomes more disruptive, but the strength of the attachment relationship is not affected.
B)He or she becomes more disruptive, and the strength of the attachment relationships can be affected.
C)He or she forms a stronger, more secure attachment to the father.
D)He or she becomes moody and withdrawn.

Question 50

Which of the following can be concluded from the research of Hildy Ross and Avigail Ram?

A)Older sibling pairs experience greater hostility because their attitudes toward one another are less flexible.
B)Sibling conflicts inevitably involve some level of hostility but can generally be resolved.
C)Both social and cognitive gains can result from sibling experiences.
D)Young sibling pairs generally experience high-conflict situations.

Question 51

Charlotte's parents have just introduced her to her newborn brother.Although Charlotte is curious and interested in having a brother, she becomes difficult and disruptive over the next four weeks.Based on this description of Charlotte, how old is she likely to be?

A)less than 2 years of age
B)between 2 and 4 years of age
C)10 to 13 years of age
D)14 to 16 years of age

Question 52

Zoey and Yulia are consistent, controlling, but flexible toward the needs of their child.Which parenting style does their behaviour exemplify?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 53

When siblings play together, the older child typically dominates the younger.What outcome does this asymmetrical relationship have on the teacher-learner relationship in sibling interactions?

A)some positive outcomes to both, because the older child gains from playing teacher and the younger child gains from being a learner
B)some positive outcomes to the older child who gains from playing teacher, but none for the younger
C)primarily negative outcomes for the older child, but some gains for the younger child as learner
D)primarily negative outcomes for the younger child as learner, because older children typically use bullying tactics

Question 54

According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies, distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese American and European American parents.What did the data show is the predominant parenting style for Chinese Americans?

A)authoritative
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)"tiger parenting"

Question 55

Which description best characterizes the systems approach to understanding family relationships?

A)Only direct parent-child relationships within the family are important.
B)Every person and relationship within the family affects every other person and relationship within the system.
C)Sibling relationships within the family affect children's relationships outside the family system.
D)Parent-child relationships within the family affect children's relationships outside the family system.

Question 56

Which statement most accurately reflects the research findings concerning the disciplinary style of an average parent with low socioeconomic status?

A)"I cannot cope with demanding, disobedient kids."
B)"The kids deserve to have an equal voice with mine."
C)"I will do everything possible to help my kids succeed."
D)"I should have never had kids in the first place."

Question 57

What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritarian?

A)Parents are responsive, and children are free to express themselves.
B)Parents are reserved and aloof, and children are ignored.
C)Parents are responsive, and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries.
D)Parents are reserved, and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.

Question 58

Under what circumstances do adopted children show the most positive outcomes?

A)when they are adopted into transracial homes
B)when they are in a long-term stable adoption
C)when they are raised in working-class homes
D)when they are adopted into an extended family home

Question 59

Saanvi is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a camping trip for the upcoming weekend with a group of her friends, some of whom are male.She tells her parents about this idea on Monday night.Which type of response would be typical of Saanvi's authoritative parents?

A)"Absolutely not.Case closed."
B)"Do whatever you want.It's your life.We won't be home either."
C)"Let's sit down and discuss this.We're not sure it's a good idea."
D)"We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 60

Natalia's son Amit was conceived through donor insemination.Natalia lives with her life-long friend Kevin (a gay man).The home environment is warm and loving, and even though Kevin is not Amit's father, he has adopted him.Based on this scenario, and according to research evidence, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Amit's developmental outcomes relative to his peers?

A)He will be slower to develop a basic gender identity.
B)He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature.
C)He will be more likely to play with same-sex peers.
D)He will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.

Question 61

What is the term for the process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviours that are considered desirable within their society?

A)social actualization
B)social intensification
C)social identification
D)socialization

Question 62

Rachelle lived with her mother and her father in their own house until her father was killed in a car accident.Now Rachelle lives with her mother, her maternal grandparents, and one of her uncles.In this example, how did Rachelle's family system change?

A)from a traditional nuclear family to an extended family
B)from a blended family to a single-parent family
C)from a traditional nuclear family to a blended family
D)from an extended family to a single-parent family

Question 63

Estere believes that parents have the major influence on children's development and so she imposes her will on both her son and daughter.This type of belief is consistent with which model of family interaction?

A)parent-effects model
B)child-effects model
C)transactional-effects model
D)family-effects model

Question 64

Which of the following outcomes is more likely to characterize a child who has experienced physical abuse as opposed to abuse through neglect?

A)He or she flounders academically and may have to repeat a grade.
B)He or she shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
C)He or she displays hostility and aggression and has disordered peer relationships.
D)He or she forms resistant attachments to his or her parents.

Question 65

Aalia is a single mother who opted to become pregnant without a spouse through donor insemination.She has raised her daughter, Irem, on her own.Based on this scenario, and according to research evidence, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Irem's developmental outcomes relative to her peers?

A)She will be slower to develop a basic gender identity.
B)She will be just as psychologically well adjusted.
C)She will be more likely to play with same-sex peers.
D)She will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.

Question 66

From observational research, the number of altercations between very young siblings can be very high.Many of these contentious interactions continue during the preschool and grade-school years.What happens to the behaviour of siblings in these cases?

A)Older siblings tend to become more compliant, whereas younger siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive.
B)Both the older and the younger siblings tend to become more dominant and less compliant.
C)Older brothers tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas older sisters tend to become more compliant.
D)Older siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas younger siblings tend to become more compliant.

Question 67

What percentage of Canadian families are headed by a single parent?

A)20 percent
B)30 percent
C)40 percent
D)50 percent

Question 68

During which developmental phase are children most likely to assume that they are the cause of a divorce?

A)infancy
B)preschool to early elementary
C)middle to late elementary school
D)middle to late adolescence

Question 69

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the impact of remarriage of the custodial parent over time?

A)It increases most of the stresses associated with the divorce and has a negative impact on children.
B)It eases some stresses but creates some new ones; it is often a difficult adjustment, particularly for preschool and early grade-school children.
C)It increases most stresses yet has a positive impact on the adjustment of most children.
D)It eases some stresses but creates some new ones; it is often a difficult adjustment, particularly for adolescents.

Question 70

Why has the number of Canadian fathers heading single-parent families risen?

A)decreased stereotyping of mothers as the best parent
B)amendments to laws governing male parental rights
C)consistent, mandated programs that provide direct teaching of empathetic responses in fathers
D)a decrease in divorce rates

Question 71

What does the term parental acceptance describe?

A)the level of restriction that a parent directs toward a child
B)the total amount of time the parent spends interacting with the child
C)the amount of affection that a parent displays toward a child
D)the fit between the parent's and the child's temperament

Question 72

Which of the following characterizes the research findings regarding the effect of socioeconomic status on child-rearing practices?

A)There are no consistent differences in parenting style that are dependent on social class.
B)Upper- and middle-class parents place more stress on respect for authority, and staying out of trouble.
C)Upper- and middle-class parents tend to be more authoritative and place more stress on independence and ambition.
D)Economically disadvantaged and working-class parents tend to be more permissive and stress the importance of independence and ambition.

Question 73

Thiago is a 17-year-old who has been asked to join a weekend camping trip with a group of his friends.Both boys and girls will be going, and alcohol is likely to be available during the trip.Thiago tells his parents about the trip on Monday night and asks if he can go.Which type of response would be typical of Thiago's uninvolved parents?

A)"Absolutely not.Case closed."
B)"Do whatever you want.It's your life."
C)"Let's sit down and discuss this.We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details.We can probably work something out."
D)"We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."

Question 74

What parental characteristic is positively correlated with the degree of sibling rivalry?

A)socioeconomic status
B)levels of educational achievement
C)level of marital conflict
D)efforts to monitor children's activities

Question 75

According to the textbook, which of the following is among the factors that help families make positive adjustments to divorce?

A)making a clean break with the noncustodial parent
B)joint or shared parental physical custody of the children
C)living with the biological mother
D)parenting help and financial support from the noncustodial parent

Question 76

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effects of divorce on boys versus girls?

A)Boys are more negatively affected than girls.
B)Girls are more negatively affected than boys
C)Both boys and girls are adversely affected, but they may show their distress in different ways.
D)Both boys and girls are affected than is generally assumed, and most children adjust to the change quickly

Question 77

Research findings support the conclusion that mothers who have less education are more likely to exhibit what type of disciplinary style?

A)permissive
B)uninvolved
C)self-discipline
D)coercive

Question 78

Based upon current research findings, which general belief about abusive parents has NOT been supported?

A)They abuse all of their children equally.
B)They often target only one child in the family.
C)They interpret a child's normal distress as rejection.
D)They are of all races, ethnic groups, and social classes.

Question 79

Beatrice is an only child, and Shelby has both a sister and a brother.Otherwise, both Shelby and Beatrice have similar home environments and family structure.Based on this description, which statement is the most accurate prediction of Beatrice's behavioural characteristics?

A)She will have higher self-esteem, but poorer peer relationships.
B)She will be more obedient and slightly more intellectually competent.
C)She will be more disruptive and more selfish.
D)She will have lower achievement motivation, but better peer relationships.

Question 80

Research findings support the conclusion that urban African American parents are more likely to exhibit coercive and controlling styles of parenting.What did the textbook authors conclude from this finding?

A)This style of no-nonsense parenting is maladaptive.
B)This parenting style represents a pattern of hostility that requires behavioural intervention to affect a course correction and longer-term change.
C)This finding is problematic because authoritarian parenting has been shown to be the optimal form of parenting for all cultures and subcultures.
D)The middle-class pattern of authoritarian parenting may not be the most adaptive pattern for all ecological niches.