Deck 11: Nutrients Involved in Antioxidant Function

Question 1

Which antioxidant enzyme system functions by removing hydrogen peroxide from the body by converting it into water and oxygen?

A)superoxide dismutase
B)catalase
C)glutathione peroxidase
D)microsomal enzyme-oxidizing system

Answer 1

B

Question 2

From what source does our body obtain the majority of its antioxidants?

A)from sunlight
B)from the by-products of healthy metabolism
C)from the diet
D)from the gastrointestinal microflora

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following nutrients requires the most frequent consumption to ensure adequate body stores?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin E
C)vitamin C
D)beta-carotene

Answer 3

C

Question 4

About 90% of vitamin E is stored in the:

A)adipose tissue.
B)liver.
C)cell membranes.
D)skin.

Question 5

The gaining of electrons by an atom during metabolism is called:

A)oxidation.
B)reduction.
C)radiation.
D)mineralization.

Question 6

Which of the following diseases has been linked to free radical damage?

A)cancer
B)celiac disease
C)anemia
D)gallstones

Question 7

Which of the following statements about antioxidant vitamins is true?

A)Antioxidants are formed in the body upon exposure to radiation.
B)Antioxidants oxidize free radicals making them less harmful.
C)Antioxidants reduce free radicals by removing an electron.
D)Antioxidants donate an electron, thus reducing the free radical.

Question 8

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of:

A)copper.
B)vitamin E.
C)vitamin C.
D)selenium.

Question 9

Vitamin E is added to many oil-based skin care products because:

A)it prevents oxidation in these products.
B)it has an additive affect on the function of the products.
C)it is an inactive filler.
D)it improves the smell and texture of the products.

Question 10

Taking vitamin E supplements along with ________ can cause uncontrollable bleeding.

A)antidepressants
B)anticoagulants
C)cholesterol-lowering medications
D)oral contraceptives

Question 11

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is:

A)scurvy.
B)erythrocyte hemolysis.
C)night blindness.
D)Keshan disease.

Question 12

Which of the following foods will have the LEAST amount of viable vitamin E?

A)chicken fried in vegetable oil
B)bread dipped in sunflower oil
C)peanuts, dry roasted
D)salad with canola oil and vinegar

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of vitamin E?

A)protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)in cell membranes from oxidation
B)regenerating vitamin C by donating an electron
C)improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low
D)acting as a co-factor for a complex antioxidant system

Question 14

Which of the following foods would be the BEST choice to substantially increase your intakes of vitamin E?

A)skim milk
B)apple
C)chicken breast
D)sunflower oil

Question 15

Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)vitamin C
D)folate

Question 16

Which of the following individuals would be at the GREATEST risk for a vitamin E deficiency?

A)premature infants
B)postmenopausal women
C)male athletes
D)the elderly

Question 17

Which of the following are required cofactors within complex antioxidant enzyme systems?

A)antioxidant minerals
B)antioxidant vitamins
C)phytochemicals
D)gastrointestinal microflora

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true regarding free radicals?

A)Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
B)Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals.
C)Exposure to pollution decreases free radical production.
D)A free radical is an atom with paired electrons in its outermost shell.

Question 19

If you were to purchase a vitamin E supplement, which form would you look for?

A)alpha-tocopherol
B)alpha-tocotrienol
C)gamma-tocopherol
D)delta-tocopherol

Question 20

Free radicals can attack the cell membrane, which affects the ability of the membrane to:

A)regulate movement of nutrient into and out of the cell.
B)divide and create new cells.
C)produce steroid hormones.
D)break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Question 21

Which of the following symptoms is associated with consuming a megadose of vitamin C?

A)night blindness
B)scurvy
C)nausea and diarrhea
D)erythrocyte hemolysis

Question 22

Which of the following foods has the highest concentration of selenium?

A)apples
B)whole wheat pasta
C)cheese
D)Brazil nuts, dried

Question 23

Which of the following diseases might you notice in an individual who follows a vegan diet and consumes plant products grown in soil with low levels of selenium?

A)scurvy
B)xerophthalmia
C)Keshan disease
D)liver cirrhosis

Question 24

Which of the following would you expect to be the weakest antioxidant?

A)beta-carotene
B)vitamin E
C)lycopene
D)lutein

Question 25

Vitamin C assists in the formation of the structural protein called:

A)elastic.
B)collagen.
C)titan.
D)glutathione.

Question 26

The doctor has recently told Julie that she is anemic. Julie should consume ________ with her iron supplement to increase its absorption.

A)an omega-3 fatty acid supplement
B)a glass of milk
C)a glass of orange juice
D)a cup of coffee

Question 27

Prakash is a 45-year-old male who has been smoking since he was 12 years-old. He would like to take a beta-carotene supplement to reduce his risk of developing lung cancer. What dose would you recommend?

A)6 mg/day
B)10 mg/day
C)30 mg/day
D)Beta-carotene supplements are not recommended.

Question 28

Which of the following contains the greatest amount of bioavailable beta-carotene?

A)1 cup raw carrots
B)1 cup frozen carrots
C)1 cup lightly cooked carrots
D)1 cup thoroughly cooked carrots

Question 29

Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?

A)milk and cheese
B)seafood
C)whole grain cereals
D)green and red peppers

Question 30

Which of the following is the BEST source of vitamin C?

A)oranges
B)pork chops
C)hazelnuts
D)boiled carrots

Question 31

When analyzing the nutritional profile for cooked spinach you read that it contains 6 mg of beta-carotene per 100 g serving. How many mg of vitamin A would this be equivalent to?

A)0)5 mg
B)1 mg
C)2 mg
D)6 mg

Question 32

Which of the following is true about absorption of retinol?

A)Retinol is packaged in the chylomicrons and enters into the lymph system.
B)Retinol is transported across the enterocyte by simple diffusion.
C)Retinol is absorbed from the large intestine.
D)Retinol binds to vitamin C and then is absorbed by the enterocyte.

Question 33

In general, what percentage of carotenoids are absorbed in the GI tract?

A)10-20%
B)20-40%
C)40-60%
D)60-80%

Question 34

Which of the following carotenoids can be converted to retinol in the body?

A)lutein
B)beta-carotene
C)lycopene
D)retinol

Question 35

Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?

A)estrogen
B)insulin
C)cortisol
D)thyroxine

Question 36

Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C?

A)smoking cigarettes
B)drinking alcohol
C)being a vegan
D)taking supplements of vitamin C

Question 37

Absorption of which mineral is enhanced by vitamin C?

A)iron
B)copper
C)selenium
D)calcium

Question 38

Which of the following foods would be the best dietary source of pre-formed vitamin A?

A)carrot
B)egg
C)cantaloupe
D)rice

Question 39

Due to differences in absorption and metabolism, how many grams of beta-carotene is equivalent of 1 gram of vitamin A (1 RAE)?

A)6 g
B)12 g
C)18 g
D)24 g

Question 40

Which of the following is a function of carotenoids?

A)produce thyroxine
B)activate the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system
C)support the immune system
D)increase the cellular metabolic rate

Question 41

Which research study demonstrated a link between vitamin E consumption and a decreased risk of heart disease in smokers?

A)ADA Study
B)HOPE Study
C)NIH Study
D)ATBC Study

Question 42

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A)cardiovascular diseases
B)cancers
C)infectious diseases
D)respiratory diseases

Question 43

Which of the following is an effective treatment for cataracts?

A)vitamin A supplements
B)antibiotics in the form of eye drops
C)surgery
D)There is no known treatment for cataracts.

Question 44

Define cancer and explain why cancerous cells are harmful to the body.

Question 45

Timo has recently been diagnosed with hemochromatosis. He would like to take a vitamin C supplement to reduce the duration of his cold. How would you advise him? Justify your response.

Question 46

Which of the following have been associated with an increased risk for cancer in humans?

A)saturated fat
B)white sugar
C)fluoridated water
D)aspartame

Question 47

Which study concluded that vitamin E had no impact on the risk for CVD in people who are at high risk for heart attack and stroke?

A)HOPE
B)ATBC
C)NIH
D)ADA

Question 48

Research studies have consistently demonstrated an association between a reduced risk of cancer and:

A)the use of vitamin C supplements.
B)increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.
C)increased consumption of lean ground beef.
D)the use of beta-carotene supplements.

Question 49

Low-grade inflammation is associated with which biochemical marker?

A)HDL cholesterol
B)LDL cholesterol
C)insulin
D)C-reactive protein

Question 50

In Canada, the leading cause of blindness in adults 55 years and older is:

A)accidents.
B)type 1 diabetes.
C)macular degeneration.
D)cataracts.

Question 51

Rico is a 65-year-old male with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. He knows his blood pressure is high and that both his father and grandfather died of a heart attack. He has just retired and spends his mornings walking his dog and volunteering at the golf course. Since he has retired, he has lost 15 pounds bringing his body weight into the healthy range. Identify factors in Rico's life that increase or decrease his risk for cardiovascular disease.

Question 52

When travelling in India, you observe young children living on the street. They appear to be undernourished and unable to see in the dark. What has happened to these children? Explain why and how this disease developed.

Question 53

Which of the following terms is synonymous with the word malignant?

A)tumour
B)benign
C)cancer
D)undifferentiated

Question 54

Outline why selenium has an important role in the body's defense against oxidative damage.

Question 55

What effect would a lack of vitamin C have on the body's antioxidant capacity? Include information on the regeneration of antioxidants in your response.

Question 56

Your grandfather tells you his diet analysis reported his vitamin E intake from foods is 35 mg/day. He is also taking a supplement providing 100 mg of vitamin E three times per day. What advice would you give your grandfather regarding his vitamin E intakes?

Question 57

Do you agree with the Canadian Cancer Society's recommendation that Canadian adults take a vitamin D supplement daily during the fall and winter months? Why or why not?

Question 58

Genevive grew a garden full of carrots and other vegetables high in beta-carotene. She is trying to eat them all before they go bad. She has noticed an orange tinge to her skin lately. She asks you what could be the matter and what she should do. What is your response?

Question 59

Sophie is a cross-country skier training for nationals. She knows that the combination of competing, training, and travelling increases her risk of developing a cold. She asks you if she should take a vitamin C supplement during the winter to help her stay healthy. How would you advise her? Justify your recommendation.

Question 60

On average, smoking can reduce life expectancy by ________ in males and ________ in females.

A)10 years; 12 years
B)13 years; 14 years
C)10 years; 15 years
D)8 years; 9 years

Question 61

You have decided to do a research study on the effects of a diet high in antioxidant vitamins E and C and beta-carotene on the risk for cardiovascular disease. Provide a brief outline of your research study including: the importance of the study, your hypothesis, the risk factors for cardiovascular disease that you would need to control for, the outcome measures that you would use to determine if the risk is increasing or decreasing, and the dietary intervention. Identify confounding factors that could also change in the treatment diet and consequently affect your study results.

Question 62

Imagine you have been asked to develop a blog post to discuss the role of antioxidants in the prevention of cancer. Create your post including background information on the role of antioxidants in preventing cancer, studies that have assessed the value of antioxidant supplements, and some advice for your readers on dietary choices that will reduce their risk of cancer.

Question 63

The World Health Organization has a goal of worldwide elimination of vitamin A deficiency. In order to accomplish this, they have launched the Vitamin A Global Initiative, which includes strategies like fortification and supplementation. They target primarily Africa and South-East Asia, where vitamin A deficiencies are especially prevalent. Imagine they are successful in eliminating vitamin A deficiencies. What impact would that have on the health of these populations? Support your answer with information on the role of vitamin A in the body and in maintaining health.