Deck 3: The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat

Question 1

Saliva contains lysozyme which serves to:

A)moisten the food.
B)digest lipids.
C)neutralize acids.
D)inhibit bacterial growth.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which two pancreatic hormones are responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

A)glucose and galanin
B)neuropeptide Y and leptin
C)insulin and glucagon
D)cholecystokinin and serotonin

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ is a physiological need for food with no appetite.

A)Anorexia
B)Satiety
C)Satiation
D)Hunger

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Shayla is a triathlete who is trying to eat a sport bar while she is running. This could cause her to choke if her ________ does not close.

A)trachea
B)nasal sinuses
C)esophagus
D)epiglottis

Question 5

Appetite is defined as:

A)a basic physiological sensation.
B)a drive that prompts us to find food and eat.
C)an inborn need for certain foods.
D)a psychological desire to consume a specific food.

Question 6

Which of the following hormones stimulate food intake?

A)leptin
B)neuropeptide Y
C)cholecystokinin
D)serotonin

Question 7

Hunger and appetite differ in that:

A)hunger is psychosocial; appetite is physiological.
B)hunger is internally driven; appetite is externally driven.
C)hunger is typically a pleasant sensation; appetite is a negative sensation.
D)hunger relates to a specific food; appetite is a general sense of desire.

Question 8

How could a reduced olefaction potentially affect an individual's appetite?

A)Their appetite would decrease because of reduced ability to taste foods.
B)Their appetite would increase because of an increased ability to taste foods.
C)Their appetite would remain unchanged because olefaction does not affect appetite.
D)Their appetite would decrease because of an increased ability to taste foods.

Question 9

If you were to design a drug to curb an individual's desire to eat, which area of the body would you want to target?

A)the stomach
B)the small intestine
C)the hypothalamus
D)the mouth

Question 10

Hunger is best described as:

A)a physiological drive to consume food.
B)a psychological drive to consume food.
C)eating that is often driven by environmental cues.
D)eating that is often driven by emotional cues.

Question 11

A savory taste due to the presence of glutamic acid is called:

A)bitter.
B)sour.
C)umami.
D)salty.

Question 12

Jean has very high blood glucose levels in response to a high carbohydrate meal. Which of the following hormones would you expect him to have problems with?

A)neuropeptide Y
B)glucagon
C)insulin
D)serotonin

Question 13

The rhythmic contractions responsible for propelling food through the digestive tract are called:

A)elimination.
B)peristalsis.
C)mastication.
D)locomotion.

Question 14

For which of the following foods would chemical digestion begin in the mouth?

A)a piece of steak
B)a plain cracker
C)a protein shake
D)a piece of ham

Question 15

Which of the following BEST explains why carbohydrate digestion ceases when food reaches the stomach?

A)Carbohydrate digestion is completed in the mouth.
B)Salivary amylase cannot function in the acid environment of the stomach.
C)The stomach acid kills the bacteria needed for carbohydrate digestion.
D)Gastrin prevents the salivary amylase from continuing to function.

Question 16

One of the changes to the gastrointestinal tract that occurs with a Roux-en-Y weight-loss surgery is that food is rerouted straight to the distal end of the small intestine rather than passing through the entire small intestine. Which of the following would be affected by this type of surgery?

A)circulation of nutrients
B)absorption of nutrients
C)elimination of nutrients
D)segmentation of nutrients

Question 17

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

A)the earliest phase of digestion, when the brain and nervous system prepares the body in anticipation of food
B)the phase when the semi-digested food leaves the stomach and slowly enters the small intestine
C)the phase when the majority of absorption occurs, primarily occurring in the small intestine
D)the final phase of digestion, when the large intestine and rectum prepare the undigested components of food for elimination

Question 18

Which of the following snacks will have the highest satiety value, assuming the kilocalories and relative size are similar?

A)a slice of whole-grain bread
B)a piece of cheese
C)a glass of 100% orange juice
D)a glass of skim milk

Question 19

Which of the following describes how enzymes are regulated in the gastrointestinal tract?

A)by the release of intrinsic factor
B)by the release of digestive peptides.
C)by the release of hormones.
D)by peristalsis.

Question 20

Michael eats his breakfast and his gastrointestinal tract will now begin the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from this meal. What is the order in which each of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract will work to achieve this process?

A)mouth: esophagus: small intestine: stomach: large intestine
B)mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine
C)mouth: stomach: esophagus: small intestine: large intestine
D)mouth: stomach: esophagus: large intestine: small intestine

Question 21

Bicarbonate is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion. Why?

A)to neutralize the acidic chyme
B)to activate hormonal release of bile
C)to digest fats/oils
D)to lubricate the villi of the small intestine

Question 22

Which section of the small intestine is most likely to get ulcers from exposure to stomach acid?

A)bile duct.
B)duodenum.
C)jejunum.
D)ileum.

Question 23

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and is necessary for absorption of which vitamin?

A)B₁₂
B)B₃
C)Folate
D)K

Question 24

Chyme remains in the stomach for approximately 2 hours because:

A)it must be converted to a much less acidic pH before entering the duodenum.
B)the ileocecal valve is too small to pass it all at once.
C)the duodenum can hold only a small fraction of the stomach volume.
D)moving food into the small intestine too quickly can lead to an ulcer.

Question 25

The hormone ________ is released after the ingestion of a meal and triggers the stomach to release digestive juices.

A)leptin
B)insulin
C)gastrin
D)amylase

Question 26

A lipase is an enzyme that digests:

A)protein.
B)fat.
C)carbohydrate.
D)alcohol.

Question 27

Bile reduces lipids to smaller globules and then disperses them to aid digestion. This process is called:

A)liquefaction.
B)oxidation.
C)hydration.
D)emulsification.

Question 28

Fibre can aid to relieve constipation because fibre:

A)stimulates the muscles of the GI tract to contract.
B)prevents haustration in the sigmoid colon.
C)opens up the pyloric sphincter.
D)delays mass movements of the colon.

Question 29

Food is digested primarily by the process of:

A)reduction.
B)oxidation.
C)dehydration.
D)hydrolysis.

Question 30

People with celiac disease should not eat gluten because gluten causes an abnormal immune response, which damages or destroys the villi. How would this affect nutrient absorption?

A)Nutrient absorption would decrease because villi are needed to trap and absorb food.
B)Nutrient absorption would be delayed because nutrients would be absorbed in the large intestine.
C)Nutrient absorption would decrease because the villi are required for bile secretion.
D)Nutrient absorption would be delayed because the microvilli would compensate for the damaged villi.

Question 31

In which organ does the majority of water absorption occur?

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)large intestine

Question 32

The hormone insulin is made up of amino acids and is therefore a protein. Considering what you know about protein digestion, why must insulin be injected rather than taken in pill format?

A)It cannot be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
B)It cannot be broken down by enzymes involved in protein digestion.
C)The hydrochloric acid would denature it in the stomach.
D)It would be denatured by the hormone gastrin.

Question 33

Lucinda is concerned because her son Marco is constantly demanding food and is rapidly gaining weight. She thinks it may be due to increased levels of a hormone involved in regulating eating behaviour and body weight. Which of the following hormones is MOST likely to be responsible for Marco's appetite and weight gain?

A)Glucagon
B)Ghrelin
C)Gastric inhibitory peptide
D)Parathyroid hormone

Question 34

What is chyme?

A)ulcerations of the esophageal lining
B)healthy bacteria of the small intestine
C)mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices
D)substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid

Question 35

Which of the following organs is responsible for the manufacturing and secretion of many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate?

A)liver
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)gallbladder

Question 36

Which of the following correctly represents the large intestine?

A)pyloric sphincter, transverse colon, rectum, anus
B)ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
C)cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
D)cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, sigmoid colon, anus

Question 37

Abhu has recently had his gallbladder removed. He is concerned about how this will affect his ability to digest fatty foods. What would you tell him?

A)He can't eat fat because bile is produced by the gallbladder.
B)He can continue to eat fat because bile is produced by the liver.
C)He can only eat small amounts of fat that can be absorbed in the stomach.
D)He can continue to eat fat because pancreatic lipase can digest fat without the assistance of bile.

Question 38

Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK)signals the gallbladder to release a substance called:

A)lipase.
B)pepsin.
C)chyme.
D)bile.

Question 39

Jordan has a problem with the mucous surface cells in his stomach. Which of the following is he likely to experience?

A)a decreased risk of low acid production
B)an increased risk of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
C)an increased risk of gastritis
D)a decreased risk of stomach ulcers

Question 40

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which cells in the stomach?

A)enterocytes
B)mucus neck cells
C)chief cells
D)parietal cells

Question 41

Which of the following meals would be the BEST choice for an individual trying to minimize the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A)a spinach salad with almonds and oranges
B)a vegetarian pizza with tomatoes, peppers, and mushrooms
C)a plate of pasta with broccoli and cream sauce
D)a bowl of chicken soup with crackers

Question 42

Michael is concerned because his three-year-old daughter Paige has had diarrhea for one week. Paige's diet has not changed recently; however, Michael did hear that some of the other children at Paige's day care have also had diarrhea. What would you say to him?

A)He should not worry unless the diarrhea continues for at least one month.
B)He should watch her closely and take her to the doctor if he sees signs of severe dehydration.
C)He should stop feeding her milk because the diarrhea is due to allergic reaction to cow's milk.
D)He should have her tested for ulcerative colitis because the diarrhea has lasted longer than two days.

Question 43

Describe the digestive functions that can occur entirely through the enteric nervous system.

Question 44

Which of the following would result in constipation?

A)eating wheat when you are allergic to gluten
B)a bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract
C)eating a diet high in fibre and water
D)a disorder affecting the nervous system

Question 45

Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD?

A)surgical removal of the gallbladder
B)omission of all lactose foods
C)antibiotic therapy
D)lose weight and quit smoking

Question 46

Crohn's disease can be distinguished from ulcerative colitis because:

A)Crohn's disease can cause inflammation in the small intestine.
B)Crohn's disease can result in anemia.
C)Crohn's disease is thought to be related to a virus or bacterium.
D)Crohn's disease can be treated by diet.

Question 47

In some very rare cases, individuals can be born without the ability to produce the hormone leptin. What effect would this have on their appetite and body weight?

Question 48

How could the body respond to increase blood glucose levels in the absence of food?

Question 49

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients?

A)vascular
B)mesenteric
C)lymphatic
D)enterohepatic

Question 50

Howard is a 65-year-old male who is on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and is complaining of a burning pain in the abdominal area one to three hours after eating. What would you have him tested for if you were his physician?

Question 51

The ________ is a specialized division of the nervous system localized in the wall of the GI tract.

A)peripheral nervous system
B)hepatic nervous system
C)enteric nervous system
D)gastric nervous system

Question 52

Chun tells you she thinks she has a peptic ulcer. She says she is going to take a yoga class to reduce her stress and stop eating spicy foods to treat it. What would you tell her?

A)She should make these diet and lifestyle changes to heal her ulcer.
B)She should make the suggested diet and lifestyle changes and can take some ibuprofen for the pain.
C)She should not make any lifestyle changes and take an antacid before each meal.
D)She should make these diet and lifestyle changes but should also see a doctor for antibiotics.

Question 53

Barbara has just been diagnosed with celiac disease. Which of the following foods would be most dangerous for her to consume?

A)corn flakes
B)rice cakes
C)potatoes
D)whole-wheat bread

Question 54

As people age they often produce less stomach acid. How could this impact their ability to digest protein?

Question 55

Given what you know about nutrient absorption, what would you expect the effects to be if an individual were to drink alcohol on an empty stomach versus with a meal?

Question 56

What would be the most likely way for a large protein to be absorbed if it needed to move against the concentration gradient.

Question 57

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?

A)stress
B)H) pylori bacteria
C)prolonged use of aspirin
D)eating too many spicy foods

Question 58

Tara and Jon recently experienced a bout of food poisoning after eating some undercooked ground beef. A couple of weeks later they are at a BBQ and the host offers them the choice of a chicken burger or a hamburger. Which one would they be more likely to choose? Explain why this would be the case.

Question 59

In some forms of weight loss surgery, the stomach is stapled into a small pouch and the small intestine attached directly to this pouch, thus bypassing the pyloric sphincter. What effect could you see this having on food intakes?

Question 60

Compare and contrast the transport of proteins and fats beginning with their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and ending with the liver.

Question 61

Your friend complains of a rash and difficulty breathing after eating ice cream with strawberries for dessert at your house. Based on the symptoms described, is it likely to be a food intolerance to the lactose in the ice cream or a food allergy to the strawberries? Explain the pathology of the disorder and the appropriate treatment.

Question 62

Compare and contrast the four different types of absorption that occur in the small intestine. For each type provide an example of one nutrient that would be absorbed in this manner.

Question 63

A family sits down for a holiday meal. They have just finished the main course and are all feeling quite full. The dessert arrives looking and smelling incredible. What is everyone most likely to do? Explain how the environmental cues would encourage them to act this way.