Deck 3: Modern Applications of the Classical Perspective: Deterrence, Rational Choice, and Routine Activities or Lifestyle Theories of Crime

Question 1

Whose ideas influenced the decay of the classical school?

A)Beccaria
B)Bentham
C)Rousseau
D)Darwin

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Critics of deterrence theory stated that ______ statistics are not adequate measures of the deterrence theoretical framework.

A)parametric
B)non-parametric
C)aggregate
D)multivariate

Answer 2

C

Question 3

White-collar criminals and ______ are two types of offenders who are most likely to be deterred because they are mostly of the middle- to upper-level socioeconomic status.

A)teenagers
B)white males
C)prescription drug addicts
D)drunk drivers

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Cross-sectional studies are based on ______.

A)observations over time
B)observations at one point in time
C)sectional observations
D)cross-observations

Question 5

______ research is when a participant is given a specific scenario in which a crime has been committed and is asked to estimate the chance that he/she would engage in such activity in the given circumstances.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Scenario
C)Longitudinal
D)Aggregate

Question 6

High crime areas are called ______.

A)routine spots
B)high-risk spots
C)hot spots
D)high-patrol spots

Question 7

When people's previous experiences highly influence their expectations regarding their chances of being caught, this is called ______.

A)experiential effect
B)experimental effect
C)longitudinal effect
D)cross-sectional effect

Question 8

Which of the following illustrates the element 'lack of capable guardian' as it is presented in routine activities theory?

A)infrequent police patrol in neighborhood
B)fenced-in yard
C)security cameras in store
D)sufficient lighting in parking lot

Question 9

The general model of routine activities theory was originally presented by ______ in 1979.

A)Cohen and Felson
B)Katz
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Sutherland

Question 10

______ sanctions provide more of a deterrent effect for most people.

A)Informal
B)Severe
C)Formal
D)Strict

Question 11

According to the book, what city is a good example of a city that realized a reduction in crime after implementing policies per the broken windows theory?

A)Dallas
B)Boulder
C)Irvine
D)New York

Question 12

According to routine activities theory, the victims of the Green River Killer were suitable targets because they ______.

A)were drug dealers
B)frequented clubs and bars
C)were prostitutes
D)were living alone

Question 13

Which state is one of the states that passed the controversial three-strikes law?

A)Rhode Islan
B)California
C)New York
D)Michigan

Question 14

Rational choice theory is a perspective that criminologists adapted from ______.

A)politicians
B)psychologists
C)economists
D)philosophers

Question 15

Who wrote The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives of Offending in 1986?

A)Cohen and Felson
B)Katz
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Cornish and Clarke

Question 16

Longitudinal studies of deterrence provided a significant improvement over the previously used ______ studies.

A)general deterrence
B)survey
C)cross-sectional
D)low self-control

Question 17

______ and ______ factors of deterrence are the basis for the rational choice theory.

A)Formal; informal
B)Partial; total
C)Central; peripheral
D)Parametric; non-Parametric

Question 18

______ deterrence is used to target a particular offender.

A)Total
B)Absolute
C)General
D)Specific

Question 19

Which of the following represents the ideal situation in which crime will occur (according to routine activities theory)?

A)motivate offender, unlocked car, lighted parking lot
B)motivated offender, fenced-in yard, dark backyard
C)motivated offender, dark street, lone walker
D)motivate offender, cash tip on table, people around

Question 20

Longitudinal studies are based on ______.

A)observations made over time
B)observations made at one point in time
C)samples of youth
D)face-to-face interviews

Question 21

Deterrence is highly ineffective in preventing crimes with immediate payoffs when it comes to the ______ offenders.

A)young male
B)older female
C)older male
D)younger female

Question 22

Rational choice theory emphasizes not only the formal and official aspects of criminal sanctions, but also the informal or unofficial aspects, such as family and community.

Question 23

The classical school of criminology experienced a rebirth on the 1980s.

Question 24

Who wrote Seductions of Crime in 1988?

A)Katz
B)Shaw and McKay
C)Sutherland
D)Cornish and Clarke

Question 25

______ studies showed that much of the observed association between perceived levels of punishment and offending could be explained by the experiential effect.

A)Longitudinal
B)Aggregate
C)Scenario
D)Cross-sectional

Question 26

Rational people will commit crime when the costs outweigh the benefits.

Question 27

Lifestyle theory overlaps with what other theory?

A)rational choice theory
B)deterrence theory
C)classical theory
D)routine activities theory

Question 28

______ assumes that offenders will make a rational choice to not offend again because they could go to prison for life upon their third felony.

A)Offense Targeting policy
B)Two-Strikes-You're-Out policy
C)Broken Windows policy
D)Three-Strikes-You're-Out policy

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction?

A)probation
B)loss of respect of family
C)imprisonment
D)paying fines

Question 30

Most offenders do not leave their home knowing they are going to commit a crime.

Question 31

______ emphasized the benefits of committing a crime, especially the physiological pleasure.

A)Seductions of Crime
B)The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending
C)"Deterring Corporate Crime"
D)"Use of the Death Penalty v.Outrage at Murder"

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE of the Green River Killer case study?

A)He confessed to killing 3 victims although he was convicted of killing 10.
B)He lived alone and did not have family.
C)He placed various objects such as a fish at the crime scenes to throw off investigators.
D)He picked up teenagers at high schools and kidnapped them.

Question 33

Which of the following is one of the top 10 places from which police were called to, according to a study of 911 calls in Minneapolis, Minnesota?

A)churches
B)bars
C)gyms
D)parks

Question 34

Longitudinal studies and ______ studies can address an experiential effect.

A)scenario
B)aggregate
C)cross-sectional

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of how informal sanctions might affect an individual?

A)An individual does not drink and drive because of his/her fear of getting arrested.
B)An individual does not steal because of his/her fear of going to jail.
C)An individual does not drink and drive because of his/her fear of getting shamed by friends.
D)An individual does not commit drug offenses because of his/her fear of getting fined.

Question 36

Which of the following in an example of a capable guardian relative to routine activities theory?

A)being at a bar
B)leaving a car unlocked
C)shopping alone
D)walking with a dog

Question 37

The general model of routine activities theory was presented by Lawrence Cohen and Robert K.Merton.

Question 38

Which of the following is a main component of rational choice theory?

A)hot spots
B)geographical mapping
C)weighing the benefits and costs of offending
D)the death penalty

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a strikable felony within the three-strikes law?

A)rape
B)trespassing
C)acceptance of a bribe
D)misconduct in public office

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a hydraulic offender?

A)a person who does not plan to commit a crime
B)a person who has been planning to commit a crime
C)a person who feels sorry for committing a crime
D)a person who does not like to commit crimes

Question 41

An example of shaming is forcing an offender to walk down a main street in town while wearing a sign that reads "I shoplifted."

Question 42

A capable guardian can include bystanders.

Question 43

The three-strike law has been shown to be ineffective as a specific deterrent.

Question 44

A vacant house in the suburbs would not be a suitable target.

Question 45

A notable paradox in criminology is that efforts of deterrence do not work well with those we want to deter the most because they have nothing to fear.

Question 46

The Green River Killer's case is a good example of routine activities theory.

Question 47

Explain the importance of formal and informal factors of criminal sanctions within the rational choice theory.

Question 48

Routine activities theory is another contemporary form of the positive school framework.

Question 49

Motivated offenders are always present, according to routine activities theory.

Question 50

Economics had a large influence on rational choice theory.

Question 51

Routine activities theory assumes there will never be a motivated offender.

Question 52

Bus depots were among the top hot spots in the Minneapolis study of 911 calls were bars.

Question 53

Explain how the Three-Strikes-You're-Out policy relates to rational choice theory.

Question 54

Evidence has shown that states that use death penalty have higher murder rates than states who do not use the death-penalty.

Question 55

Hobbes asserted that people who were not afraid of punishment could be effectively deterred.

Question 56

Burglary is an example of a strikable felony that falls under the three-strikes law.

Question 57

An example of a hydraulic offender would be a man who left his home knowing he was going to commit a crime.

Question 58

Explain the difference between longitudinal, cross-sectional and scenario research.

Question 59

Explain what the experiential effect is and how it relates to criminal activity.

Question 60

Explain the three key elements of routine activities theory and provide an example for each.