Deck 7: The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America

Question 1

The clergy who made the most skillful effort to reconcile church dogma and Enlightenment ideas were the

A) Dominicans.
B) Franciscans.
C) Jesuits.
D) Augustinians.

Answer 1

Jesuits.

Question 2

The creole effort to establish the spiritual primacy of the colonies over Spain was reflected in the cult of

A) the Virgin of Guadalupe.
B) the Virgin of Los Remedios.
C) St. James.
D) St. Christopher.

Answer 2

the Virgin of Guadalupe.

Question 3

The Royal Commentaries of the Inca, a work that continues to influence our image of the Inca Empire, was written by

A) Ixtlilxochitl.
B) Garcilaso de la Vega.
C) Poma de Ayala.
D) Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora.

Answer 3

Garcilaso de la Vega.

Question 4

Indigenous strategies for resisting Spanish oppression included

A) participation in municipal elections.
B) appeals for help to their ancient gods.
C) assassination of Spanish officials.
D) active use of Spanish legal codes for purposes of defense and offense.

Question 5

Characteristic of the economy of Spanish America in the late Bourbon period was

A) development of an extensive network of roads linking different provinces.
B) the use of improved techniques in agriculture.
C) a trend toward regional specialization and monoculture in the production of cash crops.
D) a steadily rising standard of living for the lower classes.

Question 6

Characteristic of the thought and policies of the eighteenth-century Spanish Enlightenment was

A) a rigid orthodoxy in religion and politics.
B) acceptance of French anticlericalism and deism.
C) distrust of the power of reason to reform society.
D) support for the Inquisition's right to pursue and punish heresy.

Question 7

The Bourbon reform reached its climax under

A) Philip V.
B) Ferdinand VI.
C) Charles III.
D) Charles IV.

Question 8

In the late 18^th century, the intellectual community in New Spain took greats interest in science due to

A) University of Valladolid.
B) the expansion of the mining industry.
C) increased isolation from Europe.
D) a decrease in religious zeal in New Spain.

Question 9

Colonial manufacturing in the late eighteenth century

A) suffered a decline as a result of competition from foreign goods.
B) declined as a result of Spanish mercantilist restrictions on colonial manufacturing.
C) grew as a result of growing population and consumer demand.
D) grew as a result of increasing Spanish investment in colonial industry.

Question 10

A distinctive feature of the Comunero revolt and program was

A) its effort to form a common front of almost all colonial groups against Spanish authority.
B) the proclamation of freedom for all black slaves.
C) the leading role the industrial workers played.
D) the strong support given by creoles to the revolt.

Question 11

In the late eighteenth century, the importance of debt servitude and the rigor of its enforcement depended on the

A) bargaining power of unions.
B) availability of labor.
C) labor policies of the crown.
D) attitude of the Catholic Church.

Question 12

One reason for the failure of the Bourbon reforms to achieve their goals was

A) refusal of the peasantry to accept improved agricultural methods.
B) hostility of the Jesuits to the work of reform.
C) opposition of conservatives to a much-needed land reform.
D) unwillingness of the Bourbon kings to promote industrialization.

Question 13

Eighteenth-century creole nationalists spent much time refuting the claims of European writers like Comte Georges de Buffon who proclaimed

A) the inferiority of the New World.
B) the inferiority of the New World and its inhabitants
C) the New World's dependency on Europe.
D) the New World's superiority.

Question 14

The first breach in the monopoly of the Cádiz merchant guild over trade to Spanish America was the

A) organization of the Caracas Company.
B) replacement of the fleet system by register ships.
C) organization of the Havana Company.
D) decree of free trade of 1778.

Question 15

The most important colonial historical work of the eighteenth century was the History of Ancient Mexico by Francisco Clavigero, a

A) Anglican.
B) Franciscan.
C) Jesuit.
D) Atheist.

Question 16

The monumental History of Ancient Mexico, a veritable encyclopedia of Aztec culture, was composed by

A) Motolinia.
B) Francisco Clavigero.
C) José de Acosta.
D) Diego Durán.

Question 17

The great revolt of Tupac Amaru opened with

A) an assault on Cuzco.
B) the execution of the corregidor Antonio de Arriaga.
C) the proclamation of Tupac Amaru as king of Peru.
D) an appeal to creoles, mestizos, and blacks to join the indigenous revolt.

Question 18

In the second half of the eighteenth century,

A) creoles dominated the audiencias of Lima and Mexico City.
B) an anti-creole reaction reduced creole representation in high official posts.
C) the crown sought to balance appointments of creoles and peninsulars to high offices.
D) an ideological campaign stressed creole's dubious loyalty and intellectual unfitness.

Question 19

The intendant system was introduced in the late eighteenth century to

A) increase royal revenues from the colonies.
B) reduce the power of the corregidores.
C) promote the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the colonies.
D) provide a counterpoise to the power of the viceroys.

Question 20

The Treaty of Utrecht

A) ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to England.
B) authorized the seizure of English ships caught smuggling to the Indies.
C) permitted the union of the French and Spanish thrones under one king.
D) granted to a French company a monopoly on the slave trade to the Indies.

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION
Bernardino de Sahagún

Question 22

IDENTIFICATION
Ambrosio O'Higgins

Question 23

IDENTIFICATION
register ships

Question 24

IDENTIFICATION
subdelegado

Question 25

IDENTIFICATION
Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora

Question 26

IDENTIFICATION
consulado

Question 27

Bourbon reforms led to increased agricultural production, itself the product of

A) improved productivity associated with mechanization of production.
B) greater demand for subsistence goods created by urban workers' prosperity.
C) higher agricultural prices and lower costs of agricultural machinery.
D) more extensive use of land and labor rather than improved productivity.

Question 28

IDENTIFICATION
intendant system

Question 29

IDENTIFICATION
Charles III

Question 30

Which of these was not mentioned in José Antonio Areche's report on Mexico's economy?

A) Landowners paid wages in goods rather than cash and treated their workers badly.
B) Spain slowed Mexico's development by extracting 500 million pesos of its silver output.
C) Spanish merchants engaged in the forced sale of goods to indigenous communities.
D) Landed estates were inefficient, heavily indebted, and relied on primitive tilling methods.

Question 31

IDENTIFICATION
decree of free trade of 1778

Question 32

The conflict at Real del Monte sought

A) more political independence for criollo landlords threatened by Bourbon royal authority.
B) redistribution of land to peasants and abolition of debt servitude.
C) restoration of pay cuts for workers, a form of profit-sharing, and the firing of abusive bosses.
D) protection of indigenous communal lands and the recognition of native political autonomy.

Question 33

IDENTIFICATION
José de Gálvez

Question 34

Bourbon Spain failed to reconquer its colonial trade because of

A) increasingly efficient competition from colonial industrial producers.
B) special commercial advantages granted British merchants by the Metheun Treaty.
C) political resistance from Spanish colonies jealous of their growing economic independence.
D) its own national industrial weakness and its failure to keep sea lanes open during wartime.

Question 35

IDENTIFICATION
War of the Spanish Succession

Question 36

The Quito Insurrection of 1765 was different than most 18^th century revolts because it was a

A) rebellion that aimed to restore the fabled power of the ancient Inca Empire.
B) bloody conflict that linked rural and urban opponents to Spanish sovereignty.
C) precursor to the wars of independence and aimed to create a sovereign Peruvian state.
D) revolt that united elites, artisans, and shopkeepers against royal taxes and monopolies.

Question 37

IDENTIFICATION
José Campillo

Question 38

IDENTIFICATION
the Caracas Company

Question 39

IDENTIFICATION
Garcilaso de la Vega

Question 40

IDENTIFICATION
Francisco Clavigero

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Tupac Amaru

Question 42

Explain, with examples, the meaning of the phrase "colonial subversive discourse."

Question 43

Compare and contrast the Quito Insurrection of 1765, the Tupac Amaru Rebellion, and the Revolt of the Comuneros.

Question 44

IDENTIFICATION
Juan Santos

Question 45

Recently, historians have begun to correct the traditional view that indigenous peoples were mere passive victims of Spanish rule. What evidence drawn from the text supports this revisionist interpretation?

Question 46

IDENTIFICATION
Real del Monte

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
José Antonio Galán

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
the Virgin of Guadalupe

Question 49

The intellectual atmosphere of colonial Spanish America has been described as neomedieval. Show how this atmosphere began to change in the eighteenth century.

Question 50

IDENTIFICATION
cédulas de gracias al sacar

Question 51

What were the objectives of the Bourbon domestic and colonial reforms? To what degree were they achieved?

Question 52

IDENTIFICATION
revolt of the Comuneros

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
the Consolidation

Question 54

Creole nationalism required that the creoles provide themselves with a suitably dignified and heroic past and that they free themselves from spiritual dependence on Spain. How did creole intellectuals employ history, religion, and mythology to achieve these ends?

Question 55

IDENTIFICATION
José Antonio Areche