Deck 13: Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaños and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets

Question 1

The long-term consequences of neoliberalism in Latin America were

A) increasing secularism and armed socialist revolution.
B) economic prosperity and expansion of democracy.
C) progressive national development and social justice.
D) greater external dependency and social inequality.

Answer 1

greater external dependency and social inequality.

Question 2

Despite his campaign against neoliberalism, Argentine President Carlos Menem's program included

A) privatization of state-owned companies.
B) massive layoffs of state workers.
C) limitations on the right to strike.
D) all of these choices.

Answer 2

all of these choices.

Question 3

Which of the following was NOT a feature of Cardoso's plan for Brazilian development?

A) Deficit reduction through cuts in social spending.
B) Agrarian reform.
C) Privatization of state-owned companies.
D) Promotion of foreign Investment.

Answer 3

Agrarian reform.

Question 4

The "social sector" within Itamar Franco's coalition government advocated reforms designed to

A) achieve fiscal stability in Brazil.
B) relieve hunger and poverty in Brazil.
C) privatize Brazil's social security system.
D) promote social networking in Brazil.

Question 5

Vicente Fox broke the PRI's historic monopoly of presidential power in 2000 by

A) denouncing neoliberalism for its failure to generate growth and development.
B) proposing the privatization of PEMEX, the inefficient state oil company.
C) promising to fill his cabinet with advisors from corporate business.
D) pledging to cut subsidies to small farmers and tax food and medicine.

Question 6

Which of these was not a result of Argentina's experience with neoliberalism in the 1990s?

A) growing inequality and violent popular opposition from groups like the piqueteros.
B) increased poverty, unemployment, and political protest.
C) a growing popular disdain for politicians and the political process
D) the spread of the Zapatista guerrilla insurrection in a remote southern province.

Question 7

In 2006, Chileans rejected unrestrained neoliberalism and elected

A) radical socialist, Hugo Chávez.
B) Chile's internationally renowned Communist poet, Pablo Neruda.
C) a populist president, Eduardo Frei Montalvo.
D) Latin America's first woman president, Socialist Michelle Bachelet.

Question 8

Political opposition to Brazil's neoliberal policies was led by

A) Fernando Cardoso of the Socialist Party.
B) Fernando Collor of the Social Democratic Party.
C) Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party.
D) Itamar Franco of the Communist Party.

Question 9

Progressive nationalists like Lula aimed to

A) expand Brazil's dependence on foreign loans and investment.
B) abolish Brazil's private sector and nationalize foreign companies.
C) reduce social spending and cut taxes in Brazil.
D) liberate Brazil from its debt to the IMF and promote greater social equality.

Question 10

Which of the following was not a campaign promise of Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo?

A) Abolition of state corruption.
B) Reduction of unemployment and poverty.
C) Creation of high protective tariffs to promote domestic economic prosperity.
D) Preservation of state ownership of the public utilities industry.

Question 11

By the middle of his presidential term, Toledo's neoliberal program had

A) promoted a rejuvenation of the Peruvian economy.
B) sparked broad public opposition, including strikes and sometime violent demonstrations.
C) attracted large sums of foreign investment that increased private sector employment.
D) established a model for development that other Latin American nations began to emulate.

Question 12

Electoral populism in the service of neoliberal government policies

A) undermined popular faith in democracy and threatened social stability.
B) mobilized popular movements that supported neoliberalism.
C) alienated foreign businesses and their government representatives.
D) discouraged social movements opposed to neoliberalism.

Question 13

In Chile, a political consequence of the dictatorship and its legacy to civil society was a

A) gradual growth of democratic liberties and popular engagement in electoral politics.
B) growing voter apathy, rising to 41 percent of eligible voters who refused to cast ballots.
C) resurgence of popular enthusiasm for the Chilean Socialist party.
D) elimination of military influence in national politics and revitalization of political debate.

Question 14

Peru's President Alberto Fujimori owed his reelection in 1995 above all to

A) massive electoral fraud.
B) foreign loans, cheap imports, and fraudulent promises.
C) the diplomatic and financial support of the United States.
D) victories in the war against the Shining Path.

Question 15

State programs to expand Mercosur, reduce poverty, and tax exports to increase domestic supplies of energy and food were all implemented by Argentina's new president

A) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
B) Néstor Kirchner.
C) Hugo Chávez.
D) Evo Morales.

Question 16

Growing inequality in late 20th century Mexico was largely the result of

A) investment in inefficient state companies like PEMEX.
B) unregulated markets that empowered investors rather than workers.
C) declining foreign investment and increasing government regulations.
D) a normal cyclical economic downturn.

Question 17

Two decades of neoliberal policies in Mexico produced all of the following except

A) steady economic growth averaging 2.8 percent per year.
B) stable poverty rates rising slightly to 70 million in 2001.
C) steadily rising average wages.
D) increasing employment in the informal sector and low wage maquilas.

Question 18

Evidence that Chileans were growing increasingly dissatisfied with neoliberalism included

A) the ratification of a 1980 Constitution that institutionalized Pinochet's power.
B) declining political participation and rising support for punishing human rights violations.
C) the election of Augusto Pinochet to the Chilean Senate.
D) the arrest, conviction, and imprisonment of Pinochet and his associates.

Question 19

As Peru's president, Toledo implemented policies endorsed by the IMF, including

A) privatization of two profitable state-owned electric companies.
B) high tariffs on foreign imports.
C) a public works project that created two million new jobs.
D) legislation to protect workers' rights.

Question 20

A major element of Menem's anti-inflation program in Argentina was

A) raising the minimum wage.
B) a vast public works program.
C) making the Argentine currency convertible in relation to the dollar.
D) rejecting the demands of the IMF and the World Bank for removal of trade restrictions.

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION
Alberto Fujimori

Question 22

Which of the following was NOT a policy endorsed by Ecuador's new president, Rafael Correa?

A) Constitutional reform.
B) Expansion of state anti-poverty programs.
C) Nationalization of foreign oil companies.
D) Renegotiation of nation's $10 billion foreign debt.

Question 23

Neoliberal policies in Bolivia

A) rendered the nation dependent on coca production and U.S. aid.
B) promoted economic growth and balanced social development.
C) encouraged political democratization and social justice.
D) disproportionately benefited the indigenous majority and sparked its political activism.

Question 24

IDENTIFICATION
coca dollars

Question 25

IDENTIFICATION
Alejandro Toledo

Question 26

The core of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada's economic program in Bolivia was a

A) vast expansion of tin exports.
B) relocation of unemployed miners in the Amazon area.
C) new plan to promote import substitution industrialization.
D) privatization of state enterprises and downsizing of the state.

Question 27

IDENTIFICATION
Hugo Banzer Suárez

Question 28

After Bolivia's military government resigned, the populist Victor Paz Estenssoro won election and

A) nationalized all foreign-owned companies.
B) was pressured by the army and IMF to impose a neoliberal austerity program.
C) declared a moratorium on foreign debt service until social programs were fully funded.
D) raised tariffs on all foreign imports.

Question 29

IDENTIFICATION
Operation Blast Furnace

Question 30

By 2006, a massive popular social movement, sparked by Bolivia's indigenous majority,

A) overthrew the neoliberal government and created an independent Aymara kingdom.
B) rejected neoliberalism and elected socialist Evo Morales president.
C) welcomed U.S. assistance in promoting democracy and national development.
D) embraced globalization and neoliberalism.

Question 31

IDENTIFICATION
CONAIE

Question 32

IDENTIFICATION
Evo Morales

Question 33

A coalition of workers, students, indigenous groups, and Afro-Ecuadorians successfully

A) forced Congress to impeach Lucio Gutiérrez after he broke a promise to oppose free trade.
B) organized an armed revolution to overthrow Ecuador's neoliberal regime.
C) pressured Congress to legislate dollarization of the national economy.
D) lobbied the government to support regionalization of Plan Colombia.

Question 34

President Reagan praised Ecuador's President León Febres Cordero as an "articulate champion of free enterprise" because Febres

A) promoted the growth of Ecuador's capital goods industry.
B) broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries.
C) abolished all price controls on staple foods and other basic commodities.
D) lowered tariffs on foreign imports and encouraged foreign investment.

Question 35

IDENTIFICATION
León Febres Cordero

Question 36

In the midst of its own economic crisis in the 1990s, Cuban leaders adopted

A) a pragmatic mix of state ownership and market reforms to preserve its "socialist essence."
B) the same neoliberal reforms as the rest of Latin America.
C) measures to insulate revolutionary socialist policies against market reforms.
D) policies that abandoned the revolution's historic commitment to social equality.

Question 37

IDENTIFICATION
Pachakutik

Question 38

Amidst claims of electoral fraud, Mexico's Andrés Manuel López Obrador, a critic of neoliberalism,

A) lost the 2006 presidential election to Felipe Calderón by one-half of a percentage point.
B) launched an armed revolution to redistribute property and wealth.
C) defeated Vicente Fox and proclaimed the restoration of Mexican populism.
D) joined the Zapatista Army of National Liberation.

Question 39

Ecuadoran indigenous efforts to prevent intrusion of oil companies into their territory included

A) a publicity campaign against the oil companies in the United States.
B) guerrilla warfare against oil company installations.
C) organization of an Ecuadoran Green Party.
D) filing suit in New York over environmental devastation caused by Texaco.

Question 40

IDENTIFICATION
"Pink Tide"

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Landless People's Movement

Question 42

IDENTIFICATION
Lula da Silva

Question 43

IDENTIFICATION
Fernando Collor

Question 44

IDENTIFICATION
EZLN

Question 45

IDENTIFICATION
Carlos Salinas de Gortari

Question 46

IDENTIFICATION
Fernando Cardoso

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
Eduardo Duhalde

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
Vicente Fox

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION
Benedita da Silva

Question 50

IDENTIFICATION
Fome Zero

Question 51

IDENTIFICATION
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Question 52

How did the Brazilian election of 1994 reflect changes in the political strategy of Brazil's elites?

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Ricardo Lagos

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

Question 55

IDENTIFICATION
Shining Path

Question 56

IDENTIFICATION
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas

Question 57

IDENTIFICATION
Carlos Saúl Menem

Question 58

IDENTIFICATION
Piqueteros

Question 59

IDENTIFICATION
Vicente Fox

Question 60

IDENTIFICATION
El Barzón

Question 61

What is the significance of Lula da Silva's 2002 presidential election and 2006 reelection both for Brazilian and regional Latin American economic and social development? What do they suggest about popular support for neoliberal models of development?

Question 62

What conclusions does the Mexican experience with dependent capitalist development suggest concerning the neoliberal program's viability as a solution for the problems of Latin American backwardness and poverty?

Question 63

A U.S. anthropologist calls diseases like typhoid, tuberculosis, leprosy, and bubonic plague that resurfaced in neoliberal Brazil diseases of "disorderly development." Explain.

Question 64

Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori's political tactics illustrate a fairly common strategy of present-day conservative Latin American politicians who promise one thing to retain power but deliver another. Explain.