Deck 9: Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative

Question 1

The major economic problems confronting Chile during the 1950s were

A) capital flight.
B) high taxes.
C) lack of foreign investment.
D) inflation and stagnation.

Answer 1

inflation and stagnation.

Question 2

The Braden Copper Company created a social welfare program for its workers to encourage nuclear families because it

A) stabilized labor turnover, deterred absenteeism, and discouraged militant trade unionism.
B) helped workers adjust to the harsh conditions of the isolated mining community.
C) attracted a better educated, more highly skilled work force.
D) encouraged company loyalty among the miners and cultivated government support.

Answer 2

stabilized labor turnover, deterred absenteeism, and discouraged militant trade unionism.

Question 3

Which does not describe the presidency of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo?

A) Large expenditures on public works.
B) Large expenditures on education.
C) Huge loans from foreign banks.
D) Widespread popular support from the upper and middle classes.

Answer 3

Widespread popular support from the upper and middle classes.

Question 4

Which of the following was not part of Eduardo Frei's program?

A) Chileanization of the copper industry.
B) Expropriation of the banking system.
C) Land redistribution.
D) Tax reform.

Question 5

Frei's policy toward labor unions was to

A) express sympathy.
B) try to organize them into one major national organization.
C) suppress strikes.
D) try to work with the Socialist party.

Question 6

Chile's major exports have been

A) nitrate and zinc.
B) copper and silver.
C) gold and silver.
D) nitrate and copper.

Question 7

Elena Caffarena was a feminist who supported

A) civil and political equality between men and women.
B) enfranchisement of literate women.
C) a "strike of the wombs" to liberate women from unwanted pregnancy.
D) "strong government regulation" to abolish sweatshops and "female exploitation."

Question 8

The Popular Front's motto during the 1930s was

A) Bread or the Club.
B) Bread, Clothing, and a Roof.
C) Order and Progress.
D) Death to the Yanquis.

Question 9

The military coup on September 11, 1973 was led by

A) Gen. Carlos Prats.
B) Victor Jara.
C) Gen. Augusto Pinochet.
D) Carlos Ibáñez del Campo.

Question 10

Which of the following does not characterize Allende's first year as president?

A) A 50 percent increase in worker income.
B) A fall in the inflation rate.
C) A rise in the inflation rate.
D) A boon for middle-class businesspeople.

Question 11

Chilean agriculture was

A) enormously productive, with extensive exports.
B) unable to feed the population.
C) made up of small farmers with few large landholdings.
D) more productive under Allende.

Question 12

The era of the Parliamentary Republic (1891-1920) was characterized by

A) political stagnation contrasted with rapid social change.
B) dynamic leadership by the export oligarchy.
C) honest and efficient government.
D) the founding of a new Social Democratic party.

Question 13

The succession of military coups in the earl 1920s, sought to

A) reestablish oligarchical rule.
B) win salary increases for the Chilean national congress.
C) ensure the adoption of Alessandri's social and political reform program.
D) begin a major arms buildup for possible war with Peru and Bolivia over the nitrate fields.

Question 14

Which of the following was not a reason the middle sectors became disaffected from Allende's government?

A) His program of expropriations frightened them.
B) His program was not nationalistic enough.
C) They had a longstanding mistrust of Socialists.
D) Inflation eroded their economic base.

Question 15

Literate Chilean women won the right to vote in 1949 when

A) MEMCH and other feminists pressured a leftist government to enact the legislation.
B) Elena Doll de Diaz, an aristocratic Conservative, persuaded the president to sign a decree.
C) Gonzalez Videla disenfranchised leftists and appealed for conservative women's support.
D) a Socialist and Communist Popular Front government delivered on its campaign promise.

Question 16

In the 1930s, the Movimiento pro-Emancipacion de la Mujer Chilena (MEMCH)

A) organized women's clubs to demand the enfranchisement of all literate women.
B) wanted legal abortions as alternatives to "compulsory motherhood."
C) opposed foreign investment that discriminated against women workers.
D) defended the moral center of family life and "popular restaurants" to feed the hungry.

Question 17

The Ley Maldita (Accursed Law)

A) outlawed the Communist party.
B) curtailed press freedom.
C) proclaimed martial law.
D) put a head tax on all workers.

Question 18

Salvador Allende won the 1970 election because

A) the National Party, representing conservatives, refused to ally with the Christian Democrats.
B) he appealed successfully to the middle class.
C) Chileans were unhappy with growing labor unrest.
D) the CIA secretly supported him.

Question 19

The Popular Front (1938) in Chile was composed of

A) the Liberal and Conservative parties.
B) the Christian Democrat and Socialist parties.
C) the Communist, Socialist, and Radical parties.
D) the Radical, Socialist, and Liberal parties.

Question 20

Women's agenda for civil and political rights received relatively little attention from Chile's

A) conservatives who were more interested in defending wealthy, propertied elites.
B) Socialists and Communists who stressed class struggle rather than gender differences.
C) male politicians, who believed in women's "natural inferiority."
D) Radicals who identified with the Catholic Church and limiting women to the home.

Question 21

By contrast to Peru's and Cuba's strategy for national development during the early 1970s, Chileans opted for a model of

A) top-down revolution imposed by the armed forces.
B) peaceful, democratic transition to socialism.
C) violent urban guerrilla insurrection.
D) prolonged popular war, combining elements of guerrilla insurgency and political struggle.

Question 22

Analyze the rise and fall of Salvador Allende. What circumstances enabled him to win the presidency in 1970? What caused the coup of 1973?

Question 23

What was the foundation upon which Chilean populist policies historically depended and what happened in the late 1960s to undermine them?

Question 24

The modern Chilean feminist movement was rooted in traditional

A) gendered ideals of womanhood and family that spawned special protective legislation.
B) egalitarian beliefs that women and men should be treated equally in the eyes of the law.
C) Socialist and Communist ideologies that viewed women and workers as oppressed people
D) women's rights struggles led by Carrie Chapman Catt in the United States and throughout the hemisphere.

Question 25

In Chile, "hippies" who wore long hair, smoked marijuana, and listened to rock music often

A) supported the socialist policies of Salvador Allende.
B) opposed the imperialist intervention of Richard Nixon and the United States.
C) rebelled against a dominant culture defined as primitive, uneducated, and working class.
D) reflected their working class origins in the Chile's northern mining communities.

Question 26

All of these were reasons for U.S. opposition to Socialist Salvador Allende's democratically elected government except

A) U.S. leaders identified Allende with Soviet communism.
B) Fear of global trade war, led U.S. to oppose nationalistic limits on foreign investment.
C) Allende's coalition government militarily allied with the Soviet Union and Cuba.
D) Allende expropriated foreign-owned copper and telecommunications industries.

Question 27

Outline the history of the Chilean export sector during the twentieth century. What were its strengths and weaknesses?

Question 28

Describe the political career of Arturo Alessandri, the "Lion of Tarapacá." Compare and contrast the circumstances and results of his two terms as president (1920-1924 and 1932-1937).

Question 29

After Allende's coalition increased its share of the popular vote in the March 1973 Congressional elections, a military coup to overthrow Chile's democracy was led by

A) General René Schneider.
B) General Carlos Prats.
C) General Gabriel González Videla.
D) General Augusto Pinochet.

Question 30

Which of the following does not describe Nueva Canción?

A) It was first developed in Perónist Argentina.
B) It utilized traditional musical instruments and typically explored folkloric lyrical themes.
C) It supported revolution and democratic struggles against poverty and social injustice.
D) It emerged in the 1970s during popular resistance to Pinochet's dictatorship.

Question 31

Violeta Parra, the daughter of a school teacher and seamstress,

A) founded a Chilean rock music that emulated British and U.S. (counter) culture.
B) supported Pinochet's bloody dictatorship with her stirring patriotic anthems.
C) pioneered the study of the nation's folkloric art and music in the 1950s.
D) wrote "Venceremos," the campaign theme song of Allende's socialist coalition.

Question 32

Describe the roles of Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the CIA in the destruction of Chilean democracy, 1970-1973.

Question 33

The democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende was the target of a coup plot designed in 1970 by the

A) Chilean military led by René Schneider.
B) former Chilean president, Eduardo Frei.
C) coalition of regional military dictatorships known as Operation Condor.
D) Nixon administration and the Central Intelligence Agency.

Question 34

What programs did women like Elena Caffarena and MEMCH support and how did they affect the role of the state in Chile's national development?

Question 35

How was Chilean popular culture affected by the political contest over national development in the 1960s and 1970s?

Question 36

Which of the following does not describe Víctor Jara?

A) He pioneered the study of the nation's folkloric art and music in the 1950s.
B) He wrote songs that celebrated the lives of ordinary Chileans.
C) He believed that the role of artists was to be cultural rebels.
D) He supported Allende's presidential election and wrote his campaign song.

Question 37

By the end of 1972, Allende's land reforms had

A) liquidated Chile's latifundio system.
B) revitalized agricultural production.
C) created a nation of peasant subsistence plots.
D) exempted large landowners and foreigners from expropriation.