Deck 11: Lands of Bolívar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy

Question 1

The populist agrarian reforms of Venezuela's Caldera and Betancourt regimes resulted in

A) self-sufficiency in providing for basic foods.
B) widespread ownership of land by prosperous small farmers.
C) continuing high concentration of landownership.
D) a highly productive system of cooperative farms.

Answer 1

continuing high concentration of landownership.

Question 2

One of the most revolutionary innovations of the López reform era in Colombia was

A) a law providing for the dismantling of great estates.
B) the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises.
C) a new progressive tax law.
D) abolition of the death penalty.

Answer 2

a new progressive tax law.

Question 3

Colombia's National Front coalition provided for

A) congressional representation for all minority parties.
B) alternation of the presidency between Conservatives and Liberals.
C) establishment of a peace commission to end la Violencia.
D) passage of an effective agrarian-reform law.

Answer 3

alternation of the presidency between Conservatives and Liberals.

Question 4

The popular anger that rocked Caracas in 1989 was caused by

A) territorial concessions to Colombia.
B) U.S. Vice President Quayle's courtesy state visit.
C) sharp increases in bus fares.
D) devaluation of the currency.

Question 5

Which of these did not characterize the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez?

A) He restored foreign companies' concessionary rights.
B) He sought to end Venezuela's dependence on oil exports and promote industrialization.
C) He allowed foreigners to circumvent Venezuelan national courts.
D) He supported "race-mixing" to create a "social race" that erased indigenous and African cultural traditions.

Question 6

Women played different roles in the opposition to the Gómez dictatorship, but they were

A) united in their demand for the freedom of women to work outside the home.
B) divided by disagreements over the State's role in defending women's rights.
C) divided by race and class status.
D) united in their demand for women's equal rights.

Question 7

One result of Venezuela's populist campaign for import-substitution industrialization was a

A) self-sufficiency in the production of consumer and durable goods.
B) favorable balance of foreign trade.
C) dependent industrialization dominated by foreign-based multinationals.
D) strong revival of artisan industry.

Question 8

The major Colombian guerrilla organization was

A) the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.
B) the National Liberation Army.
C) the April 19 Movement.
D) the Quintin Lame Command.

Question 9

The Pact of Punto Fijo

A) provided for a three-party coalition to govern Venezuela.
B) guaranteed trade-union representation in the government.
C) barred the Communist party from running in elections.
D) prohibited the clergy from political activity.

Question 10

The Women's Cultural Association (ACF) was an organization of

A) middle-class women who supported women's suffrage and civil equality.
B) working class women who advocated improvement of the entire exploited sector.
C) moderate elite women who endorsed pre-natal medical care and sex education.
D) militant women who united across race and class lines to support social justice.

Question 11

Which of these was not a result of massive U.S. investment in Colombia in the 1920s?

A) The shift of workers from agricultural to urban employment.
B) The dramatic increase in oil production and exports.
C) The growth of low-wage, unskilled jobs for working-class women.
D) The reduction of food production and increased living costs, which left workers poorer.

Question 12

Which of the following was not a reason for the FARC's expansion in the 1990s?

A) The steadily rising price of cocaine in international markets.
B) The structural crisis of a corrupt, exclusionary "duopoly" or two-party system.
C) Poor training and morale of government troops.
D) State support for private commercial development that trampled on traditional rights.

Question 13

Following López's resignation, the leadership of the Liberal party's left wing passed to

A) Gabriel Turbay.
B) Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.
C) Mariano Ospina Pérez.
D) Alberto Lleras Camargo.

Question 14

Which of these was not a feature of the Colombian constitution of 1991?

A) It legalized the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States.
B) It provided for popular election of state governors and limited presidential terms.
C) It recognized the authority of traditional courts on indigenous resguardos.
D) It validated the "collective ownership rights" of Afro-Colombian and indigenous peoples.

Question 15

One significant result of early 20^th century economic growth in Colombia was the

A) dramatic decline of the nation's export dependency.
B) expansion of wage labor, accompanied by a wave of strikes and land invasions.
C) decline of the latifundio and the increase of small farms.
D) rapid growth of domestic industrialization.

Question 16

A major reason for the intensified Colombian war on drug trafficking was concern over

A) the alarming spread of cocaine addiction in Colombia.
B) the threat of drug barons to the elite's monopoly of power.
C) the possible overthrow of the government by a joint force of drug mafias and guerrillas.
D) the harmful economic effects of the drug traffic.

Question 17

Which of these was not characteristic of Colombia's Oligarchical Republic?

A) Property and literacy requirements were eliminated, greatly expanding suffrage.
B) The executive branch of government was weakened and Congressional powers expanded.
C) Minority representation was guaranteed in the legislative bodies.
D) The Catholic Church preserved its privileged position.

Question 18

Betancourt formed "a strange alliance" with

A) Juan Vicente Gómez.
B) Marco Pérez Jiménez.
C) Admiral Larrazabal.
D) Rafael Caldera.

Question 19

Colombia fought two wars in the 1990s, one against drug cartels and another against

A) armed guerrillas, trade unions, peasant leagues, and ethnic minorities.
B) Venezuelan expansionists who invaded Colombia's Amazon rain forest.
C) Ecuador, which supported indigenous villagers who resisted Colombian oil development.
D) Panamanian separatists who sought to declare their independence from Colombia.

Question 20

Rómulo Betancourt's thought appears to have been strongly influenced by

A) José Carlos Mariátegui.
B) Romulo Gallegos.
C) Raúl Haya de la Torre.
D) González Prada.

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION

-Venezuelan Women's Association

Question 22

Which of the following was not a goal of the $7.3 billion aid program called Plan Colombia?

A) Reconquest of 40 percent of the national territories controlled by the FARC.
B) A dramatic decline in the number of both habitual and occasional drug consumers.
C) Neoliberal cuts in social spending and privatization of State-owned companies.
D) Eradication of coca cultivation and a modest crop substitution program.

Question 23

IDENTIFICATION
Pact of Punto Fijo

Question 24

Which of these was not a goal of the 1998 Bolivarian Revolution?

A) Redistribution of land to landless peasants and an increase in domestic food production.
B) Greater, more equitable access to health care and education for poor children.
C) Closer relations with the United States in its global effort to promote popular democracy.
D) Constitutional reforms to abolish the Pact of Punto Fijo and its corrupt, elitist "duopoly."

Question 25

IDENTIFICATION
Rómulo Gallegos

Question 26

IDENTIFICATION
Mercedes Fermín

Question 27

IDENTIFICATION
Rómulo Betancourt

Question 28

IDENTIFICATION
café con leche

Question 29

The populist reform program that elected Rafael Caldera in 1993 called for

A) limits on worker layoffs, increased wages, and repeal of IMF-sponsored consumer taxes.
B) privatization of the State-owned oil, aluminum, steel, and electrical industries.
C) collaboration with the IMF to secure new loans to develop the national economy.
D) the reduction of taxes, social spending, and government regulations on foreign investment.

Question 30

The successful candidate in Venezuela's 1998 presidential campaign promised to

A) create a social security system similar to Chile's.
B) give foreign investors greater freedom to explore and exploit Venezuelan oil reserves.
C) build a socialist Venezuela modeled on Cuba's revolutionary tradition.
D) protect domestic industry, stop debt payments, and end privatization.

Question 31

One of the more unexpected consequences of the "dirty war" was that

A) 40 percent of families were led by women forced to work outside the home for low wages.
B) the Colombian military became dependent upon the United States for arms and equipment.
C) drug trafficking increased along with a dramatic growth of illicit arms smuggling.
D) death squads proliferated, killing trade unionists, peasant leaders, and human rights activists.

Question 32

IDENTIFICATION
Women's Cultural Association

Question 33

IDENTIFICATION
Venezuelan Development Corporation

Question 34

Which of the following did not describe the FARC's relationship with coca growers?

A) FARC forced drug traffickers to pay coca growers a fair price for their product.
B) FARC resisted the government's herbicidal spraying of coca fields.
C) FARC supported drug eradication coupled with financial aid to peasants to grow other crops.
D) FARC imposed taxes on coca growers to raise revenues for its guerrilla war.

Question 35

IDENTIFICATION
Trienio

Question 36

IDENTIFICATION
Juan Vicente Gómez

Question 37

IDENTIFICATION
Carlos Andrés Pérez

Question 38

In 2007, Venezuela's democratic presidential election produced a landslide victory of 63 percent for the

A) neoliberal program of Carlos Andrés Pérez.
B) socialist program of Hugo Chávez Frías.
C) liberal nationalist program of Pedro Carmona.
D) populist program of Rafael Caldera.

Question 39

Which of the following was not a result of Carlos Andrés Pérez's 1990 economic program?

A) The sale of state-owned companies to foreign multinational corporations at bargain prices.
B) A significant loss of jobs in a nation already burdened with high unemployment.
C) A $2 billion bonanza in government revenues and a boom in the import-led commercial sector.
D) A dramatic decline in the number of people living below the poverty line.

Question 40

IDENTIFICATION
Marcos Pérez Jiménez

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Pedro Carmona

Question 42

IDENTIFICATION
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán

Question 43

Coalition rule often characterized the political histories of Venezuela and Colombia. What ends did coalition rule serve? Was such a political system truly democratic?

Question 44

IDENTIFICATION
Revolution on the March

Question 45

What were the policies of Juan Vicente Gómez and how did they affect Venezuela's early 20th century development?

Question 46

IDENTIFICATION
Medellín Cartel

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
Plan Colombia

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
estado de excepción

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION
"Dirty War"

Question 50

The history of Colombia generally appears to be much more violent than that of Venezuela. Can you suggest some reasons for Colombia's greater proclivity to violence?

Question 51

Despite its great oil wealth, after almost a half-century of "sowing the petroleum," Venezuela suffered from great poverty and massive foreign debt. Discuss the reasons for this state of affairs.

Question 52

IDENTIFICATION
Occidental Petroleum

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Camilo Torres Restrepo

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
Clientelismo

Question 55

IDENTIFICATION
Alfonso López

Question 56

IDENTIFICATION
la Violencia

Question 57

IDENTIFICATION
Hugo Chávez Frías

Question 58

IDENTIFICATION
National Front coalition

Question 59

IDENTIFICATION
Bolivarian Democracy

Question 60

IDENTIFICATION
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

Question 61

The Colombian Violencia-the great bloodbath of the late 1940s and 1950s-has never altogether ceased. What were the social and political problems that persisted in spawning violence?

Question 62

What role did women play in Venezuela's national development and how did class and race relations affect the struggle for women's rights?

Question 63

What was the social constituency of the Revolution on the March and how did its policies affect Colombian national development?

Question 64

What was "Plan Colombia" and how did it affect Colombian national development?