Deck 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

A) Producing antibodies
B) Cellular immune response
C) Humoral immune response
D) Antigen presentation

Answer 1

Cellular immune response

Question 2

Select the example of a specific (adaptive) defense mechanism.

A) Phagocytosis
B) Inflammation
C) Immunity
D) Fever

Answer 2

Immunity

Question 3

Name the cells that are primarily responsible for immunity.

A) Lymphocytes and macrophages
B) Neutrophils and lymphocytes
C) Monocytes and macrophages
D) Lymphocytes and monocytes

Answer 3

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 4

What is the stimulus for production of interferons?

A) Chemical irritants
B) Viruses or tumor cells
C) Bacterial infection
D) Malarial parasites

Question 5

Mrs. Anderson was diagnosed with breast cancer in her right breast. During her mastectomy (breast removal), the surgeon also removed lymph nodes in the axillary region. What is a potential problem that might develop for Mrs. Anderson?

A) Loss of blood supply to the right arm
B) Excessive blood flow to the right arm
C) Edema of the right arm
D) Loss of tissue fluid from the right arm

Question 6

What is one characteristic of the spleen?

A) It resembles a large lymph node divided into nodules.
B) It is the site of production for platelets.
C) It has a very limited blood flow.
D) It is the site of maturation for T lymphocytes.

Question 7

What are the most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood?

A) Neutrophils and monocytes
B) Neutrophils and eosinophils
C) Monocytes and macrophages
D) Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 8

Name the two collecting ducts that drain lymphatic trunks.

A) Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
B) Lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct
C) Intestinal duct and left intercostal duct
D) Right and left bronchomediastinal ducts

Question 9

What type of cell is targeted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A) Cytotoxic T cells
B) Monocytes
C) B cells
D) Macrophages and helper T-cells

Question 10

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to what type of blood vessel?

A) Artery
B) Arteriole
C) Vein
D) Capillary
E) Metarteriole

Question 11

What cell type found in lymph nodes engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris?

A) Macrophages
B) Lymphocytes
C) Mast cells
D) Plasma cells

Question 12

What situation will result in increased formation of lymph?

A) Decreased osmotic pressure in blood capillaries
B) Decreased osmotic pressure in tissue fluid
C) Decreased volume of tissue fluid
D) Decreased protein concentration in tissue fluid

Question 13

Active immunity results when a person has an immune response to a pathogen causing a disease or infection.

Question 14

The thymus is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum.

Question 15

What drives the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

A) Contraction of nearby skeletal muscles
B) Pumping activity of the heart
C) Changes in osmotic pressure of lymph fluid
D) Changes in blood pressure

Question 16

What cell types are required for a normal immune response to occur?

A) Macrophages only
B) T cells only
C) B cells only
D) Both T and B cells

Question 17

The function of the thymus is to destroy older, worn out red blood cells.

Question 18

What part of a lymph node do blood vessels enter and exit?

A) Lymphatic sinus
B) Germinal center
C) Lymphatic nodule
D) Hilum

Question 19

During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to plasma cells.

Question 20

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 21

A newborn infant may have some immune defense because of the presence of IgA antibodies in its blood. What is the source of these antibodies?

A) Colostrum and breast milk
B) Its own immune response to pathogens
C) The mother's blood via the placenta

Question 22

Some lymphocyte precursors become B cells after being processed within the __________. Others become T cells after being processed within the __________.

A) bone marrow; thymus
B) spleen; bone marrow
C) lymph nodes; spleen
D) thymus; bone marrow

Question 23

The activation of what type of immune cell requires that an antigen be "presented" to it by an antigen-presenting cell?

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Macrophages
D) Plasma cells

Question 24

Activation of complement proteins results in several effects, including opsonization. What is opsonization?

A) Enhancing phagocytosis of antigens
B) Clumping of antigen-bearing agents
C) Attracting macrophages and neutrophils to the area
D) Rupturing the membranes of foreign cells

Question 25

A small molecule called a(n) __________ that on its own cannot stimulate an immune response, might become detectable to the immune cells once it combines with a larger molecule.

A) hapten
B) antigen
C) immunoglobulin
D) cytokine

Question 26

What factor leads to the formation of lymph?

A) Increased hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid
B) Massive immune response to foreign substances
C) Release of fluids from the spleen into the lymphatic vessels
D) Filtration of plasma out of blood vessels within lymph nodes

Question 27

What is lymph?

A) Fluid in lymphatic vessels
B) Fluid in the tissues surrounding lymphatic vessels
C) Fluid within the lymph nodes
D) Fluid within the spleen and thymus

Question 28

In a healthy individual, IgA is typically most abundant in what fluids?

A) Exocrine secretions
B) Blood
C) Lymph
D) Urine

Question 29

What type of immunity develops in response to contracting an infectious disease?

A) Naturally acquired active immunity
B) Artificially acquired active immunity
C) Artificially acquired passive immunity
D) Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 30

Carl has frequent infections and, after testing, has been diagnosed with a genetic form of agammaglobulinemia (meaning no gamma globulins in the blood). Why would this condition result in difficulty fighting off infections?

A) His B cells can't make antibodies, so he has no humoral immune response.
B) His T cells over-react, resulting in activation of autoantibodies.
C) His macrophages are overproducing cytokines, making the immune response ineffective.
D) He is unable to produce T cells, so he has no cellular immune response.

Question 31

Allison has severe hay fever. What is the mechanism for her hypersensitivity?

A) IgE antibodies bound to mast cells bind an allergen. Histamine and other mediators are released, causing symptoms.
B) Allergens combine with antibodies, forming complexes that deposit in tissue and cause tissue damage.
C) T cells become activated after repeated exposure to an allergen. Chemical mediators are released about 24 hours later, resulting in inflammation of the skin.
D) Autoantibodies attack "self" cells and tissues, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.

Question 32

After being bit by a poisonous snake, Jacob was treated with an injection of an antiserum produced by immunizing a horse or sheep with snake venom. What type of immunity does this provide for him?

A) Naturally acquired active immunity
B) Naturally acquired passive immunity
C) Artificially acquired active immunity
D) Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 33

What classes of antibodies are involved in activation of complement?

A) IgG and IgM
B) IgG and IgE
C) IgA and IgD
D) IgM and IgA

Question 34

What is the cytolytic substance released by NK cells that lyse the cell membranes of infected or cancerous cells?

A) Perforin
B) Complement proteins
C) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
D) Interleukin-2

Question 35

What is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A) Anaphylaxis
B) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
C) Tissue rejection reaction
D) Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 36

After a visit with her niece who had an active upper respiratory infection, Emma was worried that she would become ill as well. After a week, she still had no symptoms. What might explain Emma's response to exposure to this respiratory virus?

A) This was her first exposure, and her immune system underwent a primary immune response.
B) She had been exposed to this virus before. Her immune system underwent a secondary immune response.
C) She had been exposed to this virus before. Her immune system underwent a hypersensitivity response.

Question 37

A primary immune response results in production of __________ and IgG. A secondary immune response results in production of __________.

A) IgM; IgG
B) IgM; IgM
C) IgD; IgG
D) IgE; IgM

Question 38

In an autoimmune disease, what is targeted by the autoantibodies?

A) Foreign substances
B) Tissues and organs of the body
C) Viruses
D) Bacteria
E) Macrophages

Question 39

Immediate-reaction hypersensitivity occurs when an allergen binds to cell-bound IgE. What is the result of this allergen-antibody interaction?

A) Constriction of nearby blood vessels
B) Further production of IgE antibodies
C) Release of histamine by mast cells
D) Increased mucus production

Question 40

During an immune response, what cell types are able to directly bind or interact with an intact antigen?

A) B cells and macrophages
B) Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
C) Macrophages and helper T cells
D) B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 41

A(n) __________ is an injection containing an antigen that stimulates a primary immune response but that does not produce symptoms of the disease.

Question 42

An upper respiratory infection is often associated with inflammed __________ lymph nodes.

A) cervical
B) inguinal
C) abdominal
D) thoracic

Question 43

Diseases of the liver can result in reduced production of plasma proteins. How might this condition affect the function of the lymphatic system?

A) The risk for edema is increased due to decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure. This would increase lymph formation.
B) The risk for edema is decreased due to decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure. This would decrease lymph formation.
C) The risk for edema is increased due to increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure. This would increase lymph formation.
D) The risk for edema is increased due to decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure. This would decrease lymph formation.

Question 44

During her annual physical, Jessica's blood work revealed a low blood lymphocyte count. What would this suggest about Jessica's current health?

A) She has an increased risk for infection.
B) She has a current active infection.
C) She has a severe allergy.
D) She will likely develop edema over time.

Question 45

Helper T cells "help" activate other immune cells by releasing substances called __________.

Question 46

Colleen works in retail and is typically on her feet most of each of her 8-hour shifts. When she gets home, she complains about how swollen her feet and ankles are. Why does elevating her feet help to relieve the swelling?

A) Gravity assists the flow of lymph from the lower extremities back toward the trunk.
B) The increased blood flow to the elevated feet will help "wash" away the accumulated fluid.
C) The increased blood pressure in the elevated feet will reduce the formation of tissue fluid.
D) As blood pressure is reduced in the feet and ankles, more fluid is pushed from the circulation out into the tissues, causing more lymph formation.

Question 47

Of the following lymphatic tissues/structures, the immune cells found in __________ are the most likely to initiate an immune response against food-borne pathogens.

A) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
B) the spleen
C) lymph nodes
D) the thymus

Question 48

After being activated due to exposure to its target antigen, an activated T cell or B cell will proliferate, resulting in a(n) __________, a group of genetically identical cells.

Question 49

How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cancer cells and virally infected cells?

A) Their release of perforin puts holes in target cell's membranes.
B) They insert themselves into the target cell's membrane, lysing the cell.
C) They release cytokines that enter the target cell and destroy its nucleus.
D) They produce antibodies that attack the target cell, killing it.

Question 50

What accounts for the swelling that occurs with inflammation?

A) Increased permeability of nearby capillaries
B) Stimulation of pain receptors
C) Blockage of lymphatic vessels
D) Dilation of nearby blood vessels

Question 51

Following an immune response, some cells of the B cell clone will remain dormant. They are able to respond to antigens encountered in the future. These cells are called __________ cells.

Question 52

During an immune response, some of the cells in a B cell clone will differentiate into __________ cells which, in turn, produce antibodies.

Question 53

The large foreign molecules that trigger immune responses are called __________.