Deck 9: Nervous System

Question 1

Afferent neurons bring sensory information into the central nervous system.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The arbor vitae is part ofthe cerebrum.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Nodes of Ranvier connect adjacent neurons.

Question 5

Most nerves of the body are mixed nerves.

Question 6

Efferent neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors.

Question 7

The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 8

If fibers in an ascending tract of the spinal cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury.

Question 9

Astrocytes provide structural support in the nervous system.

Question 10

The gray commissure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal.

Question 11

The butterfly shape seen in a cross section of the spinal cord is composed of white matter.

Question 12

Sensory nerves carry information to effectors.

Question 13

A neuron may release more than one type of neurotransmitter.

Question 14

Brain damage to the temporal lobe, where recent memory is processed, can result in the inability to form long-term memory.

Question 15

A synapse is the functional connection between two neurons.

Question 16

Sympathetic tone is defined as ongoing stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which results in partial constriction.

Question 17

Cranial nerves connect the brain only to head and neck regions; spinal nerves connect to all regions below the neck.

Question 18

A nerve is a single neuron.

Question 19

Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from peripheral receptors into the brain or spinal cord.

Question 20

An action potential is an all-or-none response.

Question 21

What part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movements?

A) Cerebrum
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebellum
D) Corpus callosum
E) Midbrain

Question 22

What is the correct sequence of the parts of a reflex arc?

A) Receptor, motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector
B) Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
C) Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, motor neuron, interneuron
D) Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
E) Receptor, interneuron, effector, sensory neuron, motor neuron

Question 23

Ischemic cell damage is caused by a lack of blood flow, which deprives cells of __________.

A) sodium ions
B) potassium ions
C) oxygen
D) carbon dioxide
E) chloride ions

Question 24

Due to repeated stimulation, a neuron will increase its release of neurotransmitters in response to a nerve impulse. What is this called?

A) Facilitation
B) Amplification
C) Convergence
D) Divergence
E) Inhibitation

Question 25

In what direction does the spinothalamic tract conduct impulses?

A) From the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
B) Up the spinal cord to the thalamus
C) Down the spinal cord from the thalamus
D) From the thalamus to the cerebellum
E) Between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 26

In the case of a subdural hematoma (blood accumulation) resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between what two structures?

A) Dura mater and bone of the skull
B) Dura mater and arachnoid mater
C) Pia mater and brain
D) Arachnoid mater and pia mater
E) In the subarachnoid space

Question 27

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear as what color in the central nervous system?

A) White
B) Gray
C) Brown
D) Transparent
E) Red

Question 28

The pressure of cerebrospinal fluid is usually measured by introducing a hollow needle between lumbar vertebrae into the __________.

A) dura mater
B) pia mater
C) arachnoid mater
D) subarachnoid space
E) epidural space

Question 29

What cells form myelin in the central nervous system?

A) Schwann cells
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Astrocytes
D) Microglial cells
E) Ependymal cells

Question 30

What is the first component of a reflex arc?

A) Effector
B) Receptor
C) Central nervous system
D) Interneuron

Question 31

Why are an infant's responses to stimuli coarse and undifferentiated?

A) Nerve fibers have not yet developed.
B) Nerve fibers are not yet capable of action potentials.
C) Nerve fibers have not yet developed connections to the brain.
D) Nerve fibers are not completely myelinated.
E) Nerve fibers cannot release neurotransmitter.

Question 32

Where can cerebrospinal fluid be found?

A) In the brain tissue
B) In the subdural space
C) In the epidural space
D) In the subarachnoid space

Question 33

The peripheral nervous system includes sensory and motor divisions.

Question 34

What is the simplest nerve pathway in the body called?

A) A reflex arc
B) An effector route
C) A reception path
D) An output relay

Question 35

During an action potential, what occurs that results in repolarization?

A) Potassium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane.
B) Potassium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane.
C) Sodium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane.
D) Sodium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane.

Question 36

Which of the following are the cellular processesof neurons that provide receptive surfaces for input from other neurons?

A) Neurofibrils
B) Nissl fibers
C) Axons
D) Dendrites
E) Nuclei

Question 37

What is the relative distrubution of sodium and potassium ions across a neuronal membrane?

A) Sodium and potassium ions are both at higher concentration on the inside of the cell.
B) Sodium and potassium ions are both at higher concentration on the outside of the cell.
C) The sodium ion concentrationis higher on the inside of the cell and potassium ion concentration ishigher on the outside of the cell.
D) The sodium ion concentrationis higher on the outside of the cell and potassium ion concentration ishigher on the inside of the cell.
E) The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are both equal inside and outside of the cell.

Question 38

The olfactory nerves and optic nerves are mixed nerves.

Question 39

During an action potential, what occurs that results in depolarization?

A) Potassium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane.
B) Potassium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane.
C) Sodium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane.
D) Sodium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglia?

A) Astrocyte
B) Oligodendrocyte
C) Ependymal cell
D) Neuron
E) Microglial cell

Question 41

Which glial cells form the insulating myelin sheath around axons of the central nervous system?

A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymalcells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglia
E) Schwann cells

Question 42

What branch of the peripheral nervous system controls skeletal muscle?

A) Visceral branch
B) Autonomic branch
C) Somatic branch
D) Sensory branch
E) Receptor branch

Question 43

The respiratory areas are in the pons and in the __________.

A) thalamus
B) cerebrum
C) midbrain
D) medulla oblongata
E) cerebellum

Question 44

Which of the following are adrenergic fibers?

A) Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
B) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
C) Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
D) Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
E) Motor fibers to skeletal muscle

Question 45

The phrenic nerve arises from which plexus?

A) Cervical plexus
B) Brachial plexus
C) Lumbar plexus
D) Sacral plexus

Question 46

What structure is a complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain that "awakens" the cerebral cortex?

A) Dentate nucleus
B) Reticular formation
C) Limbic system
D) Corpora quadrigemina
E) Cerebellum

Question 47

What is the neurilemma?

A) The neuron's plasma membrane
B) The sarcolemma of the neuron
C) A structure that surrounds the myelin sheath
D) A structure that only surrounds the soma of the central nervous system neurons

Question 48

Which glial cells form an epithelial-like membrane that lines the enclosed spaces of the brain and spinal cord?

A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymalcells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglia
E) Schwann cells

Question 49

Which of the following contains unmyelinated axons and neuronal cell bodies?

A) Gray matter
B) White matter
C) Nodes of Ranvier
D) Chromatophilic substance

Question 50

Which glial cells produce the myelin sheath on neurons of the peripheral nervous system?

A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymalcells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglia
E) Schwann cells

Question 51

Which glial cells are found in the central nervous system and function to phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris?

A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymalcells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglia
E) Schwann cells

Question 52

What is the structure called that is a branch-like sensory process of a neuron that provides the main receptive surface for communication?

A) Nissl substance
B) Axon
C) Neurilemma
D) Dendrite

Question 53

When ten or more pre-synaptic neurons conduct impulses to five or fewer post-synaptic neurons, the conduction pattern is said to be __________.

A) divergent
B) emergent
C) hyperpolarizing
D) convergent

Question 54

Where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers located?

A) Pons
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebellum
D) Frontal lobe
E) Thalamus

Question 55

What are the two major cell types found in nervous tissue?

A) Neurons and neuroglia
B) Dendrites and axons
C) Neurons and effectors
D) Astrocytes and Schwann cells
E) Neurons and nerves

Question 56

What converts environmental information into impulses that are then conducted to the central nervous system?

A) Sensory receptors
B) Motor nerves
C) Effectors
D) Neuroglia
E) Myelin

Question 57

Which glial cells provide structural support between neurons and blood vessels, have numerous processes, and help regulate extracellular nutrient and ion concentrations?

A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymalcells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglia
E) Schwann cells

Question 58

What part of a neuron originates as a single structure but may give off many branches?

A) Axon
B) Dendrite
C) Myelin sheath
D) Soma

Question 59

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A) Gap junctions
B) Neurofibrils
C) Nodes of Ranvier
D) Synapses

Question 60

What structure is a part of the diencephalon?

A) Thalamus
B) Cerebral aqueduct
C) Cerebral peduncles
D) Frontal lobe
E) Pons

Question 61

What happens when the plasma membrane of a neuron becomes more permeable to potassium?

A) Potassium leaves the cell.
B) Potassium enters the cell.
C) Sodium enters the cell.
D) Sodium leaves the cell.

Question 62

If a neuron's membrane potential measures +25mV, the neuron is __________.

A) polarized
B) hyperpolarized
C) depolarized
D) repolarized

Question 63

What state is caused by unequal distribution of positive and negative charges across the plasma membrane of a neuron?

A) Neutralization
B) Neuralation
C) Polarization
D) Potentiation

Question 64

Impulse conduction is __________ in myelinated nerve fibers.

A) faster
B) slower

Question 65

Neurotransmitters that move the post-synaptic membrane potential closer to threshold are __________.

A) inhibitory
B) excitatory
C) all-or-none
D) hyperpolarizing

Question 66

What type of conduction occurs when an impulse jumps from node to node along a myelinated axon?

A) Saltatory conduction
B) Salutatory conduction
C) Transitory conduction
D) Continuous conduction

Question 67

What is the functional classification of neurons that are entirely contained within the brain or spinal cord?

A) Motor neurons
B) Interneurons
C) Sensory neurons

Question 68

Neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize post-synaptic membranes are always __________.

A) inhibitory
B) excitatory
C) all-or-none
D) acetylcholine

Question 69

Action potentials reaching the synaptic knob open voltage-gated __________ channels, triggering synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter.

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) calcium
D) acetylcholine

Question 70

What happens when the measured potential of a membrane reaches threshold?

A) Potassium rapidly enters the cell.
B) Potassium rapidly leaves the cell.
C) Sodium rapidly enters the cell.
D) Sodium rapidly leaves the cell.

Question 71

What type of neurons are only found in specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears?

A) Bipolar neurons
B) Unipolar neurons
C) Multipolar neurons
D) Motor neurons

Question 72

What structural type of neuron has a single process that extends from the cell body?

A) Unipolar neurons
B) Bipolar neurons
C) Multipolar neurons

Question 73

What happens to a neuron when the membrane becomes more permeable to sodium?

A) The neuron becomes polarized.
B) The neuron hyperpolarizes.
C) The neuron depolarizes.
D) The neuron repolarizes.

Question 74

What type of neurons conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord?

A) Motor neurons
B) Interneurons
C) Sensory neurons

Question 75

In most neurons, what is the approximate threshold potential?

A) - 55 mV
B) - 100 mV
C) + 25 mV
D) + 30 mV

Question 76

The most abundant cation within cells is __________; the most abundant cation outside of cells is __________.

A) oxygen; carbon
B) hydrogen; oxygen
C) sodium; potassium
D) potassium; sodium

Question 77

In a resting neuron, what is the difference in charges between the outside and inside of the membrane called?

A) Action potential
B) Resting potential
C) Graded potential
D) Retrograde potential

Question 78

Faster impulse conduction speeds are possible with __________ axons.

A) thin diameter
B) thick diameter

Question 79

Which is not a method for clearing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft?

A) Decomposition by enzymes
B) Reuptake by the releasing neuron
C) Diffusion away from the synapse
D) Phagocytosis by ependymal cells

Question 80

What structural type of neuron includes most neurons whose cell bodies lie within the central nervous system?

A) Sensory neurons
B) Multipolar neurons
C) Bipolar neurons
D) Unipolar neurons