Deck 5: Anxiety, Trauma and Stressor-Related, and Obsessive-Compulsive

Question 1

The area of the brain most often associated with anxiety is the

A)limbic system.
B)reticular activating system.
C)occipital lobe.
D)corpus callosum.

Answer 1

limbic system.

Question 2

Members of the Riverview High School matric class will have an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders if they

A)smoke marijuana more than once per week.
B)smoke 20 or more cigarettes daily.
C)drink alcohol every day.
D)use anabolic steroids for six months or more.

Answer 2

smoke 20 or more cigarettes daily.

Question 3

'I've got to get out of here right now, or I may not make it!' This statement is most likely to be said by someone experiencing a(n)

A)episode of depression.
B)future-oriented mood state.
C)fear reaction.
D)parasympathetic 'surge'.

Answer 3

fear reaction.

Question 4

According to the DSM 5 criteria, the symptoms of a panic attack develop abruptly and reach a peak within _____.

A)seconds
B)minutes
C)hours
D)days

Question 5

According to Jeffrey Gray, a British neuropsychologist, the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) is activated by danger signals ___________, resulting in the experience of anxiety.

A)ascending from the brain stem
B)descending from the cortex
C)arising from the brain stem or descending from the cortex
D)within the amygdala only

Question 6

When people experience severe anxiety, they

A)often know it is irrational, but can't help it.
B)are usually able to just 'turn off' those feelings.
C)often experience a break with reality.
D)do not recognise that the feelings are, in fact, anxiety.

Question 7

Eugene was attending his fifth soccer game at Soccer City, where he had previously had a panic attack.He did not know if he would have a panic attack today, but shortly after entering the stadium, he did.This type of panic attack is

A)environmentally predisposed.
B)situationally bound.
C)cued.
D)uncued.

Question 8

According to Gray and McNaughton (1996), the fight-or-flight system is partially activated by deficiencies in the neurotransmitter _______ in the brain.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)noradrenaline

Question 9

Anxiety is thought to be a____________ state, while fear is more_______.

A)future-oriented; immediate
B)short-term; long-term
C)real; irrational
D)immediate; future-oriented

Question 10

Which type of panic attack is most closely related to phobias?

A)situationally predisposed
B)expected
C)unexpected
D)uncued

Question 11

Refiloe was walking down the street on a bright sunny day when, all of a sudden, she had an abrupt attack of intense fear that totally surprised her.This is what type of panic attack?

A)situationally predisposed
B)situationally bound
C)cued
D)uncued

Question 12

Anxiety is closely related to which of the following psychological disorders?

A)schizophrenia
B)depression
C)dementia
D)psychosis

Question 13

Mrs du Plessis has an anxiety disorder in which she has occasional panic attacks when shopping at the mall.This type of panic attack is referred to as

A)uncued.
B)diathesis-originated.
C)cued.
D)situationally premeditated.

Question 14

People tend to have their best performance on tasks when they are

A)very anxious.
B)not anxious at all.
C)a little anxious.
D)fearful.

Question 15

____________ is characterised by apprehension because of future unpredictability, whereas ____________ is characterised by strong escapist tendencies.

A)anxiety; fear
B)fear; anxiety
C)psychoses; neuroses
D)neuroses; psychoses

Question 16

Fear activates a

A)surge of energy in the autonomic nervous system so we can flee.
B)psychological but not physiological response.
C)physiological but not psychological response.
D)decrease in inhibitory mechanisms in the somatic nervous system so we can flee.

Question 17

Which of the following is an accurate statement about anxiety?

A)It is an inherited tendency can make us tense or uptight.
B)It is a single gene makes us vulnerable to anxiety.
C)It is a panic disorder that does not 'run in families'.
D)Stress is a direct cause of panic disorder.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of panic attack?

A)expected
B)unexpected
C)cued
D)situation inevitable

Question 19

Research suggests that we inherit a tendency to be tense, which is

A)caused by a single gene.
B)caused by multiple genes.
C)related to depression.
D)related to schizophrenia.

Question 20

Which of the following characterises the mood-state known as anxiety?

A)positive mood state
B)reduced heart rate
C)apprehension about the future
D)muscle relaxation

Question 21

A child who is afraid of dogs because her father was afraid of dogs is said to have a ________ vulnerability.

A)specific psychological
B)general biological
C)general psychological
D)specific biological

Question 22

In what way is worry not useful?

A)It helps us plan for the future.
B)It makes sure we are prepared for a task.
C)It makes us double check that we have thought of everything before leaving on a trip.
D)It ensures that we respond appropriately to fear-inducing events.

Question 23

Which of the following terms is most associated with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A)fear
B)panic
C)worry
D)emotion

Question 24

Which of the following statements is TRUE about anxiety disorders?

A)Major depression occurs in 65% of the cases of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
B)Having an anxiety disorder along with depression has no effect on the recovery rate.
C)Having an anxiety disorder might contribute to a physical disorder such as arthritis.
D)The most common additional diagnosis for all anxiety disorders is alcoholism.

Question 25

The recent research by Johnson et al.(2000) on cigarette smoking by teenagers indicates the possibility that

A)brain circuits are permanently 'wired'.
B)neurotransmitter systems operate independently of non-biological influences.
C)the sensitivity of brain circuits can be affected by environmental factors.
D)respiratory disorders cause changes in neurotransmitter systems.

Question 26

Which of the following brain areas is NOT closely associated with anxiety?

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)prefrontal cortex
D)hypothalamus

Question 27

Having an anxiety disorder increases the risk of

A)depression.
B)migraines.
C)suicidal ideation.
D)all of the above.

Question 28

Physiological assessments of panic attacks recorded in the laboratory indicate an increase in all of the following EXCEPT

A)heartbeat.
B)finger temperature.
C)muscle tension.
D)stomach contractions.

Question 29

The behavioural inhibition system is activated by signals from the

A)brain stem.
B)hypothalamus.
C)hippocampus.
D)cerebellum.

Question 30

People with GAD

A)have a media age of onset based on interviews of 25.
B)have episodes that come and go.
C)have only a 58% chance of recovery after having the disorder for 12 years.
D)are three times as likely to develop agoraphobia as those without GAD.

Question 31

Research suggests that generalised anxiety disorder is five times more likely to develop in adults if they

A)smoked after age 20.
B)never smoked.
C)smoked as a teen.
D)chewed tobacco as a teen.

Question 32

Which of the following people living in South Africa is most likely to develop GAD?

A)Miriam, a 50-year-old woman
B)Siyabonga, an 8-year-old boy
C)Willem, a 50-year-old male
D)Lesedi, a 15-year-old girl

Question 33

Research studies have found that generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is most common among

A)adults in early adulthood.
B)adolescent girls.
C)adults over 45 years of age.
D)adolescent boys.

Question 34

At the time of assessment of an anxiety disorder, _________ of patients could have at least one other anxiety or depressive disorder.

A)15%
B)25%
C)55%
D)75%

Question 35

Recent research by Barlow (2002) and others indicates that vulnerability to anxiety disorders is related to

A)one's sense of control over environmental events.
B)the number of unexpected occurrences in one's life.
C)the number of siblings in one's family.
D)genetic or biological factors only.

Question 36

Stressful life events - such as marriage, divorce, familial death or academic pressures - trigger our vulnerabilities to anxiety.These are examples of a ______________ contribution.

A)psychological
B)biological
C)social
D)cultural

Question 37

Research suggests that anxiety and depression frequently

A)co-occur.
B)are totally separate disorders.
C)can occur in the same person, but not at the same time.
D)share no vulnerability.

Question 38

Studies suggest that parents can protect their child from anxiety if they

A)never let them experience adversity.
B)teach independence by ignoring the child's needs.
C)let the child explore the world and deal with the unexpected.
D)cope for the child as much as possible.

Question 39

People with GAD tend to worry about

A)large, extremely stressful events only.
B)mostly minor things.
C)physical threats only.
D)germs and diseases only.

Question 40

All of the following are symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) EXCEPT

A)muscle tension.
B)mental agitation.
C)worrying about minor daily events.
D)hypersomnia.

Question 41

Evidence now suggests that agoraphobic avoidance behaviour is one component of

A)exaggerated obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)major phobias.
C)severe, unexpected panic attacks.
D)mild generalised anxiety disorder.

Question 42

Panic attack studies suggest that men

A)simply endure panic attacks better than women.
B)do not experience panic attacks.
C)mask panic attacks with depression.
D)consume alcohol to deal with panic attacks.

Question 43

What is one factor that distinguishes between traditional exposure-based treatments for panic disorder and the more recent panic control treatment (PCT) developed at one of Barlow's clinics?

A)exposure to the physical sensations associated with panic attacks
B)referral to a psychiatrist for medication monitoring
C)traditional exposure-based treatments result in a higher rate of cures
D)as part of PCT, the therapist accompanies the patient on 'reality testing' activities

Question 44

Which of the following procedures is NOT part of Barlow's panic control treatment (PCT)?

A)cognitive therapy to modify conscious or unconscious perceptions about the 'dangerousness' of feared situations
B)creation of mini panic attacks in the therapist's office
C)exercises to elevate the heart rate or spinning to make the patient dizzy
D)reducing agoraphobic avoidance by exposure to feared situations

Question 45

Nocturnal panic attacks generally occur when an individual is

A)in REM sleep.
B)having a nightmare.
C)deeply asleep.
D)dreaming.

Question 46

Which physiological measure consistently distinguishes individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) from non-anxious normal subjects?

A)increased muscle tension
B)increased heart rate
C)decreased EEG beta activity
D)heightened autonomic arousal

Question 47

Research suggests that people with GAD worry

A)with images but try to avoid the associated negative affect.
B)without images but try to avoid the associated negative affect.
C)with images to magnify the associated negative affect.
D)without images to magnify the associated negative affect.

Question 48

An individual who suffers from panic disorder might become anxious about climbing stairs, exercising or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack.In psychological terms, the exercise and hot rooms have become

A)conditioned stimuli.
B)unconditioned stimuli.
C)conditioned responses.
D)unconditioned responses.

Question 49

Agoraphobia, which has come to mean 'fear of going out', derives from the Greek word agora, meaning

A)marketplace.
B)home.
C)travel.
D)safe.

Question 50

Agoraphobic avoidance behaviour appears to be determined by

A)how recently the last panic attack occurred.
B)the extent to which the person expects another panic attack to occur.
C)the number of panic attacks the person has had in the past.
D)how severe the panic attacks have been.

Question 51

In treating panic disorder, all of the following types of medications are used EXCEPT

A)SNRIs
B)SSRIs
C)opiates
D)benzodiazepines

Question 52

The purpose of creating mini panic attacks in panic control treatment therapy is to

A)allow the patient to develop alternative attitudes about the feared situation.
B)convince the patient that panic attacks are not real.
C)force the panic attacks into the unconscious.
D)help patients identify what makes them panic.

Question 53

All of the following are characteristics common to specific phobias EXCEPT

A)strong and persistent anxiety related to a specific object or situation.
B)significant attempts by the anxious individual to avoid the phobic situation.
C)recognition by the person with the phobia that the anxiety is excessive or unreasonable.
D)decreased arousal of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 54

Which of the following is an accurate statement about panic disorder?

A)An individual who suffers through an agoraphobic situation rather than avoiding it entirely is not considered agoraphobic.
B)Most individuals with panic disorder will also avoid internal sensations that produce physiological arousal.
C)Approximately 75% of those with agoraphobia are male.
D)Women are more likely than men to cope with panic disorder by drinking alcohol.

Question 55

For generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), the pharmacological treatment of choice has been the category of drugs known as

A)Benzodiazepines.
B)SSRIs.
C)tricyclics.
D)MAO inhibitors.

Question 56

People with a psychological vulnerability to panic attacks tend to ________ normal physical sensations.

A)catastrophise
B)minimise
C)fake
D)ignore

Question 57

A friend stated that, when she went to a clinic, she had to spend several 30- to 60-second sessions shaking her head from side to side, spinning in a chair, tensing all her muscles, hyperventilating or breathing through a narrow straw.She is surprised that you correctly guessed that she is receiving treatment for

A)specific phobia.
B)social phobia.
C)panic disorder.
D)posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 58

Panic control treatment

A)was developed by the textbook authors.
B)concentrates on exposing the patients to the cluster of physical sensations that remind them of their panic attacks.
C)involves the therapist to create 'mini' attacks in the office.
D)all of the above

Question 59

The phenomenon known as 'isolated sleep paralysis' is most likely to occur in _________ who suffer from panic disorder.

A)Caucasians
B)African Americans
C)Latinos
D)Asians

Question 60

A teenage girl had recently been having panic attacks while shopping at the mall.She was sitting in her room feeling very depressed.To cheer her up, a friend suggested they both go to an exercise class.Shortly after the warm-up started, however, she had another panic attack.What is the best explanation for this occurrence?

A)She was angry with the friend for insisting that she go out.
B)The medication that had been prescribed for her was only treating the depression, not the anxiety.
C)The physical sensations experienced during exercise had become an internal cue for panic to occur.
D)The exercise class was an unconditioned stimulus that resulted in a panic attack.

Question 61

With regard to the treatment of specific phobias, which of the following statements is correct?

A)Structured exposure-based exercises are no longer considered necessary.
B)Individuals with 'blood' phobias must learn to relax their muscles to keep their blood pressure high enough to prevent fainting.
C)Exposure-based exercises actually change brain functioning.
D)Avoiding a phobic situation weakens the phobic response.

Question 62

According to your textbook, new techniques have made it possible to treat some phobias effectively in one

A)day.
B)week.
C)month.
D)year.

Question 63

According to your textbook, there are at least three ways of developing a phobia.Which is NOT one of these ways?

A)experiencing a panic attack in a specific situation
B)having a nightmare about a feared situation
C)observing someone else experience severe fear
D)in certain conditions, being told about danger

Question 64

The main difference between situational phobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) is

A)people with situational phobia never experience panic attacks outside the context of the phobic situation.
B)people with situational phobia experience panic attacks when confronted with the phobic situation as well as at other times.
C)people with PDA experience panic attacks only in specific situations.
D)people with PDA experience panic attacks only at specific times.

Question 65

Which of the following people is most likely to develop PTSD?

A)a child who has social support after surviving a trauma
B)a man who is very angry and blaming about a traumatic experience
C)a woman who was psychologically prepared for a possible disaster
D)an individual who watches extensive television coverage of a crisis

Question 66

In Japan, the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involves a fear of

A)performing onstage.
B)personally offending others.
C)embarrassing oneself.
D)speaking to females.

Question 67

The median age of onset for a specific phobia is

A)7.
B)15.
C)25.
D)40.

Question 68

Unlike most of the anxiety disorders in which female sufferers predominate, the sex ratio is almost equal in

A)agoraphobia.
B)specific phobias.
C)social phobia.
D)panic disorder.

Question 69

The anxiety disorder called social phobia, involving anxiety about being evaluated or criticised, usually begins during

A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)young adulthood.
D)middle age.

Question 70

Justin had a fear of riding on buses, so his mother had to drive him to school every day.Justin's phobia is a(n) _________ phobia.

A)situational
B)natural environment
C)blood-injury-injection
D)animal

Question 71

Which of the following is the most prevalent psychological disorder in the general population?

A)social phobia
B)agoraphobia
C)specific phobia
D)panic disorder

Question 72

Although the 'alarm reactions' experienced in both PTSD and panic disorder are very similar and result in conditioned responses, in panic disorder the alarm is

A)false.
B)real.
C)stronger.
D)weaker.

Question 73

A psychological disorder in children characterised by unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents, which may result in a refusal to leave home is called

A)globus hystericus.
B)school phobia.
C)situational phobia.
D)separation anxiety disorder.

Question 74

The setting for posttraumatic stress disorder to occur follows an experience accompanied by a triad of feelings, including all of the following EXCEPT

A)horror.
B)paranoia.
C)helplessness.
D)fear.

Question 75

You are told about a child who has shown behaviour consistent with separation anxiety.In order to determine if the child actually has a disorder or whether the behaviour is normal, you would first need to know

A)the child's age.
B)whether the child is a boy or a girl.
C)if other family members have anxiety disorders.
D)how long the child has shown this behaviour.

Question 76

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of social phobia?

A)a student who is reluctant to speak up in a classroom due to fear of embarrassing herself
B)a male who has difficulty urinating in a public restroom when others are present
C)a person who can only eat comfortably when he is alone
D)an individual who cannot travel on public transportation without a family member present

Question 77

Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display a characteristic set of symptoms including all of the following EXCEPT

A)numbing of emotional responsiveness.
B)sudden flashbacks in which the traumatic event is relived.
C)decreased startle response and chronic under-arousal.
D)memories and nightmares of the event.

Question 78

Research by Lundh and Öst (1996) and Mogg (2004) demonstrated that social phobics presented with pictures of faces were more likely to remember ________ expressions.

A)smiling and pleasant
B)critical and angry
C)sad and tearful
D)blank, meaningless

Question 79

In the general population, as many as ____ of people suffer from social anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.

A)1.7%
B)12.1%
C)31.8%
D)51%

Question 80

In the type of specific phobia called blood-injury-injection phobia, there is an inherited vasovagal response and a tendency to faint due to

A)an increase in blood pressure.
B)a decrease in blood pressure.
C)an increase in body temperature.
D)a decrease in body temperature.