Deck 11: Substance-Related, Addictive and Impulse-Control Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following would NOT be an example of substance use?

A)smoking a cigarette
B)drinking a cup of coffee
C)taking a sleeping pill
D)getting drunk

Answer 1

getting drunk

Question 2

Alcohol can initially appear to cause stimulation because it

A)makes vision and hearing more acute.
B)has an excitatory effect on the brain.
C)depresses inhibitory centres in the brain.
D)alters motor co-ordination.

Answer 2

depresses inhibitory centres in the brain.

Question 3

A person who is physiologically dependent on a drug will experience

A)tolerance to the effects of the drug.
B)withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn.
C)both tolerance and withdrawal.
D)neither tolerance nor withdrawal.

Answer 3

both tolerance and withdrawal.

Question 4

Angelina has had difficulty falling asleep for some time.She started taking a prescribed sleeping pill every night for her insomnia.Now, she needs the pill to fall asleep.Without it, she will toss and turn all night, getting little sleep.Angelina is

A)dependent and drug abusive.
B)dependent and not drug abusive.
C)dependent but not physiologically addicted.
D)dependent and tolerant.

Question 5

The American Psychiatric Association defines substance abuse in terms of

A)how drunk or intoxicated a person gets after ingesting a psychoactive substance.
B)whether or not the substance interferes with the person's life.
C)the type and intensity of the substance abuser's biological reaction.
D)which drug is used and whether it is legal or illegal.

Question 6

Both morphine and codeine produce analgesia, which means that they

A)activate the central nervous system.
B)relieve pain and produce euphoria.
C)increase alertness.
D)cause delusions and dissociative experiences.

Question 7

Carol has been addicted to narcotics for many years.Recently, she has been trying to quit and has not used any drugs for the last week.We can expect that Carol will be experiencing

A)fever and chills.
B)nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
C)aches and pains.
D)all of these

Question 8

All of the following analgesic substances are classified as opiates EXCEPT

A)cocaine.
B)codeine.
C)heroin.
D)morphine.

Question 9

In terms of substance­related disorders, the word 'addiction' is most closely associated with

A)substance use.
B)intoxication.
C)drug dependence.
D)polysubstance abuse.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of alcohol's effects on brain functioning?

A)faster reaction time
B)improved judgement
C)impaired motor co-ordination
D)clear speech

Question 11

Substance intoxication includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)the specific drug that is used.
B)how much of a drug is used or ingested.
C)the drug user's individual biological reaction.
D)physiological dependence on the drug.

Question 12

Most adults in South Africa characterise themselves as:

A)Light drinkers or abstainers
B)social drinkers
C)heavy drinkers
D)alcohol dependent

Question 13

Although most psychoactive substances interact with specific substances in brain cells, the effects of ___________ are much more complex because several different neurotransmitter systems are affected.

A)opiates
B)tranquillisers
C)alcohol
D)marijuana

Question 14

Alcohol and the drugs phenobarbitone and methaqualone (mandrax) are all classified as

A)stimulants.
B)opiates.
C)depressants.
D)narcotics.

Question 15

A perspective of substance dependence that involves drug-seeking behaviours includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)repeated use of the drug.
B)a desperate need to ingest more of the drug.
C)resuming drug use after a period of abstinence.
D)physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used.

Question 16

Blackouts appear to be related to the interaction of alcohol with the ______system.

A)glutamate
B)serotonin
C)GABA
D)dopamine

Question 17

Cameron has a cup of coffee every morning, smokes ten cigarettes a day and has a beer with dinner.This is an example of

A)substance use.
B)substance abuse.
C)polysubstance abuse.
D)substance intoxication.

Question 18

The condition called delirium tremens, also known as the 'DTs', involves hallucinations and body tremors during withdrawal from

A)heroin.
B)cocaine.
C)alcohol.
D)marijuana.

Question 19

Because of its impact on GABA receptors, alcohol ______ neuronal communication.

A)inhibits
B)facilitates
C)randomises
D)eliminates

Question 20

Tebogo steals money from his mother's handbag every time he needs to buy drugs.His substance dependence is manifested by

A)withdrawal symptoms.
B)drug-seeking behaviour.
C)continuing tolerance.
D)psychological addiction.

Question 21

You have just heard about a situation in which someone who was drunk vandalised a building and assaulted a security guard.From your knowledge of abnormal psychology, you are aware that, although alcohol does not cause aggressive behaviour, it may

A)stimulate the inhibitory centre of the brain, causing aggressive behaviour.
B)activate the aggressive genes in the person's DNA.
C)impair the ability to consider the consequences of acting impulsively.
D)increase the anxiety associated with being punished for one's actions.

Question 22

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant.Symptoms of FAS include all of the following EXCEPT

A)cognitive deficits and behaviour problems.
B)distorted facial features.
C)learning difficulties.
D)excessive foetal growth.

Question 23

Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcoholism?

A)A progressive pattern leading to alcoholism is inevitable for those who drink alcohol.
B)The factors that determine a drinker's susceptibility to alcoholism are not yet fully understood.
C)Alcohol use and aggressive behaviour are negatively correlated.
D)Use of alcohol by preteens and young teenagers does not predict later abuse.

Question 24

Although alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated, the factors that actually determine aggressive behaviour involve all of the following EXCEPT

A)quantity and timing of alcohol consumed.
B)the person's previous history of violence.
C)the expectations about drinking.
D)the person's level of intelligence.

Question 25

Which syndrome is generally recognised as a combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank while she was pregnant?

A)Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
B)Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
C)Downs syndrome
D)Tourettes syndrome

Question 26

Alcohol is related to violence because it

A)increases impulsivity.
B)increases rational thinking.
C)causes aggression.
D)decreases aggressive behaviour.

Question 27

Azania has been a heavy drinker for years.Her behaviour reflects confusion, loss of muscle co-ordination and unintelligible speech.Such behaviour is probably the result of

A)dementia.
B)substance-abuse psychotic disorder.
C)foetal alcohol syndrome.
D)Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 28

Data from the World Health Organization Global Alcohol Database (GAD) found that:

A)about 75% of Africans had gone on a binge of heavy drinking once in the preceding two weeks.
B)alcohol consumption in sub-Saharan Africa was 7.4L, slightly above the global level of 6.2L.
C)alcohol consumption is decreasing across sub-Sahara Africa.
D)More women are consuming alcohol.

Question 29

The prevailing view that alcohol abuse usually follows a predictable downward spiral was based on Jellinek's mid-twentieth-century survey of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members, which asked them how alcohol had affected them physically and psychologically.Data from this survey are now considered inaccurate because

A)respondents faked their answers to the questions on the survey.
B)too few AA members answered the survey questions.
C)the survey was sent only to older members of AA, so information on the progression of alcohol use was not available.
D)Jellinek himself became an alcoholic and never finished the research.

Question 30

Which of the following does NOT describe the specific effect of alcohol on a particular neurotransmitter system?

A)serotonin - alcohol cravings
B)glutamate - alcoholic blackouts
C)dopamine - slurred speech
D)GABA - anti-anxiety effect

Question 31

Differences in foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) rates among women who drink may be due to _______differences.

A)cultural/racial
B)cognitive
C)metabolic
D)emotional

Question 32

Which of the following terms is the definition of anxiolytic?

A)sleep-inducing
B)anxiety-reducing
C)anti-seizure
D)anxiety-increasing

Question 33

All of the following are symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol EXCEPT

A)nausea and/or vomiting.
B)hypersomnia.
C)transient hallucinations.
D)agitation.

Question 34

The glutamate system is under study for its role in the effects of alcohol.

A)glutamate system
B)limbit
C)GABA
D)dopamine

Question 35

What explains the apparent stimulation, feeling of well-being and outgoing behaviour that occur as the initial effects of alcohol ingestion?

A)depression of the inhibitory centres in the brain
B)activation of the inhibitory centres in the brain
C)depression of the autonomic nervous system
D)stimulation of the autonomic nervous system

Question 36

According to Jellinek's model (no longer considered accurate but still of scientific interest), an individual with alcoholism progresses through four stages.Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes the characteristic behaviours associated with each of Jellinek's stages?

A)prealcoholic stage - hangovers, DUI (driving under the influence) charges, blackouts
B)prodromal stage - drinking heavily but few outward signs of problems
C)chronic stage - primary daily activities involve drinking and getting drunk
D)crucial stage - loss of control with occasional binges

Question 37

In some individuals, chronic alcohol use causes physical damage to the body.Whether this occurs depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT

A)blood alcohol levels during drinking periods.
B)type of alcohol consumed (e.g.beer, wine, spirits).
C)genetic vulnerability.
D)the frequency of alcohol use.

Question 38

Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcohol use?

A)Education is negatively correlated with recent alcohol use.
B)Eastern and southern Africa regions have the highest consumption of alcohol per drinker in the world.
C)Female students were more likely than male students to report several episodes of binge drinking in a two-week period.
D)Alcohol use in the elderly population is typically high.

Question 39

Which type of substance has a long history of use in Africa? ______________.

A)cocaine
B)opioid
C)alcohol
D)LSD

Question 40

The correct pairing of the names, causes and symptoms of two types of organic brain syndromes that may result from chronic, long-term alcohol abuse are

A)dementia - loss of intellectual abilities caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine.
B)Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and unintelligible speech.
C)dementia - confusion, loss of muscle co-ordination and unintelligible speech caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain.
D)foetal alcohol syndrome - loss of intellectual abilities caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the adult brain.

Question 41

The most commonly consumed of all the psychoactive drugs are the stimulants, which include all of the following EXCEPT

A)caffeine.
B)cocaine.
C)nicotine.
D)mescaline.

Question 42

Which of the following terms is the definition of anticonvulsant?

A)sleep-inducing
B)anxiety-reducing
C)anti-seizure
D)calming

Question 43

Which substance was prescribed by physicians during the 1930s and 1940s, before their addictive properties were fully understood, to help people sleep and replaced such drugs as alcohol and opium.

A)benzodiazepines
B)barbiturates
C)stimulants
D)hallucinogens

Question 44

Your shy and introverted friend tells you that she has discovered a wonder drug that produces feelings of euphoria and is not addictive.When you realise that she is talking about cocaine, you inform her that

A)scientists agree that it is a wonder drug just as she describes.
B)in the early twentieth century cocaine was an ingredient in Pepsi-Cola.
C)cocaine will make her more social and outgoing.
D)dependence on cocaine develops slowly over a period of years.

Question 45

Stimulation of the __________ neurones in the 'pleasure pathway' (the site in the brain that seems to be involved in the experience of pleasure) probably causes the 'high' associated with cocaine use.

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)adrenaline
D)endorphin

Question 46

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a barbiturate?

A)methcathinone
B)diazepam
C)methaqualone
D)d-lysergic acid

Question 47

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a benzodiazephine?

A)methcathinone
B)diazepam
C)methaqualone
D)d-lysergic acid

Question 48

Which of the following terms is the definition of sedative?

A)sleep-inducing
B)anxiety-reducing
C)anti-seizure
D)calming

Question 49

Misuse of the benzodiazepine _________ has resulted in it being referred to as the 'date-rape drug'.

A)Amytal
B)Halcion
C)Rohypnol
D)Ritalin

Question 50

Recreational use of which drug rose sharply in the late 1980s?

A)opioids
B)hallucinogens
C)ecstasy
D)methcathinone

Question 51

Which of the following terms is the definition of hypnotic?

A)sleep-inducing
B)anxiety-reducing
C)anti-seizure
D)calming

Question 52

Which of the following effects is associated with cocaine use?

A)decreased alertness
B)increased appetite
C)decreased pulse and blood pressure
D)rapid and irregular heartbeat

Question 53

Legally available narcotic medications, including morphine and codeine, are used primarily as

A)antagonists.
B)analgesics.
C)antibiotics.
D)antidotes.

Question 54

Nikiwe has decided to stop smoking (again).She can expect to experience which of the following withdrawal symptoms?

A)elevated mood
B)decreased appetite
C)weight loss
D)irritability

Question 55

The most common of the psychoactive substances, used by 90% of Americans, is

A)nicotine.
B)caffeine.
C)marijuana.
D)opium.

Question 56

Which of the following is an accurate statement about amphetamines and/or amphetamine-use disorders?

A)Amphetamines cause a period of depression and fatigue (called 'crashing'), which is followed by feelings of elation and euphoria.
B)Amphetamines cause an increase in appetite and a decrease in fatigue.
C)Amphetamines decrease the availability of dopamine and noradrenaline in the nervous system.
D)Amphetamine overdose can cause hallucinations, panic, agitation, and paranoid delusions.

Question 57

Which of the following are examples of opioids?

A)chemicals in the poppy
B)methadone
C)enkephalins
D)all of the above

Question 58

Until 1903, Coca-Cola™ contained which of the following?

A)cocaine
B)heroin
C)caffeine
D)chocolate

Question 59

'Crack babies', born to mothers who have used cocaine, often develop problems that are attributed not only to the effects of cocaine but also to

A)the mother's use of alcohol.
B)the mother's use of nicotine.
C)disrupted home environments.
D)all of these

Question 60

Minerva was extremely anxious and worried about everything.She thought that something terrible would happen and worried what people thought about her.Her doctor most likely prescribed ___________ to help her.

A)an opiate
B)an anticonvulsant
C)a sedative
D)an antidepressant

Question 61

Which of the following statements is false about hallucinogens?

A)LSD is chemically similar to serotonin.
B)Mescaline is chemically similar to noradrenaline.
C)A number of hallucinogens are chemically similar to acetylcholine.
D)MDMA is chemically similar to glutamate.

Question 62

Researchers conducting twin, family, and adoption studies have found that certain people are ______ vulnerable to drug abuse

A)socially.
B)intellectually.
C)genetically.
D)medically.

Question 63

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning marijuana use and abuse?

A)Paranoia and hallucinations can occur.
B)Tolerance develops rapidly.
C)Psychological dependence can occur with even occasional use.
D)Marijuana is free of carcinogens.

Question 64

Which of the following hallucinogenic substances is processed synthetically?

A)cannabis
B)LSD
C)psilocybin
D)mescaline

Question 65

Yesterday you asked your friend Ray for a couple of aspirin tablets.Ray has been taking a psychology course and informs you that, in behavioural terms, aspirin is a _____________ reinforcer.(After listening to this, your headache begins to gets worse.)

A)positive
B)negative
C)neutral
D)variable

Question 66

Piet had been 'hooked' for a while before he decided to 'go clean'.Within six to twelve hours, he started to experience excessive yawning, nausea and vomiting, chills, muscle aches, diarrhoea and insomnia.His behaviour disrupted his work and social relationships.These symptoms persisted for three days.After a week, he felt better.Angus is probably withdrawing from

A)alcohol.
B)cocaine.
C)heroin.
D)LSD.

Question 67

A recent research study on alcoholism suggests that use of illegal drugs is influenced by environmental factors but abuse and dependence are more influenced by ______ factors.

A)genetic
B)psychological
C)non-biological
D)cultural

Question 68

Injection drug use and sharing of needles is associated with health concerns such as

A)psychosis
B)HIV contraction
C)malnourishment
D)dementia

Question 69

The 'pleasure pathway', or anterior reward system, in the human brain is primarily made up of

A)dopamine-sensitive neurones.
B)serotonin-sensitive neurones.
C)both of these
D)neither of these

Question 70

All of the following are informative and accurate statements about inhalants EXCEPT

A)Inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students.
B)Symptoms of inhalant use include slurred speech, dizziness and euphoria.
C)Long-term inhalant use can damage bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver and the brain.
D)The use of inhalants can cause users to be antisocial and aggressive.

Question 71

The drugs that directly stimulate the anterior reward system or 'pleasure pathway' in the brain include

A)amphetamines and cocaine.
B)the opiates.
C)all of these
D)none of these

Question 72

Health-wise,cannabis

A)wards off nausea.
B)eases pain associated with multiple sclerosis.
C)contains as many carcinogens as tobacco smoke.
D)all of these

Question 73

Use of the testosterone-derived anabolic-androgenic steroids differs from other illicit drug use because

A)the 'high' produced from steroid use is more intense than that experienced with other drugs.
B)steroids are used to increase body mass and enhance performance.
C)more females than males use anabolic steroids.
D)steroids can be taken orally or by injection.

Question 74

In behavioural terms, drugs such as aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they

A)quickly make a person feel good.
B)stop a person from feeling pain.
C)have toxic effects on the nervous system.
D)can cause frequent users to become dependent on them.

Question 75

The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be

A)their ability to activate the 'pleasure pathways' of the brain.
B)the ease of obtaining them and the relatively inexpensive cost.
C)the similar way in which they are metabolised in the body.
D)their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse.

Question 76

Enkephalins and endorphins are natural opioids found in

A)the brain.
B)the humoral system.
C)DNA.
D)poppy seeds.

Question 77

Cannabis use often results in

A)altered mood.
B)blunted sensory experience.
C)an accurate sense of time.
D)enhanced nausea.

Question 78

The late Timothy Leary, at the time a Harvard University research professor, first used which substance in 1961 and immediately began a movement to have every child and adult try the drug and "turn on, tune in, and drop out.

A)MDMA
B)LSD
C)mescaline
D)cannabis

Question 79

Which of the following drugs is known to have an anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving) effect?

A)methamphetamine
B)alcohol
C)caffeine
D)LSD

Question 80

Among the so-called recreational or illicit 'designer drugs' is a dissociative anaesthetic that produces a sense of detachment along with a reduced awareness of pain.It is called ______.

A)Ecstasy (MDMA)
B)'K' or 'Special K'
C)Eve
D)Nexus