Deck 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

According to statistical data, the prevalence of schizophrenia is about ________.

A)0.01%
B)1%
C)5%
D)10%

Answer 1

1%

Question 2

The term 'schizophrenia' was introduced circa 1908 by a Swiss psychiatrist named

A)Emil Kraepelin.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Eugen Bleuler.
D)Phillipe Pinel.

Answer 2

Eugen Bleuler.

Question 3

Which of the following is the persecution type of psychotic delusion?

A)A familiar person is actually a double.
B)The person believes they are a famous or important person.
C)People are out to get you.
D)A body part has changed in some impossible way.

Answer 3

People are out to get you.

Question 4

Which of the following was the main characteristic of dementia praecox, according to Emil Kraepelin?

A)silly and immature behaviour
B)mental weakness
C)alternating immobility and agitated excitement
D)delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 5

Which of the following is the best description of schizophrenia?

A)Schizophrenia is characterised by symptoms shared by everyone with the diagnosis.
B)Schizophrenia is characterised by multiple personalities.
C)Schizophrenia is characterised by behaviour and symptoms that are not necessarily common to everyone with the diagnosis.
D)The course of schizophrenia is always predictable.

Question 6

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Emil Kraepelin, studying the disorder we now call schizophrenia, used the term ________________ because he observed that the onset of symptoms often occurred before adulthood.

A)adolescent insanity
B)folie à deux
C)catatonia previa
D)dementia praecox

Question 7

If an individual is diagnosed as psychotic, it usually means that the person has

A)hallucinations.
B)delusions.
C)both of these.
D)neither of these.

Question 8

A woman diagnosed as schizophrenic announces that she has a plan to end poverty and homelessness in the world and that the Pope has given her secret instructions on how this can be accomplished.Her thinking is indicative of a delusion of

A)persecution.
B)thought insertion.
C)grandeur.
D)reference.

Question 9

Which of the following characterise the disorder known as schizophrenia?

A)delusions and hallucinations
B)inappropriate emotions
C)disorganised speech and behaviour
D)all of these

Question 10

Which of the following is the definition for hebephrenia?

A)silly and immature behaviour
B)early madness
C)alternating immobility and agitated excitement
D)delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 11

In the 1850s, a French physician named Benedict Morel used the terms démence (loss of mind) précoce (early, premature) to describe what we now know as schizophrenia because he observed that the onset of symptoms often occurs

A)in the early part of the year.
B)during adolescence.
C)in the morning.
D)prior to symptoms of other mental illnesses.

Question 12

Which of the following is accurate with regard to the long-term outlook for schizophrenic patients?

A)About 50% of people diagnosed with the disorder eventually recover.
B)Recovery is possible only if the person stays on medication.
C)Recovery is possible only if the patient receives psychotherapy.
D)Complete recovery from schizophrenia is rare.

Question 13

Bleuler described the underlying behaviours of schizophrenia as the destruction of the forces that connect one function to the next.He called this underlying foundation of the disorder

A)a fugue state.
B)split personality.
C)associative splitting.
D)folie à deux.

Question 14

In working with schizophrenic patients, mental health professionals typically distinguish between _________ symptoms (an excess or distortion of normal behaviour) and ___________ symptoms (deficits in normal behaviour).

A)positive; negative
B)negative; positive
C)manic; depressive
D)dysmorphic; dysfunctional

Question 15

Eugen Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as an 'associative splitting' of the basic functions of personality led to the incorrect use of the term to mean

A)a fugue state.
B)multiple personality.
C)cognitive slippage.
D)folie à deux.

Question 16

In the late 1800s, the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin made all of the following contributions to our knowledge of schizophrenia EXCEPT

A)distinguishing dementia praecox (schizophrenia) from manic-depressive illness.
B)noting that hallucinations, delusions and negativism were symptoms of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).
C)combining several symptoms of insanity (catatonia, paranoia, hebephrenia) that had usually been viewed as reflecting separate and distinct disorders.
D)conceptualising a treatment for schizophrenic patients that is still being used today.

Question 17

In the textbook case of Fikile, he said that he had a 'secret plan to save all the starving children in the world'.After Fikile showed other bizarre behaviour and also said he was going to climb the fence of a government building, his parents tried to have him admitted to a psychiatric hospital.They were not able to do that because

A)he was not considered a danger to himself or others.
B)he was given medication instead to calm him down.
C)the hospital staff didn't believe his parents.
D)his behaviour was due to a substance-abuse problem.

Question 18

Which of the following defines Cotard's syndrome?

A)A familiar person is actually a double.
B)The person believes they are a famous or important person.
C)People are out to get you.
D)The person believes they are dead.

Question 19

Which of the following describes a delusion of grandeur?

A)A familiar person is actually a double.
B)The person believes they are a famous or important person.
C)People are out to get you.
D)A body part has changed in some impossible way.

Question 20

Antoinette believes that her brother is not really her brother.He has, in fact, been replaced by a double.This is known as _______________ syndrome.

A)Capgras
B)Cotard's
C)Barlow's
D)Durand's

Question 21

The negative schizophrenic symptom called avolition is defined as

A)inability to initiate or persist in activities.
B)inability to experience pleasure.
C)lack of emotional response, blank facial expression.
D)lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.

Question 22

The negative schizophrenic symptom called anhedonia is defined as

A)an inability to initiate or persist in activities.
B)an inability to experience pleasure.
C)a lack of emotional response, blank facial expression.
D)a lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.

Question 23

The most common type of hallucination experienced by psychotic individuals is

A)visual.
B)auditory.
C)tactile.
D)olfactory.

Question 24

Mark was diagnosed with schizophrenia many years ago.Most recently, he has been exhibiting some bizarre behaviours.For example, he stands for hours in unusual postures.Mark's motor dysfunction is called

A)cognitive slippage.
B)inappropriate affect.
C)catatonic immobility.
D)hebephrenia.

Question 25

Which of the following is closely associated with catatonia?

A)negative withdrawal
B)repetitive echolalia
C)agitation
D)waxy flexibility

Question 26

Which of the following defines the jealous type of delusional disorder?

A)believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B)falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C)believing in one's inflated worth, identity or special relationship
D)believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 27

DSM-5 no longer specifies different subtypes of schizophrenia, but in DSM-IV-TR the subtype called paranoid schizophrenia was characterised by

A)silly and immature behaviour.
B)a complete mental breakdown.
C)alternating immobility and agitated excitement.
D)delusions of grandeur or persecution.

Question 28

How do the delusions in delusional disorder differ from the delusions in paranoid schizophrenia?

A)In delusional disorder, the imagined events could really be happening but there is no evidence that they are happening.
B)In paranoid schizophrenia, the imagined events have actually happened or are now happening.
C)In delusional disorder, the imagined events are so bizarre that they could never have happened and never will happen.
D)There is no difference.Delusions are defined similarly for all conditions.

Question 29

Mpho has displayed a number of schizophrenic symptoms.An obvious one is his lack of speech content manifested in nonsensical ramblings and slowed speech response.This symptom is called

A)anhedonia.
B)avolition.
C)clanging.
D)alogia.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of flat affect?

A)An inability to initiate and persist in activities.
B)The inability to experience pleasure.
C)A lack of emotional response, blank facial expression.
D)A lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.

Question 31

At various times, individuals have been arrested for stalking celebrities who they believed were in love with them.This condition is called a(n) _________ delusion.

A)jealous
B)erotomanic
C)somatic
D)persecutory

Question 32

Research using brain-imaging techniques has localised auditory hallucinations in the part of the brain called

A)Wernicke's area.
B)Broca's area.
C)the occipital lobe.
D)the limbic system.

Question 33

Christa has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder.This means that in addition to schizophrenic symptoms, she also has symptoms of

A)an anxiety disorder.
B)a mood disorder.
C)a split personality.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 34

Which of the following is the definition of catatonia?

A)silly and immature behaviour
B)early madness
C)immobility or agitated excitement
D)delusions of grandeur or persecution

Question 35

Results of research showing that auditory hallucinations are localised in the expressive speech area of the brain suggest that

A)these hallucinations are produced by the auditory nerve in the ear as well as the speech area of the brain.
B)people who are hallucinating think the voices of other people are actually their own.
C)a person who is hallucinating is actually listening to his/her own thoughts.
D)these hallucinations are related to the disorganised speech that occurs in schizophrenia.

Question 36

Martha, a hospitalised schizophrenic patient, shows an unusual form of catatonia.If someone moves one of her arms or legs into a different position, it just stays that way.Martha's bizarre behaviour is called

A)postural dysfunction.
B)aerobic mobility.
C)waxy flexibility.
D)schizophrenic movement disorder.

Question 37

According to research, an individual with schizophrenia who exhibits flat affect

A)is incapable of experiencing emotion.
B)can display emotion at certain times.
C)is capable of experiencing emotion.
D)will display the 'wrong' emotion based on an eliciting stimulus.

Question 38

Dr Simango conducted a research study involving schizophrenic adults in which she looked at their facial expressions in home movies taken when they were children.She was trying to determine if the development of schizophrenia could be predicted by facial expressions showing limited emotional reactions.This research study focused on the negative symptom called

A)alogia.
B)affective flattening.
C)associative splitting.
D)emotional effect syndrome.

Question 39

One explanation for the fact that the parts of the brain usually associated with producing rather than comprehending speech are active when one is experiencing an auditory hallucination is that such individuals are actually

A)listening to voices outside themselves.
B)listening to their own thoughts.
C)misinterpreting voices from the sources such as the radio and television.
D)making up the experience.

Question 40

Thabo has suffered from several symptoms that indicate a schizophrenia-related condition, but his symptoms have been present for only four months.Which of the following would be the appropriate diagnosis?

A)brief psychotic disorder
B)delusional disorder
C)schizoaffective disorder
D)schizophreniform disorder

Question 41

Of the various genetic linkage and association studies, the one that seems to be a possible 'marker' for schizophrenia involves

A)eye-tracking.
B)dopamine sites.
C)unusual facial features.
D)blood type.

Question 42

In which of the following disorders are hallucinations and delusions NOT part of the symptom pattern?

A)schizotypal personality disorder
B)schizoaffective disorder
C)schizophreniform disorder
D)brief psychotic disorder

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia?

A)Researchers have discovered the gene responsible for causing schizophrenia.
B)Genes are responsible for making some individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia.
C)Both of these statements are true.
D)Neither of these statements is true.

Question 44

Which of the following occurs when drugs are administered to schizophrenic patients?

A)Drugs that increase dopamine (agonists) cause an increase in schizophrenic behaviour.
B)Drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists) decrease schizophrenic symptoms.
C)Both of these statements are accurate.
D)Neither of these statements is accurate.

Question 45

The famous case of the Genain sisters, identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia, points out that siblings raised in the same household may experience their environment very differently, a concept called a(n)

A)variable home structure.
B)unshared environment.
C)environmental phenomenon.
D)unique perceptive interpretation.

Question 46

The case of Fikile (described in your textbook), who suddenly experienced the delusion that he could save all the starving children in the world with a 'secret plan', but whose symptoms lasted only a few days, was diagnosed with

A)schizotypal personality disorder.
B)folie à deux (shared psychotic disorder).
C)brief psychotic disorder.
D)cocaine abuse.

Question 47

Which of the following defines the grandiose type of delusional disorder?

A)believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B)falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C)believing in one's inflated worth, identity, or special relationship
D)believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 48

Candice believes that she is the wicked stepmother and her daughter Chantal believes she is Cinderella.If they had been diagnosed using the DSM-IV-TR, the condition would have been called ________.This diagnosis was removed from DSM-5 and was added as a specifier to delusional disorder.

A)schizoaffective disorder.
B)schizotypal disorder.
C)schizophreniform disorder.
D)folie a deux.

Question 49

Which of the following statements reflects 'circumstantial evidence' for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A)Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) act as dopamine agonists, increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain.
B)Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) can produce symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease (a disorder due to insufficient dopamine).
C)The drug L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, is used to treat schizophrenic symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.
D)Amphetamines, which activate dopamine, can lessen psychotic symptoms in people with schizophrenia.

Question 50

Which of the following defines the persecutory type of delusional disorder?

A)believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B)falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C)believing in one's inflated worth, identity or special relationship
D)believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 51

Research studies on the genetic basis of schizophrenia have focused on high-risk individuals including all of the following EXCEPT

A)healthy twins of schizophrenic patients.
B)adopted children of schizophrenic parents.
C)family members or relatives of schizophrenics.
D)children adopted by schizophrenic mothers.

Question 52

Endophenotyping refers to looking for

A)a gene or genes that cause the symptoms or behaviours of schizophrenia.
B)basic processes that contribute to the symptoms of the disorder.
C)basic processes that contribute to the behaviours of schizophrenia.
D)all of the above

Question 53

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are most closely associated with _________ activity.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)acetylcholine

Question 54

Which of the following statistical data are NOT accurate regarding schizophrenia?

A)The lifetime prevalence rate is 3%.
B)Life expectancy is less than average due to suicides and accidents.
C)Men with schizophrenia have a poorer prognosis than women with schizophrenia.
D)More women than men develop schizophrenia later in life.

Question 55

With regard to research on schizophrenia involving the offspring of twins, all of the following are accurate statements EXCEPT

A)the child of a schizophrenic identical twin has the same risk (17%) of having the disorder as the child of the non-schizophrenic identical twin.
B)the child of a non-schizophrenic fraternal twin has about a 2% risk of having the disorder.
C)a mentally healthy individual with a schizophrenic parent cannot pass on a genetic predisposition for the disorder to his or her offspring.
D)an individual can be free from schizophrenia but still be a 'carrier'.

Question 56

Schizophrenia appears to be more frequently diagnosed in minorities in a number of countries.An explanation for this is that

A)people from devalued ethnic minority groups may be victims of bias and stereotyping.
B)it may be the result of misdiagnosis.
C)levels of stress are associated with stigma and isolation.
D)all of the above

Question 57

Making the diagnosis of schizophrenia is controversial because

A)the symptoms can vary as a function of culture or race.
B)the symptoms are similar across culture and race.
C)the symptoms simply reflect biases in the minds of mental health professionals.
D)the label is derogatory and has no clinical utility.

Question 58

James is a security guard at the mall who seems lost in his own world.Often, he feels the presence of his dead mother nearby.He knows it is an illusion and that she is not real.Her presence does give him comfort.James probably would be diagnosed with

A)schizoaffective disorder.
B)schizotypal disorder.
C)schizoid disorder.
D)brief psychotic disorder.

Question 59

In which of the following situations would the risk of developing schizophrenia be the LOWEST for a child?

A)A child's schizophrenic parent has a non-schizophrenic identical twin.
B)A child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic identical twin.
C)A child's schizophrenic parent has a non-schizophrenic fraternal twin.
D)A child's non-schizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic fraternal twin.

Question 60

Which of the following defines the erotomanic type of delusional disorder?

A)believing that one is loved by an important person or celebrity
B)falsely believing that one's sexual partner is unfaithful
C)believing in one's inflated worth, identity or special relationship
D)believing one is being malevolently treated in some way

Question 61

With regard to the family interactions among schizophrenic patients, the word 'schizophrenogenic' (no longer used), was first proposed in the 1940s to describe

A)an abusive and alcoholic father whose child became schizophrenic.
B)an emotionally distant mother whose child became schizophrenic.
C)divorced parents who had several psychotic children.
D)a family in which relatives on both sides were psychotic.

Question 62

Which of the following has recently been linked to schizophrenia?

A)deficiency in the stimulation of prefrontal dopamine D₁ receptors
B)excessive stimulation of striatal dopamine D₂ receptors
C)alterations in prefrontal activity involving glutamate transmissions
D)all of the above

Question 63

Which of the following neurotransmitters has recently been linked to schizophrenia?

A)glutamate
B)glycine
C)GABA
D)serotonin

Question 64

Recent research into the causes of schizophrenia, including studies of schizophrenic patients who had been exposed prenatally to influenza, suggests that there might be a __________________ cause of schizophrenia.

A)viral
B)bacterial
C)parasitic
D)metabolic

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT correlated with schizophrenia?

A)foetal exposure to viral infection
B)pregnancy complications
C)delivery complications
D)viral exposure as a toddler

Question 66

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)A cold, dominant and rejecting mother causes schizophrenia.
B)A communication style that produces conflicting messages causes schizophrenia.
C)High expressed emotion in a family is a good predictor of relapse among chronic schizophrenics.
D)None of these

Question 67

Influenza infection during the second trimester of pregnancy has been linked to

A)the mother developing schizophrenia.
B)the child developing schizophrenia.
C)both of the above
D)neither of the above

Question 68

Phumi would respond coolly when her daughter embraced her, but when the child tried to pull away Phumi would say, 'Don't you love me any more?' This is an example of

A)a schizophrenogenic mother.
B)double bind communication.
C)expressed emotion.
D)none of the above

Question 69

New research on schizophrenia suggests that

A)only D₂ receptors are involved in schizophrenia.
B)D₂ receptors may be involved whenD₁ receptors are less active.
C)D₂ receptors may be involved whenD₁ receptors are more active.
D)dopamine is not actually involved in schizophrenia.

Question 70

Current research suggests that

A)environmental stress may trigger schizophrenia.
B)genes cause schizophrenia.
C)genes carried by a foetus may make it vulnerable to schizophrenia.
D)all of these

Question 71

With regard to cultural differences in 'expressed emotion', which is thought to be positively correlated with schizophrenia, research has found that _________ families have the highest percentage of expressed emotion.

A)Indian
B)Mexican
C)British
D)Anglo-American

Question 72

Families with a high expressed emotion (EE) score view the symptoms of schizophrenia as

A)controllable.
B)uncontrollable.
C)inevitable.
D)inconvenient.

Question 73

What is the evidence for structural damage in the brains of schizophrenic patients?

A)All schizophrenic patients have smaller ventricles in their brains.
B)In some schizophrenic patients, there is an excess amount of 'grey matter' in the cerebral cortex.
C)The majority of schizophrenic patients have enlarged ventricles in their brains.
D)Many schizophrenic patients have increased activity in the frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 74

The familial communication style called expressed emotion (EE), sometimes used to predict relapse rates in schizophrenic patients, includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)emotional over-involvement.
B)criticism.
C)emotional distance.
D)hostility.

Question 75

A treatment first used in the 1930s as a treatment for schizophrenia but now used primarily to treat severe depression is

A)electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
B)prefrontal lobotomy.
C)insulin coma therapy.
D)psychosurgery.

Question 76

The neuroleptic drugs introduced in the 1950s affect primarily the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which include all of the following EXCEPT

A)hallucinations.
B)delusions.
C)social deficits.
D)agitation.

Question 77

Which of the following statements contradicts the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A)Many people with schizophrenia are not helped by dopamine antagonists.
B)Olanzapine, one of the weakest dopamine antagonists, reduces schizophrenic symptoms in those patients who were not helped by stronger dopamine antagonists.
C)Both of these statements contradict the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
D)Neither of these statements contradicts the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.

Question 78

In terms of a particular emotional communication style known as expressed emotion (EE), researchers have shown that schizophrenic patients were more likely to relapse if

A)they had long periods of contact with their families.
B)they had families who were disapproving and intrusive.
C)both of these are correct
D)neither of these is correct

Question 79

Which of the following drugs can cause psychotic symptoms in those who do not have schizophrenia and can exacerbate such symptoms in those who do?

A)marijuana
B)PCP
C)cocaine
D)LSD

Question 80

During the 1990s, a new class of antipsychotic medications became available to treat schizophrenic patients who were not helped by conventional antipsychotic medications or who had developed unpleasant side effects.These new antipsychotic medications include all of the following EXCEPT

A)Largactil (chlorpromazine)
B)Leponex (clozapine)
C)Risperdal (risperidone)
D)Zyprexa (olanzapine)