Deck 12: Work, Leisure, and Retirement

Question 1

Modifying occupational goals happens for many reasons including

A)the person's interests change.
B)the occupation was not a good fit.
C)the person lacks certain essential skills and cannot acquire them.
D)all of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Today we tend to think of careers as something people rather than something people ____________.

A)need; want
B)create; enter
C)enter; create
D)desire; need

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Occupational fields such as teaching and nursing have gone to great lengths to try to alleviate reality shock by offering

A)financial incentives to those choosing teaching and nursing majors.
B)student loan pay-back assistance.
C)higher starting salaries to attract more people to these fields.
D)internships and practicums.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Melissa spent 20 years in school to earn an advanced degree.She just started her first job and realized that what she was taught in school is not really the way that the career works.Melissa is experiencing

A)occupational expectations.
B)occupational reality.
C)reality shock.
D)career expectations.

Question 5

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) has two versions: a four factor and a factor version.

A)six
B)seven
C)eight
D)five

Question 6

Which theory posits that people build careers through their own actions that result from the "interface of their own personal characteristics and the social context"?

A)Career Context Theory
B)Career Construction Theory
C)Aptitude Career Theory
D)Personality-Work Construction Theory

Question 7

Reality shock is

A)realizing that school is actually difficult.
B)realizing that you must move away from home.
C)discovering that you do not like your major.
D)discovering that the real world doesn't work exactly like it says in the book.

Question 8

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) proposes that career choice is a result of the application of social cognitive theory, particularly the concept of self-efficacy.

A)Piaget's
B)Holland's
C)Bandura's
D)Vygotsky's

Question 9

Randy just found out that teaching elementary school is a lot more work than he thought.This is an example of

A)occupational expectation.
B)occupational development.
C)specification changes.
D)reality shock.

Question 10

Which of the following is not one of the variables in the four-factor version of Social Cognitive Career Theory?

A)self-efficacy
B)interests
C)outcome expectations
D)barriers

Question 11

The more complex version (the six-factor version) of the Social Cognitive Career Theory includes which two additional variables?

A)aptitude and achievement
B)income and education
C)supports and barriers
D)talents and skills

Question 12

Which person devised a theory in which people choose occupations that optimize the fit between their individual traits and their occupational interests?

A)Terkel
B)Holland
C)Vallerand
D)Sandberg

Question 13

What occupation a person holds appears to have no impact on a person's need to derive from their work.

A)money
B)a sense of meaning
C)status
D)career stability

Question 14

Young adults generally modify their career expectations at least once, usually on the basis of new information about

A)their academic ability.
B)their financial situation.
C)the likelihood they will be able to get a job in a chosen profession.
D)the economy.

Question 15

The concept of describes how executives with better fit between their personal intentions and their firm's mission care more about their employee's happiness, job satisfaction, and emotional well-being.

A)meaning-mission fit
B)corporate sensitivity
C)employee-company wellness
D)corporate-mission-care

Question 16

Research shows that most people who know they have the talent and the opportunity to achieve their career goals

A)usually attain them.
B)usually suffer from reality shock.
C)tend to change their goals often.
D)tend to overestimate their abilities.

Question 17

Which of the following is a generational difference in occupational expectations?

A)Baby boomers are more likely to change jobs than millennials.
B)Millennials are more likely to change jobs than baby boomers.
C)Baby boomers are more likely to view traditional organizations with distrust and cynicism.
D)Baby boomers are more globally aware and prefer a work culture focused on employee development.

Question 18

Although people may have tendencies that relate to certain types of occupations, they are unlikely to choose those occupations or careers unless

A)their friends have also chosen the same occupation or career.
B)they believe they could be successful in the career choice.
C)they have parental approval of the career choice.
D)they feel they could make a lot of money in a certain career.

Question 19

When academically talented high school students were asked about their career expectations and outcomes, it turned out that 10 and even 20 years later

A)they were surprising accurate.
B)they were overwhelmingly inaccurate.
C)they were even more successful than they had predicted.
D)the majority of them had changed jobs at least three times.

Question 20

In Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), what you want to achieve is represented by the factor

A)self-efficacy.
B)interests.
C)outcome expectations.
D)choice goals.

Question 21

In the cross-cultural study comparing Korean and North American teachers, what was the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and job satisfaction?

A)The less efficacy, the lower the job satisfaction.
B)The higher the efficacy, the lower the job satisfaction.
C)The lower the efficacy, the higher the job satisfaction.
D)There was no relationship between these two variables.

Question 22

Joe works on an assembly line where he puts together windshield wiper parts.He is unhappy in his job because he feels it is routine, repetitive, and undervalued.Joe is experiencing

A)alienation.
B)burnout.
C)stress.
D)unrealistic expectations.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a role of mentors?

A)helping the protege to avoid trouble
B)ensuring that the protege gets noticed
C)introducing the protege to potential mates
D)providing advice on finding another job

Question 24

In the study involving North American and Korean teachers, what was the relationship between stress and job satisfaction?

A)It varied by individual across both groups.
B)Stress was a negative predictor for both groups.
C)Stress was a positive predictor for both groups.
D)Stress was a negative predictor of job satisfaction for North American teachers, but a positive predictor of job satisfaction for Korean teachers.

Question 25

Which of the following is true regarding mentors?

A)Having a mentor results in the mentee having higher overall lifetime earnings.
B)Any mentor is a good match with any prospective protege.
C)Having a poor mentor is worse than having no mentor.
D)The quality of the mentor is not as important as the intelligence and dedication of the mentee.

Question 26

Megan feels that her work is meaningless and not valued.She is having feelings of

A)burnout.
B)alienation.
C)job dissatisfaction.
D)job mismatch.

Question 27

How can employers avoid alienating workers and improve organizational commitment? Research indicates that _________ is key.

A)increasing vacation time
B)providing donuts and bagels on Fridays
C)raising expectations
D)trust

Question 28

Vallerand (2008) distinguishes between two types of passion: harmonious and

A)maladaptive.
B)obsessive.
C)detrimental.
D)pathological.

Question 29

About of women in the United States over the age of 16 participate in the work force.

A)25%.
B)58%.
C)64%.
D)73%.

Question 30

When a person loses their occupational idealism and feels like they are being exploited, this is termed

A)alienation.
B)burnout.
C)stress.
D)unrealistic expectations.

Question 31

What is the relationship between job satisfaction and increasing age?

A)There is an overall decline.
B)There is an overall increase.
C)There is no change.
D)There is a U-shaped pattern.

Question 32

Women who choose nontraditional occupations and are successful in them are when compared with similarly successful men.

A)viewed more positively
B)perceived with suspicion
C)viewed more more negatively
D)viewed the same

Question 33

Burnout does not affect all people in a given occupation.Vallerand (2008) proposes that this is related to the types of _____________ one experiences.

A)coworkers
B)passion
C)tangible rewards
D)personality traits

Question 34

How do mentors benefit from the mentor-mentee relationship?

A)Mentoring may enable a person to rise to a higher level in his or her own career.
B)Mentors are guaranteed promotions.
C)Mentors can hand off their job duties to others.
D)Mentors are rewarded with work perks like more vacation time.

Question 35

When paired with mentors, women

A)showed slower career advancement.
B)received more positive performance evaluations.
C)benefited by having higher expectations.
D)changed careers more often.

Question 36

Mary is a construction worker with a larger firm.She really enjoys the hands-on work and the good pay.However, her friends and family do not view her career favorably.This is likely because

A)she holds a nontraditional job.
B)she is too feminine.
C)she is too masculine.
D)she has unrealistic expectations.

Question 37

Research in France and Canada indicates that high rates of Vallerand's obsessive passion leads to

A)higher rates of job satisfaction.
B)lower rates of alienation.
C)lower rates of conflict.
D)higher rates of burnout.

Question 38

According to the U.S.Department of Labor (2013), the job category that includes such occupations as has the lowest participation rates of women.

A)administrative assistants and nursing
B)science and technology
C)social work and day care workers
D)electricians, plumber, and carpenters

Question 39

Playing the role of mentor fulfills which aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A)generativity
B)ego integrity
C)identity
D)intimacy

Question 40

Jackie is a postal worker who processes mail.Jackie perceives a lot of pressure on the job, and the pace is more than she can bear on most days.Jackie is likely to be experiencing

A)alienation.
B)burnout.
C)stress.
D)unrealistic expectations.

Question 41

Women often encounter a in which their leadership positions are precarious.

A)glass floor
B)glass wall
C)glass ceiling
D)glass cliff

Question 42

It is difficult to determine how many people have been sexually harassed because

A)there is no universal definition of sexual harassment.
B)men and women have different perceptions.
C)many victims do not report it.
D)all of the above.

Question 43

A main barrier to women making it to the top of their career is

A)role overload.
B)role conflict.
C)lack of interest.
D)sex discrimination.

Question 44

Around the world, large numbers of employees each year participate in aimed at improving existing skills or adding new job skills.

A)retraining
B)community service
C)motivational seminars
D)team building exercises

Question 45

Key factors in selecting care for one's children or parents include all of the following except

A)quality of care.
B)price.
C)hours of care.
D)close proximity.

Question 46

The concept of has been used to explain why African American and Asian American men do not advance as much in their careers as European men.

A)alienation
B)sex discrimination
C)the glass ceiling
D)the glass cliff

Question 47

Which of the following occurs when there is a lack of promotional opportunity in the organization or a person decides not to seek advancement?

A)career deceleration
B)obsolescence
C)career plateauing
D)depression

Question 48

After decades of attention to the glass ceiling, what have been the results?

A)Little change has been made in the number of women who lead major corporations, serve on their boards, or are company directors.
B)Women now outnumber men as top executives, board members, and directors of major corporations.
C)Women now equal men in numbers of top executives, board members, and directors of major corporations.
D)The glass ceiling was found to be a myth.Women were always represented in numbers equal to men in top corporate positions.

Question 49

A term for the level in a corporation that women may rise to but not go beyond is

A)glass ceiling.
B)gender barrier.
C)hidden discrimination.
D)overt sexism.

Question 50

In the United States, people over the age of are legally protected against age discrimination.

A)40
B)50
C)60
D)70

Question 51

The one's education level, the one's experience of stress immediately after losing one's job.

A)lower; lower
B)higher; lower
C)higher; higher
D)There is no predictable association between these variables.

Question 52

In nearly of two-parent households, both parents work outside the home.

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)70%

Question 53

About of workplace cases of sexual harassment that result in formal legal charges involve male victims.

A).02%
B)7%
C)9%
D)16%

Question 54

What is the relationship between employment status and stress?

A)People who were employed did not experience stress about job loss.
B)Only actual threat of job loss led to stress, not perceived threat of job loss.
C)Those who perceived their jobs were in jeopardy, even if they were not, showed stress levels equal to unemployed people.
D)People who were unemployed showed the lowest levels of stress.

Question 55

Women's overall median income is approximately that of men's and varies based on ethnicity.

A)46%
B)73%
C)81%
D)97%

Question 56

It is estimated that 30-40% of women in experience sexual harassment in the workplace.

A)nontraditional occupations
B)the European Union
C)Asia-Pacific countries
D)white-collar occupations

Question 57

In a comprehensive study of the effects of unemployment, losing one's job was related to lower mental health, life satisfaction, and subjective physical health.These effects disappeared with

A)relocation.
B)family support.
C)government financial assistance.
D)reemployment.

Question 58

Research on ethnicity, gender, and occupational development finds that women of different ethnic groups

A)differ significantly in their career expectations.
B)do not differ significantly in their participation in nontraditional careers.
C)European American women who choose nontraditional careers tend to plan for more formal education than they need to achieve their goals.
D)Native American women who choose nontraditional careers tend to plan for more formal education than they need to achieve their goals.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is not true regarding gender and the workplace?

A)Women entrepreneurs are starting small businesses at a faster rate than men.
B)Women prefer organizations that value interdependence and collaboration.
C)Some women feel they must leave unsupportive organizations to achieve satisfaction and growth.
D)Women prefer work environments that value independence and self-sufficiency.

Question 60

Getting rid of older workers by using retirement incentives is an example of

A)the glass ceiling.
B)age discrimination.
C)ageist stereotypes.
D)age harassment.

Question 61

Older adults in New Zealand reported that they volunteered because

A)it gave them a way to keep busy.
B)it provided them with a social opportunity to be around others.
C)it allowed them to give back to their local communities.
D)it allowed them to develop new skills and talents.

Question 62

Most people retire

A)because their company downsized and let them go.
B)because they accepted a retirement incentive package.
C)because they are in poor health.
D)by choice.

Question 63

Between the years 2003 and 2013, the age at which people said they expected to retire

A)went up.
B)went down.
C)went up for women but down for men.
D)went down for those who were affluent and went up for those in lower income brackets.

Question 64

Which of the following variables is related to the kinds of leisure activities people choose?

A)education
B)income
C)health
D)all of these

Question 65

Women have the amount of time they spend on housework, and men have the amount of time they spend on such tasks.

A)decreased; increased
B)increased; decreased
C)held constant; increased
D)decreased; held constant

Question 66

Which of the following is not one of the ways leisure activities buffer us from stress?

A)Leisure activities distract us from negative life events.
B)They generate optimism about the future because they are pleasant.
C)They connect us to our past.
D)They encourage us to be passive in responding to stressful events.

Question 67

How much savings does one need to have in order to be comfortable in retirement? A good rule of thumb is

A)25% of your current income.
B)45-50% of your current income.
C)65-70% of your current income.
D)Because one cannot predict how long one will live or what health problems one might encounter in the future, there is no way to predict how much money one will need in retirement.

Question 68

Men are most satisfied with a division of household labor based on equal number of hours spent, whereas women are most satisfied when men

A)do an equal number of chores.
B)do the most amount of work possible.
C)are willing to do women's traditional chores.
D)do traditional men's chores.

Question 69

The highest amount of work-family conflict is found

A)when there are at least two preschool-age children in the home.
B)when there are teenagers living in the home.
C)when there are boomerang kids living in the home.
D)when one of the spouses retires.

Question 70

While young adults prefer intense physical leisure activities like scuba diving and hang gliding, those in later middle age tend to spend more time in

A)educational activities like going back to school.
B)social activities like hosting parties.
C)sedentary activities like reading and watching television.
D)community-based activities like volunteering.

Question 71

For an increasing number of people "retirement" includes

A)a significant drop in health.
B)a decrease in self-esteem.
C)working part time.
D)all of the above.

Question 72

When women choose careers in high paying fields such as science, technology, engineering, or mathematics, does that eliminate the wage gap?

A)Yes, women and men in these fields are paid the same amounts.
B)No, there remains a wage gap.
C)Yes, but only if women choose careers in engineering.
D)Yes, if women choose careers in mathematics and don't take time off to raise children.

Question 73

Overall, labor force participation for older adults in developed countries has been increasing most rapidly among

A)women.
B)men.
C)divorced people.
D)child-free individuals.

Question 74

Employed mothers have significantly less stress than both employed nonmothers and nonemployed mothers when they

A)have average or high control over their jobs.
B)have parents who live in close proximity.
C)work in nontraditional occupations.
D)work part time rather than full time.

Question 75

Which of the following is not a major category of leisure activities?

A)experiential
B)developmental
C)social-public
D)psychological

Question 76

Why is there a trend for companies to hire older workers, particularly on a part-time basis?

A)They need the expertise older workers bring.
B)The type of benefits older workers may (or may not) need might make them less expensive employees.
C)Older workers are more flexible in terms of hours.
D)All of these are reasons why hiring older workers is a good option for many companies.

Question 77

Whether retirement has negative effects on one's health has much to do with

A)how financially secure one is after retirement.
B)how many leisure activities one participates in.
C)whether one was forced to retire or did so voluntarily.
D)age at retirement.More negative health effects are seen in those who retire at younger ages.

Question 78

The Social Security Act was passed in which year?

A)1865
B)1900
C)1935
D)1969

Question 79

Individuals usually retire when they

A)feel they've met all their professional goals.
B)have a spouse at home that requires care.
C)feel they are financially secure.
D)become grandparents.

Question 80

What aspect of leisure activities remains constant across adulthood?

A)the type pursued
B)the quantity of activity
C)the intensity of involvement in the activity
D)the length of activity