Deck 7: Intelligence

Question 1

The fact that some aspects of intelligence seem to decline while other aspects show increases with age is reflected in which component of the life-span perspective?

A)plasticity
B)multidirectionality
C)interindividual variability
D)intraindividual consistency

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Knowing all the names of each president and vice president of the United States of America draws on which intelligence?

A)fluid intelligence
B)crystallized intelligence
C)primary intelligence
D)tertiary intelligence

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Popular television shows such as Jeopardy! are based on contestants' accumulated

A)fluid intelligence.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)unexercised abilities.
D)multidirectionality of thinking.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the dual-component model, adulthood is predominantly concerned with the growth of

A)fluid intelligence.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)intercohort similarity.
D)multidiversity trends.

Question 5

Which of the following tests would not measure crystallized intelligence?

A)vocabulary
B)intentional learning
C)comprehension
D)inductive reasoning

Question 6

Experts and laypeople were found to have extremely high agreement on the factors that constitute intelligence.Which of the following was not one of those factors?

A)social competence
B)problem-solving abilities
C)verbal ability
D)spatial ability

Question 7

The question "Which comes next in this series of letters: d f i m r x e?" is a test of

A)auditory organization.
B)visual organization.
C)crystallized intelligence.
D)fluid intelligence.

Question 8

In Schaie's (2008) sequential research, the finding that, within a given cohort, some people show longitudinal decline in certain abilities, some people show stability, and yet others show increases in these same abilities speaks to the concept of

A)acquisition of symbolic knowledge.
B)plasticity.
C)interindividual variability.
D)modification of underlying fluid intelligence abilities.

Question 9

An individual's innate abilities independent of acquired knowledge and experience constitute

A)fluid intelligence.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)primary intelligence.
D)tertiary intelligence.

Question 10

Which approach to intelligence emphasizes scores on standardized tests?

A)psychometric
B)neofunctionalist
C)cognitive
D)applied

Question 11

Which of the following is not a basic concept of the life-span view?

A)plasticity
B)multidirectionality
C)interindividual variability
D)intraindividual consistency

Question 12

The hierarchy of intelligence from the lowest to highest levels is

A)test questions, tests, primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, third-order mental abilities, general intelligence
B)primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, third-order mental abilities, general intelligence, test questions, tests
C)primary mental abilities, secondary mental abilities, test questions, tests, third-order mental abilities, general intelligence
D)primary mental abilities, test questions, tests, general intelligence, secondary mental abilities, third-order mental abilities

Question 13

If one's performance on a test is highly related to one's performance on another test, then the abilities measured by the two tests are interrelated and are called a

A)collection.
B)trait.
C)factor.
D)correlation.

Question 14

In the dual-component model, pragmatic intelligence dominates during

A)childhood.
B)adolescence.
C)adulthood.
D)throughout the life span.

Question 15

Individual differences in crystallized intelligence increase with age because maintaining crystallized intelligence depends on

A)one's IQ level.
B)normative biological aging of the brain.
C)lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.
D)being in situations that require its use.

Question 16

Because it is difficult to study all the primary mental abilities, researchers have focused on five representative ones.These are number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and

A)deductive reasoning.
B)reflective judgment.
C)spatial orientation.
D)crystallized intelligence.

Question 17

Knowledge acquired through experience and education constitutes

A)fluid intelligence.
B)crystallized intelligence.
C)primary intelligence.
D)tertiary intelligence.

Question 18

The approach to intelligence that focuses on developmental changes in the way people conceptualize problems and styles of thinking is known as the

A)psychometric approach.
B)dual-component model.
C)cognitive structural approach.
D)practical intelligence.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a primary mental ability?

A)verbal meaning
B)inductive reasoning
C)word fluency
D)fluid intelligence

Question 20

Testing problem-solving and verbal abilities by using measures specifically designed to assess these components is characteristic of which approach?

A)Piaget's cognitive developmental approach
B)the cognitive structural approach
C)the psychometric approach
D)the information-processing approach

Question 21

Evidence concerning crystallized and fluid intelligence shows that

A)all abilities change at the same rate.
B)all abilities decline.
C)intellectual development is constant.
D)intellectual development is diverse.

Question 22

Which of the following is not a social demographic variable implicated in reducing rates of intellectual decline?

A)having a complex job
B)exposure to stimulating environments
C)utilization of cultural and educational resources
D)low educational level

Question 23

On the television show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, many of the big winners have been in their 40s and 50s.This is likely due to their superiority in which type of intelligence?

A)fluid
B)emotional
C)crystallized
D)inductive reasoning

Question 24

Which of the following is not a moderator of intellectual change?

A)cohort
B)educational level
C)occupation
D)gender

Question 25

are the intellectual abilities most likely to decline with age.

A)The primary mental abilities that compose crystallized intelligence
B)The primary mental abilities that compose fluid intelligence
C)The ability to classify objects into groups and to mentally reverse actions
D)Metamemory and memory monitoring

Question 26

Individuals with which personality characteristic at midlife tended to experience fewer declines in intellectual competence?

A)egocentricism
B)personal control
C)flexible attitude
D)introversion

Question 27

Research on the long-term effects of cognitive training on fluid abilities shows that

A)effects can last as long as seven years.
B)effects do not last longer than one year.
C)effects are strong in the beginning and then diminish.
D)effects are present only in women.

Question 28

The hypothesis states that intelligent people show weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people.

A)biological
B)neurophysiological
C)neural efficiency
D)neural activation

Question 29

The purpose of Project ACTIVE was to study

A)inductive reasoning.
B)older persons' use of mnemonic devices.
C)training of primary mental abilities.
D)vocabulary changes over the life span.

Question 30

The fact that younger generations generally do better on primary mental abilities than older generations is an example of

A)a cohort effect.
B)changes in the information-processing system.
C)better health care improving mental functioning.
D)all of these.

Question 31

Based on the developmental changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, on which type of test would you expect an older person to receive a high score?

A)vocabulary
B)perceptual speed
C)spatial relations
D)inductive reasoning

Question 32

In general, crystallized and fluid intelligence show

A)opposite developmental trends.
B)identical developmental trends.
C)no developmental trends.
D)unknown developmental trends.

Question 33

High levels of has/have been associated with lower rates of dementia.

A)white matter hyperintensities
B)B vitamins in one's diet
C)education
D)egocentrism in one's personality

Question 34

Project ACTIVE examined whether primary mental abilities could be trained.Which second-order ability is related to the abilities trained in ACTIVE?

A)fluid intelligence
B)crystallized intelligence
C)short-term memory
D)long-term memory

Question 35

Based on the research on fluid and crystallized intelligence, we know that

A)learning continues through adulthood.
B)learning gets easier through adulthood.
C)you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
D)learning in adulthood is tedious and should be avoided.

Question 36

The effects of age on cognition and intelligence are related, at least in part, to vascular disease that selectively affects the

A)visual cortex.
B)level of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
C)density of brain white matter.
D)prefrontal brain.

Question 37

In Project ACTIVE, which group did not benefit from memory training?

A)those with cardiovascular disease
B)those with a mild cognitive impairment
C)those with depression
D)those living in nursing homes

Question 38

On the basis of 37 studies using various brain imaging techniques, Jung and Haier (2007) proposed the

A)P-FIT.
B)cognitive structural approach.
C)concepts of assimilation and accomodation.
D)statistical technique known as factor analysis.

Question 39

From the research on intelligence, we know that, with increasing age,

A)there are gains in information-processing abilities.
B)there are losses in information-processing abilities.
C)there are declines in experience-based processes.
D)information-processing abilities and experience-based processes remain stable.

Question 40

The P-FIT model examines the interrelations between the parietal lobe, located , and the frontal lobe, located ___________.

A)behind the forehead; at the top of the head
B)at the top of the head; behind the forehead
C)at the base of the skull; behind the forehead
D)at the center of the brain; behind the forehead

Question 41

Which of the following is the correct sequence of Piaget's stages?

A)concrete operations, sensorimotor, formal operations, preoperational
B)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
C)formal operations, concrete operations, preoperational, sensorimotor
D)preoperational, formal operations, sensorimotor, concrete operations

Question 42

Changing how you study for algebra exams as compared with history exams would be an example of in Piaget's theory.

A)organization
B)operations
C)accommodation
D)assimilation

Question 43

Research on developmental trends in formal operations shows that

A)older adults outperform younger adults.
B)college-educated adults typically skip this stage.
C)all adults operate at this level.
D)some adults never attain this level.

Question 44

The results from Project ACTIVE indicate that declines in fluid abilities are

A)inevitable.
B)undefined.
C)reversible.
D)permanent.

Question 45

According to Piaget's theory, interpreting the world in terms of existing cognitive structures is called

A)organization.
B)operations.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is an example of unconstrained thought?

A)"There is only one answer to this problem."
B)"Let's assume the United States disarms unilaterally."
C)"If A > B, and B > C, then A > C."
D)"If you do not agree that standing on your head is silly, then you are wrong."

Question 47

Postformal thought is characterized by all of the following except

A)the correct answer varies from situation to situation.
B)there is only one correct answer.
C)emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking.
D)the recognition that the solutions must be realistic.

Question 48

Kramer, Kahlbaugh, and Goldston (1992) identified three distinct styles of thinking: absolutist, relativistic, and

A)dialectical.
B)diabolical.
C)diversified.
D)demographical.

Question 49

According to Piaget, what is responsible for cognitive development?

A)changes in cognitive structures
B)changes in function
C)changes in assimilation processes
D)changes in behavior

Question 50

Realizing that there can be more than one right answer to a problem, and that the right answer depends on the circumstances, demonstrates

A)absolutism.
B)mechanism.
C)formalism.
D)relativism.

Question 51

Which type of thought is characterized by the recognition that the correct answer varies from situation to situation, solutions must be realistic, ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception, and emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking?

A)concrete operational thought
B)formal operational thought
C)postformal thought
D)reflective thought

Question 52

Traditional scientific reasoning is an example of which aspect of formal operations?

A)hypothetico-deductive thought
B)multiple frameworks
C)reality constraints
D)multiple solutions

Question 53

Which theorist(s) proposed that the development of intelligence stems from the emergence of increasingly complex cognitive structures?

A)Piaget
B)Blanchard-Fields
C)Jung and Haier
D)Baltes

Question 54

Using what you know about fast food restaurants to order lunch at a new burger place is an example of in Piaget's theory.

A)organization
B)operations
C)accommodation
D)assimilation

Question 55

One potential danger of relativistic thinking is that it can lead to

A)absolutist thinking.
B)cynicism.
C)preoperational thinking.
D)biased thinking.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a characteristic of formal operations?

A)hypothetico-deductive thought
B)logical structure
C)reality constraints
D)one solution

Question 57

The statements "Each person is entitled to his or her own viewpoint." and "I cannot force my opinions on anyone else." are characteristic of

A)postformal thought.
B)quasi-reflective thinking.
C)absolutist thinking.
D)none of these.

Question 58

According to Kramer, Kahlbaugh, and Goldston (1992), reflective judgment progresses in the following order:

A)relativistic, absolutist, dialectical
B)absolutist, relativistic, dialectical
C)dialectical, relativistic, absolutist
D)absolutist, dialectical, relativistic

Question 59

Mary is frustrated because her psychology professor will not tell her which theory of intelligence is the "correct" one.Mary is demonstrating which aspect of formal operations?

A)hypothetico-deductive thought
B)multiple frameworks
C)reality constraints
D)single solution

Question 60

According to Piaget's theory, changing one's thoughts to make a better approximation of the world is called

A)organization.
B)operations.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 61

Research on wisdom shows that it is most associated with

A)creativity.
B)age.
C)fluid intelligence.
D)life experience.

Question 62

Implicit social beliefs are affected by the ways in which different cohorts or generations are socialized.For example, one study found that the belief that "marriage is more important than career" tended to in importance with age.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)show an inverted U-shape
D)remain stable

Question 63

Fluid intelligence is an example of

A)cognition as basic processes.
B)interdependent third-order abilities.
C)unexercised ability.
D)optimally exercised ability.

Question 64

Experts

A)use novel approaches to solve difficult problems.
B)have extensive knowledge about a particular topic.
C)are highly practiced.
D)use all of these.

Question 65

Research on emotion and thought processes has concluded that

A)younger adults tended to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems, such as unethical behavior at work.
B)middle-aged adults tended to think at lower developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems, such as unethical behavior at work.
C)high school students tended to think at the highest developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems.
D)middle-aged adults tended to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems.

Question 66

Crystallized intelligence is an example of

A)cognition as basic processes.
B)interdependent third-order abilities.
C)untrained or unpracticed ability.
D)optimally exercised ability.

Question 67

theorists are interested in individual differences and plasticity in intelligence.

Question 68

Research on practical problem solving shows that

A)performance peaks in early adulthood and then declines.
B)performance increases from early adulthood to middle age.
C)performance increases most between middle and old age.
D)performance remains the same across adulthood.

Question 69

Which of the following is not true of older adults' decision making?

A)Older adults have difficulty in unfamiliar situations.
B)Older adults have difficulty when under time pressure.
C)Older adults have difficulty when decision making requires a lot of capacity.
D)Older adults' quality of decisions is not as good as younger adults.

Question 70

Evidence from neuroimaging research indicates that emotion and logic are integrated in which area(s) of the brain?

A)prefrontal cortex
B)anterior insula
C)amygdala
D)all of the above

Question 71

Research on age differences in wisdom shows that

A)there is little association between age and wisdom.
B)wisdom increases dramatically during old age.
C)there are few individual differences.
D)young adults cannot be wise.

Question 72

Wisdom is

A)the same thing as creativity.
B)the generation of a new solution to a problem.
C)different than creativity.
D)characterized by constrained reasoning processes.

Question 73

Which of the following statements best describes expertise?

A)Expertise is due to a biological predisposition to excel in one area or another.
B)Expertise is negatively correlated with age.
C)People tend to become selective experts.
D)Someone who is an expert in one area is probably an expert in all areas of their life.

Question 74

The Dalai Lama wisdom story at the beginning of the chapter highlighted all of the following characteristics of wisdom except which of the following?

A)It involved practical knowledge.
B)It was given at a price.
C)It was based on life experience.
D)It involved psychological insights.

Question 75

In Denney's model, which of the following terms refers to the ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit with practice or training?

A)optimally exercised ability
B)pragmatic intelligence
C)unexercised ability
D)interindividual variability

Question 76

Which of the following is not a specific factor identified by Baltes and Staudinger (2000) to help a person become wise?

A)intraindividual variability
B)general personal conditions
C)specific expertise conditions
D)facilitating life contexts

Question 77

The "triumph of knowledge over reasoning" is best documented by research on

A)wisdom.
B)expertise.
C)postformal thought.
D)unexercised abilities.

Question 78

Reasoning about highly emotionally charged dilemmas

A)is easier for young adults.
B)is easier for older adults.
C)is easier for adolescents.
D)is easier for middle-aged adults.

Question 79

In Denney's model, which of the following terms refers to the ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training?

A)optimally exercised ability
B)pragmatic intelligence
C)unexercised ability
D)interindividual variability

Question 80

Wisdom is viewed as involving the following cognitive processes except

A)practical and social intelligence.
B)insight into the deeper meanings underlying a given situation.
C)constrained thinking.
D)awareness of the relative, uncertain, and paradoxical nature of problems.