Deck 3: Physical Changes

Question 1

Women are especially susceptible to severe bone degeneration characterized by loss of bone mass and increased bone porosity.This condition is called

A)osteoarthritis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)bone atrophy.
D)dendritic spreading.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

To understand the overall health of a person requires not only understanding their biological functioning but also their

A)psychological functioning.
B)sociocultural functioning.
C)life-cycle forces.
D)all of the these.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the biological theories of aging?

A)Programmed cell death accounts for general aging.
B)Restricting calories leads humans and animals to live longer lives.
C)Organisms only have so much energy to expend across their lifetimes.
D)None of the biological theories completely explain normative aging.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Gradual thinning and graying of the hair occurs naturally with age.Thinning is caused by , whereas graying is caused by .

A)destruction of the germ centers that produce hair follicles; cessation of pigment production
B)cessation of pigment production; destruction of the germ centers that produce hair follicles
C)decrease in epidermal cells; changes in collagen content
D)changes in collagen content; decrease in epidermal cells

Question 5

The leading cause of broken bones in women is

A)osteoarthritis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)vitamin E deficiency.
D)inheriting a predisposition for fragile bones.

Question 6

Substances that prevent oxygen from combining to form free radicals are known as

A)collagens.
B)telomeres.
C)antioxidants.
D)coenzymes.

Question 7

Which biological theory of aging examines the role of diet in the aging process?

A)wear-and-tear theories
B)cellular theories
C)programmed-cell-death theories
D)rate-of-living theories

Question 8

What typically occurs with regard to height and weight in old age?

A)People gain weight from middle through late adulthood while they lose height.
B)People lose weight across late adulthood and gain height.
C)Women lose height and weight while men gain height and weight.
D)People tend to lose weight and height across late adulthood.

Question 9

Okinawans, who eat only 60% of the normal Japanese diet, have 40 times as many people over the age of 100 than the rest of Japan.This provides evidence for which biological theory of aging?

A)rate-of-living
B)cellular
C)programmed-cell-death
D)cross-linking

Question 10

Chronic stress may accelerate the changes that occur in and thereby shorten one's life span.

A)coenzymes
B)free radicals
C)telomeres
D)antioxidants

Question 11

Cross-linking is a process in which certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way that they make the body stiffer.Which theoretical perspective does cross-linking represent?

A)programmed-cell-death theory
B)free radical theory
C)telomerase theory
D)cellular theory

Question 12

Why is osteoporosis more common in women than in men?

A)Men have higher levels of estrogen, which protects them from osteoporosis.
B)Higher testosterone levels in men protect them from osteoporosis.
C)Osteoporosis is carried on the X sex chromosome and men's Y chromosomes protect them from contracting osteoporosis.
D)The decrease in estrogen in women following menopause greatly increases bone loss.

Question 13

Which of the following terms is not associated with cellular theories of aging?

A)Hayflick limit
B)free radicals
C)cholesterol buildup
D)cross-linking

Question 14

The most noticeable changes in body build are

A)decreased height and fluctuations in weight.
B)increased height and fluctuations in weight.
C)decreased height and stable weight.
D)increased height and stable weight.

Question 15

Is a person's voice susceptible to the aging process?

A)No, one's voice does not change over time due to aging.
B)No, if one's voice changes as one ages, it is due to the person's overall poor health.
C)Yes, older voices are characterized by lower pitch, less precise pronunciation, and lower volume.
D)Yes, older voices are characterized by higher pitch and higher volume.

Question 16

Most facial wrinkling experienced by adults is
A)inevitable.
B)genetic.

A)caused by an overuse of vitamin E.
B)?preventable if one limits exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays and doesn't smoke.

Question 17

All of the following are causes of wrinkles except

A)thinning of the epidermal layer.
B)collagen fibers losing flexibility.
C)elastin fibers keeping skin more stretched.
D)losing the underlying layer of fat.

Question 18

Research on muscle development has shown that

A)by age 70, loss of muscle strength is reduced by 40%.
B)men lose much more strength in old age than women do.
C)loss of strength is more severe in the arms and hands than in the legs.
D)some people retain their strength well into old age.

Question 19

Which of the following is a sign of aging that is not readily apparent?

A)age spots
B)increased blood pressure
C)redistribution of body fat
D)wrinkles

Question 20

Which theory of aging suggests that there is an innate ability in cells to self-destruct?

A)rate-of-living
B)free radicals
C)programmed-cell-death
D)cross-linking

Question 21

All of the following are normative, age-related changes in vision except

A)more light is needed to do tasks such as reading.
B)ability to adjust to changes in illumination declines.
C)increased sensitivity to glare.
D)glaucoma.

Question 22

If medications for rheumatoid arthritis do not provide relief from the symptoms, surgical interventions such as may be considered.

A)arthroplasty
B)musculoskeletal replacement
C)neuroimaging
D)osteoplasty

Question 23

Researchers have found that this form of exercise can reduce older adults' chances of falling and can improve their balance.

A)yoga
B)swimming
C)Tai Chi
D)gymnastics

Question 24

When reading a research journal, a 47-year-old professor finds that she must hold it farther away to read the fine print.She is experiencing which normal age-related change in vision?

A)presbycusis
B)retinopathy
C)presbyopia
D)dysthermia

Question 25

Dizziness and vertigo occur at greater rates in older adults due to all of the following factors except

A)age-related structural changes in the vestibular system.
B)problems integrating sensory information coming to the brain to control posture.
C)reduction in the number of temperature receptors.
D)certain medications and illnesses that increase dizziness.

Question 26

The problem of vertigo is associated with

A)kinesthesis.
B)the vestibular system.
C)temperature sensitivity.
D)pain sensitivity.

Question 27

While sensory presbycusis , neural presbycusis .

A)affects the ability to understand speech; has little effect on other hearing abilities
B)produces hearing loss across all pitches; produces hearing loss for high pitches
C)has little effect on other hearing abilities; affects the ability to understand speech
D)produces hearing loss for low pitches; produces hearing loss for high pitches

Question 28

Mrs.Jones keeps mixing her blue and green medications, which can have serious effects on her health.The most likely cause of her difficulty with blues and greens is due to

A)light adaptation.
B)macular degeneration.
C)presbyopia.
D)yellowing of the lens.

Question 29

Mary awakens in the morning with stiff, swollen joints and pain in her fingers, wrists, and ankles.Mary most likely has

A)osteoporosis.
B)rheumatoid arthritis.
C)osteoarthritis.
D)degenerative skeletosis.

Question 30

Which of the following is not associated with age differences in the vestibular system?

A)vertigo
B)body sway
C)dizziness
D)presbyopia

Question 31

The greatest concentrations of touch receptors in the human body are in the

A)head and face.
B)lips, tongue, and fingertips.
C)legs and feet.
D)chest and back.

Question 32

Going from inside a dark movie theater back out into the sunshine requires

A)light adaptation.
B)dark adaptation.
C)presbyopia.
D)accommodation.

Question 33

declines steadily starting at the age of 20 and rapidly after the age of 60.

A)Visual acuity
B)Light adaptation
C)Dark adaptation
D)Retinopathy

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding the somesthetic system?

A)The distribution of touch receptors varies throughout the body.
B)Because of aging of the skin, it takes less pressure with age to feel touch on the skin.
C)All people experience a decrease in their tolerance for pain as they age.
D)The somesthetic system is designed to respond to the forces of gravity as they act on the head.

Question 35

Osteoarthritis is

A)a "wear and tear" disease.
B)passed down genetically.
C)the same as rheumatoid arthritis.
D)contagious.

Question 36

is the leading cause of functional blindness in the United States.

A)Macular degeneration
B)Presbyopia
C)Diabetic retinopathy
D)Glaucoma

Question 37

Which of the following is a retinal disease that takes many years to develop and can be accompanied by hemorrhage and aneurysms?

A)presbyopia
B)glaucoma
C)macular degeneration
D)diabetic retinopathy

Question 38

Which of the following are associated with hearing loss?

A)exposure to loud noise over an extended period of time
B)exposure to loud noise over a short period of time
C)using headphones or earbuds at high volume, especially while exercising
D)all of the above are factors in hearing loss

Question 39

Football players often complain about their knees after playing, and tennis players often complain about their elbows after a match.Based on this description, you would guess they have

A)osteoporosis.
B)rheumatoid arthritis.
C)osteoarthritis.
D)degenerative skeletosis.

Question 40

Reduced sensitivity to high-pitched tones is known as

A)presbyopia.
B)presbycusis.
C)retinopathy.
D)vestibular atrophy.

Question 41

Which of the following is the most serious form of chronic obstructive lung disease?

A)asthma
B)bronchitis
C)emphysema
D)pneumonia

Question 42

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in men?

A)rapid decrease in the number of sperm
B)longer time needed to reach orgasm
C)relatively constant levels of testosterone
D)little change in sexual interest

Question 43

It is estimated that every 40 seconds in the United States, someone has

A)a myocardial infarction.
B)congestive heart failure.
C)a cerebrovascular accident or stroke.
D)angina pectoris.

Question 44

Two common age-related changes in the heart involve

A)the accumulation of fat deposits and stiffening of the heart tissue.
B)an increase in left ventricle size and a change in right ventricle shape.
C)an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure.
D)an increase in ventricular artery connections and a decrease in overall blood pressure.

Question 45

One approach to alleviating the estrogen-related symptoms women experience in later life is to use menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).This involves

A)taking high doses of testosterone.
B)taking low doses of estrogen, sometimes combined with progestin.
C)a strict nutrition and exercise regiment.
D)surgery.

Question 46

The most accurate conclusion concerning age-related changes in taste sensitivity is that

A)the changes are extensive for all flavors.
B)the changes begin in young adulthood and accelerate after age 70.
C)detection of sweet and salty tastes declines while detection of sour and bitter tastes increases.
D)the ability to detect certain tastes declines gradually, but this varies greatly from taste to taste and person to person.

Question 47

One consequence of aging in the cardiovascular system is

A)greater elasticity and flexibility of the arteries.
B)a decrease in overall blood pressure.
C)a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity.
D)decreased calcification of arterial walls.

Question 48

The Women's Health Initiative and the Million Women Study both concluded that women who used MHT displayed an increased risk for

A)dementia.
B)cervical cancer.
C)osteoporosis.
D)breast cancer.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is false?

A)The ability of the heart to contract decreases with age.
B)The amount of connective tissue in the heart decreases with age.
C)Blood pressure normally rises somewhat with age.
D)Cardiac output and cardiac reserve both decrease with age.

Question 50

The National Geographic Society conducted a large-scale survey and found that were not able to detect certain odors, such as natural gas, as well as .

A)older people; younger people
B)younger people; older people
C)older men; older women
D)older women; older men

Question 51

For women, the transition from reproductive years to nonreproductive years is called

A)the climacteric.
B)menopause.
C)hysterectomy.
D)the cessation of menstruation.

Question 52

The most common heart disease in adults over age 65 that results in hospitalization is

A)cardiac arrhythmias.
B)arteriosclerosis.
C)myocardial infarction.
D)congestive heart failure.

Question 53

Which of the following cardiovascular diseases results in pain that is relieved by rest in 5 to 10 minutes and can be treated with nitroglycerine?

A)myocardial infarction
B)angina pectoris
C)ischemia
D)cardiac arrhythmia

Question 54

The Pocket Smell Test gives clinicians another indicator for diagnosing suspected cases of

A)perimenopause.
B)osteoporosis.
C)rheumatoid arthritis.
D)Alzheimer's disease.

Question 55

is a common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults.

A)Myocardial infarction
B)Atherosclerosis
C)CVA
D)COPD

Question 56

Two common problems following CVA are aphasia and

A)hemiplegia.
B)shortening of telomeres.
C)increased atherosclerosis.
D)dramatic decrease in blood pressure.

Question 57

The term menopause refers specifically to

A)the period of transition from fertility to sterility.
B)the end of ovulation.
C)an increase in estrogen production.
D)the cessation of menstruation.

Question 58

Which is true about cardiovascular disease?

A)The incidences of cardiovascular disease decrease dramatically with age.
B)Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the United States.
C)The rates of cardiovascular disease are higher for women until age 75.
D)Testosterone helps protect men from cardiovascular disease.

Question 59

Which of the following is not a reproductive change in women?

A)significant decreases in hormonal levels
B)significant decrease in sexual desire
C)shrinking and thinning of the vaginal walls
D)longer time needed to reach orgasm

Question 60

occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely restricted or cut off.

A)Myocardial infarction
B)Cerebrovascular accident
C)Atherosclerosis
D)Angina pectoris

Question 61

Dementia occurs in of the elderly over age 65.

A)less than 10%.
B)about 15-20%.
C)50-60%.
D)more than 85%.

Question 62

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is based on molecular structure and magnetic fields?

A)SPECT
B)PET
C)MRI
D)CT

Question 63

Senility

A)means losing one's mind.
B)refers to significant memory lapses brought on by increasing age.
C)is the same thing as dementia.
D)no longer has any valid medical or psychological meaning.

Question 64

Which of the following brain imaging techniques can measure glucose metabolism?

A)SPECT
B)PET
C)MRI
D)CT

Question 65

Older adults have slower vasoconstrictor response.This means

A)they feel hot all the time.
B)they sweat more than younger adults.
C)it takes longer for them to raise their internal body temperature, or warm up.
D)they are especially sensitive to cold and feel cold all the time.

Question 66

Research on abnormal, age-related structural changes in neurons shows that

A)neurons are lost by the tens of thousands each year.
B)a pattern of both loss and growth appears to be the case.
C)there is no question that the main issue is dendritic loss.
D)it turns out that there are few changes in neurons.

Question 67

Reductions in the temperature control mechanisms in the body are largely due to changes in

A)the digestive system.
B)the endocrine system.
C)the vestibular system.
D)the autonomic nervous system.

Question 68

This is a physical condition in which the inability to breathe temporarily interferes with the individual's sleep

A)dysthermia
B)sleep apnea
C)presbyopia
D)perimenopause

Question 69

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with Parkinson's disease?

A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)GABA

Question 70

Annual prostate screenings are recommended for men beginning at age

A)25.
B)45.
C)50.
D)65.

Question 71

What neuronal structure receives incoming information from neurotransmitters?

A)terminal branches
B)nucleus
C)organelles
D)dendrites

Question 72

Damaged and dying neurons that collect around a core of protein produce

A)neurofibrillary tangles.
B)granulovacuolar bodies.
C)synaptic nodes.
D)neuritic plaques.

Question 73

Which of the following is associated with abnormal brain aging?

A)losses greatly outnumber gains before very old age
B)small numbers of neuritic plaques
C)significant changes in synaptic configuration
D)small declines in GABA

Question 74

Normal age-related changes in neurotransmitters include

A)the deletion of the dopamine pathway.
B)an increase in the number of synapses.
C)an increase in granulovacuolar bodies.
D)lower levels of neurotransmitters.

Question 75

________ are not typically observed in the human brain until very old age.

A)Neurofibrillary tangles
B)Neuritic plaques
C)Synaptic nodes
D)Granulovacuolar bodies

Question 76

happens when the fibers of the axon become twisted together.

A)Neurofibrillary tangles
B)Granulovacuolar bodies
C)Synaptic nodes
D)Neuritic plaques

Question 77

All of the following are associated with changes in sleep as we age except

A)moving from a two-phase pattern to a multiphase pattern.
B)difficulty in regulating body temperature, which may account for some sleep difficulties.
C)taking naps during the day results in better sleep at night.
D)decreased learning may result in a decreased need for sleep.

Question 78

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is based on x-rays?

A)SPECT
B)PET
C)MRI
D)CT

Question 79

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to both Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease?

A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)GABA

Question 80

Chemicals that communicate from terminal branches of one cell to dendrites of another cell are known as

A)neurotransmitters.
B)neuritic plasma.
C)organelles.
D)neurofibrillary fluid.