Deck 2: Antigens and Antibodies

Question 1

Which region determines the class of an immunoglobulin molecule?

A)VH
B)VL
C)CH
D)CL

Answer 1

CH

Question 2

Haptens are characterized as being

A)able to react directly with an antibody.
B)a large molecule.
C)antigenic when coupled to a carrier molecule.
D)a member of the lipid class of biochemicals.

Answer 2

antigenic when coupled to a carrier molecule.

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) class is produced in the highest concentration in a secondary (anamnestic) response?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgD
D)IgE

Answer 3

IgG

Question 4

All the following are true statements about IgM except that

A)it is produced during a primary antibody response.
B)it has the largest molecular weight of all the immunoglobulin classes.
C)it fixes complement.
D)it is capable of crossing the maternal-fetal placental barrier.

Question 5

IgE is an important immunoglobulin because it

A)mediates some types of hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions.
B)is generally responsible for an individual's immunity to invading parasites.
C)binds strongly to a receptor on mast cells and basophils and, with antigen, mediates the release of histamines and heparin from these cells.
D)All of the above.

Question 6

Match the following antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Proteins

A)Poor antigens
B)Excellent antigens
C)Inferior antigens
D)Too small to function as antigens

Question 7

The primary function of an antibody in body defenses is to

A)combine with antigen.
B)contribute to secretions.
C)promote phagocytosis.
D)Either A or B.

Question 8

A secondary antibody response can also be called a(n)

A)anamnestic response.
B)response with greater concentrations of IgG.
C)memory response.
D)All of the above.

Question 9

A secondary function of an antibody is to

A)bind antigen.
B)fix complement.
C)transfer through the placenta.
D)Both B and C.

Question 10

Monoclonal antibodies are

A)able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
B)derived from a single clone of cells.
C)used to deliver immunotherapy.
D)All of the above.

Question 11

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) class is the first to be manifested after antigen exposure?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgD
D)IgA

Question 12

In the process of agglutination

A)Particulate antigens aggregate to form large complexes in the presence of specific antibody.
B)Soluble antigen combines with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes.
C)Antigen and antibody react with a cellular indicator (e.g., RBCs).
D)Immune complexes that form in an in vitro system are measured.

Question 13

Tears, saliva, and other body secretions typically contain

A)IgM.
B)IgG.
C)IgD.
D)IgA.

Question 14

Antibodies are

A)proteins.
B)glycoproteins.
C)carbohydrates.
D)lipids.

Question 15

Another name for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans is

A)human leukocyte antigen.
B)allogenic antigens.
C)epitopes.
D)autoantigens.

Question 16

Cellular antigens of importance to immunologists include

A)histocompatibility antigens.
B)autoantigens.
C)blood group antigens.
D)All of the above.

Question 17

The number of individual heavy chains found in a molecule of IgM is

A)four.
B)five.
C)ten.
D)twelve.

Question 18

An antigenic determinant

A)is a specific chemical or molecular configuration against which the immune response is directed.
B)can result in the production of anti-immunoglobulins.
C)can result in the production of antiglobulins.
D)All of the above.

Question 19

An antigen is described as a substance that

A)stimulates antibody formation.
B)has the ability to bind to an antibody.
C)is capable of stimulating an immune response.
D)All of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of IgD?

A)Destruction of cellular parasites
B)Complement fixation
C)Natural body defense in body fluids (e.g., tears, saliva)
D)Extremely susceptible to proteolysis

Question 21

Match the following physical characteristics of antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Complexity

A)Contributes to greater effectiveness
B)The greater the difference, the better
C)The higher, the better
D)Avoidance of rapid destruction is essential

Question 22

Match the following terms with the corresponding description. (Use each answer only once.)
Variable region

A)Antigen-binding portion of the molecule
B)Domain
C)L chain
D)Fab
E)Fc portion

Question 23

Match the following terms for immunoglobulin variants with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Isotype determinants

A)Genetically determined variations representing the presence of allelic genes at a single locus within a species
B)Heavy-chain, constant region structures associated with different classes and subclasses
C)Individual determinants characteristic of each antibody as a result of the unique structures on light and heavy chains

Question 24

Match the following antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Carbohydrates

A)Poor antigens
B)Excellent antigens
C)Inferior antigens
D)Too small to function as antigens

Question 25

Match the term for the four phases in an antibody response with the correct description. (Use each answer only once.)
Lag phase

A)Antibody concentration increases rapidly
B)Antibody is catabolized.
C)Antibody titer is stabile.
D)No antibody is detectable.

Question 26

Match the following physical characteristics of antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Molecular weight

A)Contributes to greater effectiveness
B)The greater the difference, the better
C)The higher, the better
D)Avoidance of rapid destruction is essential

Question 27

Match the following terms with the corresponding description. (Use each answer only once.)
Relatively homogeneous and sometimes crystallizable

A)Antigen-binding portion of the molecule
B)Domain
C)L chain
D)Fab
E)Fc portion

Question 28

Match the following antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Lipids

A)Poor antigens
B)Excellent antigens
C)Inferior antigens
D)Too small to function as antigens

Question 29

Match the term for the four phases in an antibody response with the correct description. (Use each answer only once.)
Decline phase

A)Antibody concentration increases rapidly
B)Antibody is catabolized.
C)Antibody titer is stabile.
D)No antibody is detectable.

Question 30

Match the following terms for immunoglobulin variants with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Idiotype determinants

A)Genetically determined variations representing the presence of allelic genes at a single locus within a species
B)Heavy-chain, constant region structures associated with different classes and subclasses
C)Individual determinants characteristic of each antibody as a result of the unique structures on light and heavy chains

Question 31

Match the term for the four phases in an antibody response with the correct description. (Use each answer only once.)
Log phase

A)Antibody concentration increases rapidly
B)Antibody is catabolized.
C)Antibody titer is stabile.
D)No antibody is detectable.

Question 32

Match the following physical characteristics of antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Foreignness

A)Contributes to greater effectiveness
B)The greater the difference, the better
C)The higher, the better
D)Avoidance of rapid destruction is essential

Question 33

Match the following physical characteristics of antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Degradability

A)Contributes to greater effectiveness
B)The greater the difference, the better
C)The higher, the better
D)Avoidance of rapid destruction is essential

Question 34

Match the following terms with the corresponding description. (Use each answer only once.)
Antigen-binding fragments

A)Antigen-binding portion of the molecule
B)Domain
C)L chain
D)Fab
E)Fc portion

Question 35

Match the following terms with the corresponding description. (Use each answer only once.)
Kappa and lambda

A)Antigen-binding portion of the molecule
B)Domain
C)L chain
D)Fab
E)Fc portion

Question 36

Match the following terms for immunoglobulin variants with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Allotype determinants

A)Genetically determined variations representing the presence of allelic genes at a single locus within a species
B)Heavy-chain, constant region structures associated with different classes and subclasses
C)Individual determinants characteristic of each antibody as a result of the unique structures on light and heavy chains

Question 37

Match the antibody-antigen terms and the appropriate definition. (Use each answer only once.)
Specificity

A)Noncovalent combination of antigen with its respective specific antibody
B)Functional combining strength of an antibody with its antigen
C)Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen
D)A portion of antibodies directed against one type of antigen will also react with another type of antigen.
E)Ability of a particular antibody to combine with one antigen instead of another

Question 38

Match the following terms with the corresponding description. (Use each answer only once.)
Domain

A)Antigen-binding portion of the molecule
B)Domain
C)L chain
D)Fab
E)Fc portion

Question 39

Match the term for the four phases in an antibody response with the correct description. (Use each answer only once.)
Plateau phase

A)Antibody concentration increases rapidly
B)Antibody is catabolized.
C)Antibody titer is stabile.
D)No antibody is detectable.

Question 40

Match the following antigens with the appropriate description. (Use each answer only once.)
Nucleic acids

A)Poor antigens
B)Excellent antigens
C)Inferior antigens
D)Too small to function as antigens

Question 41

Match the types of bonding with the correct definition.
Van der Waals forces

A)Major bonds formed between antigens and antibodies
B)O-H-O, N-H-N and O-H-N bonds
C)Nonspecific forces generated by the interaction between electron clouds and hydrophobic bonds
D)Result from attraction of oppositely charged amino acids located on the side chains of amino acid residuals

Question 42

Match the antibody-antigen terms and the appropriate definition. (Use each answer only once.)
Avidity

A)Noncovalent combination of antigen with its respective specific antibody
B)Functional combining strength of an antibody with its antigen
C)Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen
D)A portion of antibodies directed against one type of antigen will also react with another type of antigen.
E)Ability of a particular antibody to combine with one antigen instead of another

Question 43

Match the types of bonding with the correct definition.
Hydrogen bonds

A)Major bonds formed between antigens and antibodies
B)O-H-O, N-H-N and O-H-N bonds
C)Nonspecific forces generated by the interaction between electron clouds and hydrophobic bonds
D)Result from attraction of oppositely charged amino acids located on the side chains of amino acid residuals

Question 44

Outer surfaces of bacteria can be immunogenic.

Question 45

Match the antibody-antigen terms and the appropriate definition. (Use each answer only once.)
Cross-reactivity

A)Noncovalent combination of antigen with its respective specific antibody
B)Functional combining strength of an antibody with its antigen
C)Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen
D)A portion of antibodies directed against one type of antigen will also react with another type of antigen.
E)Ability of a particular antibody to combine with one antigen instead of another

Question 46

Red blood cells can be antigenic.

Question 47

Match the antibody-antigen terms and the appropriate definition. (Use each answer only once.)
Affinity

A)Noncovalent combination of antigen with its respective specific antibody
B)Functional combining strength of an antibody with its antigen
C)Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen
D)A portion of antibodies directed against one type of antigen will also react with another type of antigen.
E)Ability of a particular antibody to combine with one antigen instead of another

Question 48

Match the types of bonding with the correct definition.
Hydrophobic bonds

A)Major bonds formed between antigens and antibodies
B)O-H-O, N-H-N and O-H-N bonds
C)Nonspecific forces generated by the interaction between electron clouds and hydrophobic bonds
D)Result from attraction of oppositely charged amino acids located on the side chains of amino acid residuals

Question 49

Match the types of bonding with the correct definition.
Electrostatic forces

A)Major bonds formed between antigens and antibodies
B)O-H-O, N-H-N and O-H-N bonds
C)Nonspecific forces generated by the interaction between electron clouds and hydrophobic bonds
D)Result from attraction of oppositely charged amino acids located on the side chains of amino acid residuals

Question 50

Match the antibody-antigen terms and the appropriate definition. (Use each answer only once.)
Immune complex

A)Noncovalent combination of antigen with its respective specific antibody
B)Functional combining strength of an antibody with its antigen
C)Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen
D)A portion of antibodies directed against one type of antigen will also react with another type of antigen.
E)Ability of a particular antibody to combine with one antigen instead of another