Deck 17: Industrial Supremacy

Question 1

In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations

A) occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded.
B) led to a diversification of research interests.
C) developed similar research goals as in Europe.
D) was deemed unnecessary, since so many American university laboratories existed.
E) centralized the sources of research funding.

Answer 1

led to a diversification of research interests.

Question 2

The open-hearth process of making steel

A) was replaced by the Bessemer process.
B) was first done in the United States.
C) produced small quantities of high-grade steel.
D) made the production of large-dimension pieces possible.
E) was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt.

Answer 2

made the production of large-dimension pieces possible.

Question 3

Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry?

A) Henry Bessemer
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) J. Pierpont Morgan
D) Henry Clay Frick
E) James J. Hill

Answer 3

James J. Hill

Question 4

During the late nineteenth century, the growth of large corporations was helped by

A) sales of company stock to the public.
B) "limited liability" laws.
C) the realization that great ventures could not be financed by any single person.
D) both sales of company stock to the public and "limited liability" laws.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 5

A key to Henry Ford's success in the mass production of automobiles was

A) the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production.
B) a reduction in the size of his labor force.
C) the moving assembly line.
D) the training of highly skilled workers.
E) his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories.

Question 6

The Pennsylvania Railroad was created by

A) the state government of Pennsylvania.
B) steam engine manufacturers in the region.
C) the Pennsylvania Steel Company.
D) the Pennsylvania Steel Workers Union.
E) the United States military.

Question 7

Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States

A) boomed as a result of the expanding U.S. Navy.
B) emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction.
C) largely replaced the iron industry.
D) resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters.
E) barely developed at all.

Question 8

In the late nineteenth century, the needs of the American steel industry directly contributed to the further development of all of the following EXCEPT

A) the automobile industry.
B) steam engine technology.
C) freighters on the Great Lakes.
D) the Pennsylvania Railroad.
E) the oil industry.

Question 9

In the early twentieth century, a principle goal of "Taylorism" was to

A) make industrial workers more independent in carrying out their jobs.
B) emphasize the importance of craft and quality in the workplace.
C) encourage industrial workers to act creatively to solve production problems.
D) create a large labor force of highly skilled workers.
E) reorganize industrial production by subdividing it into many simple tasks.

Question 10

In 1929, the base price of a Ford Model T was

A) $290.
B) $470.
C) $630.
D) $950.
E) $1120.

Question 11

Who among the following began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio?

A) Cyrus Field
B) J. P. Morgan
C) JohnD. Rockefeller
D) Andrew Carnegie
E) Samuel Morse

Question 12

The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of

A) vertical integration.
B) horizontal integration.
C) diagonal integration.
D) central integration.
E) vertical and horizontal integration.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE?

A) It included the nation's largest businesses.
B) It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.
C) It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth.
D) It was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization.
E) It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power.

Question 14

In 1917, automobile production in the United States

A) was the nation's largest industry.
B) saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car.
C) saw nearly five million cars on American roads.
D) was almost nonexistent.
E) finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford.

Question 15

Orville and Wilbur Wright's first successful airplane flight in 1903

A) took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
B) lasted just over one minute.
C) did not in fact take off by itself.
D) took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina and did not in fact take off by itself.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 16

The process of making steel developed by Henry Bessemer

A) included blowing air through molten iron.
B) involved adding ingredients to molten iron.
C) was also developed by an American, William Kelly.
D) included both blowing air through and adding ingredients to molten iron.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 17

In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States

A) obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America.
B) faced a growing shortage of laborers.
C) saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.
D) lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market.
E) suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit.

Question 18

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in

A) Ohio.
B) Texas.
C) California.
D) Michigan.
E) Pennsylvania.

Question 19

In the 1870s, the "internal combustion engine" was developed in

A) Europe.
B) the United States.
C) Asia.
D) Africa.
E) Australia.

Question 20

In the United States, the steel industry first emerged in

A) Pennsylvania and Ohio.
B) Vermont and Massachusetts.
C) Illinois and Indiana.
D) New Jersey and New York.
E) Alabama and Mississippi.

Question 21

In the late nineteenth century, due to the growth of industrial capitalism, American workers

A) saw a rise in their standard of living.
B) experienced a loss in their control over their own work.
C) were forced to contend with arduous and dangerous working conditions.
D) both saw a rise in their standard of living, and experienced a loss in their control over their own work.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 22

Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward,

A) described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth.
B) promoted the virtues of economic competition.
C) depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan.
D) accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy.
E) imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.

Question 23

To John D. Rockefeller, the great "curse" of business in the late nineteenth century was

A) government regulation.
B) cutthroat competition.
C) the income tax.
D) the corporate tax.
E) the chronic labor shortage.

Question 24

In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon

A) created the ideas of laissez-faire capitalism.
B) led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.
C) argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers.
D) led the American Federation of Labor.
E) became a strong advocate of Taylorism.

Question 25

The late-nineteenth-century sociologist Lester Frank Ward

A) suggested that industrialism was creating "organization men."
B) believed that government intervention in society would be harmful.
C) sought to apply Darwinian laws to human society.
D) argued that people could do little to alter the economic stratification of society.
E) believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society.

Question 26

The theory of Social Darwinism

A) argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth.
B) contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth.
C) was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies.
D) was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism.
E) argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes.

Question 27

In his books, Horatio Alger

A) offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy.
B) took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism.
C) emphasized the value of personal character in business.
D) criticized child labor in American industry.
E) argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements.

Question 28

According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in his The Gospel of Wealth,

A) successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased.
B) only pious Americans would prosper.
C) it was the "Christian duty" of every American to become wealthy.
D) the rich had great responsibilities to society.
E) the wealthy had earned their money through God's blessing alone.

Question 29

In 1900, regarding work conditions in American factories,

A) workers generally controlled the pace of production.
B) laborers could expect to work at least ten hours a day, six days a week.
C) job security for industrial workers had significantly increased since 1865.
D) while safety conditions were poor, mechanization reduced the overall rate of accidents.
E) first-generation workers generally had little trouble adjusting to the nature of industrial labor.

Question 30

In the late nineteenth century, most American business millionaires

A) railed against the implications of Social Darwinism.
B) came from financially humble origins.
C) were living examples of "self-made men."
D) had made their fortunes in the railroad industry.
E) began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege.

Question 31

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of

A) vertical integration.
B) horizontal integration.
C) diagonal integration.
D) central integration.
E) vertical and horizontal integration.

Question 32

The Molly Maguires were a militant

A) offshoot of the Knights of Labor.
B) anti-immigration organization.
C) woman suffrage organization.
D) anarchist group.
E) labor union in the coal industry.

Question 33

In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists argued that people who failed economically in the United States did so because

A) they had not received a college education.
B) racism and other prejudices held them back.
C) they were not fit enough to survive in the market.
D) business wealth was concentrated into the hands of a few.
E) they were not members of "the elect."

Question 34

Until its repeal in 1885, the Labor Contract Law

A) discouraged immigration from non-European countries.
B) prevented the formation of labor unions.
C) put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen.
D) was an attempt to reform American business practices.
E) mandated that each worker sign an individual contract with a company.

Question 35

During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from

A) Italy and the Slavic countries.
B) England, Ireland, and northern Europe.
C) Poland, Hungary, and Russia.
D) Japan and China.
E) Mexico.

Question 36

By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers

A) was about $600.
B) allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living.
C) remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
D) both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 37

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States

A) increased significantly.
B) was unregulated by laws in most states.
C) saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
D) both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 38

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century,

A) one percent of corporations controlled one-third of all manufacturing.
B) almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements.
C) federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices.
D) most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one.
E) rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up.

Question 39

In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was

A) Henry George.
B) Horatio Alger.
C) Russell Conwell.
D) Jacob Riis.
E) Herbert Spencer.

Question 40

In the late nineteenth century, the social writer Henry George argued in favor of

A) taxing only the richest Americans.
B) a single land tax to replace all other taxes.
C) government efforts to increase land values.
D) heavier taxes on the raw materials of industry.
E) abolishing all taxes.

Question 41

The American oil industry emerged in the late nineteenth century largely in response to the needs of the steel industry.

Question 42

"Scientific management" was seen as a way to increase the decision-making abilities of employees in the workplace.

Question 43

During the late nineteenth century, anarchists in the United States

A) were blamed for the Haymarket bombing.
B) were linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind.
C) became tied to the labor movement in the public mind.
D) were both blamed for the Haymarket bombing and linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind.
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 44

Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company was an example of a combination of horizontal and vertical integration.

Question 45

The great railroad strike of 1877

A) began in the West and spread east.
B) saw the federal government refuse to intervene.
C) was launched in response to a wage cut.
D) saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States.
E) resulted in only two deaths around the country.

Question 46

America's rise to industrial supremacy was not as sudden as has been suggested.

Question 47

In the late nineteenth century, organized labor failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) tensions between ethnic and racial groups, which divided the work force.
B) the opposition of powerful and wealthy corporations.
C) the constantly shifting nature of the workforce.
D) the relatively small membership of the major labor organizations when compared to the total workforce.
E) the total failure of state and federal governments to pass legislation that would protect the rights of workers.

Question 48

There was significant use of air power in World War I, but commercial air flights did not seem like a possibility until Charles Lindbergh's flight in the 1920s.

Question 49

Samuel Gompers was the leader of the

A) American Federation of Labor.
B) Molly Maguires.
C) Knights of Labor.
D) Congress of Industrial Organization.
E) American Railway Union.

Question 50

Eugene V. Debs played a leading role in what labor event?

A) Homestead strike
B) Pullman strike
C) Haymarket Square riot
D) Railroad strike of 1877
E) All these answers are correct.

Question 51

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company,

A) ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing.
B) referred to workers as his "children."
C) cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.
D) refused to implement an eight-hour work day.
E) began hiring African American workers in his factories.

Question 52

The Knights of Labor

A) was primarily a trade union.
B) did not allow women to join.
C) began as a secret fraternal organization.
D) focused its efforts on improving wages and reducing hours.
E) tried in particular to enlist support for their cause from lawyers.

Question 53

The Haymarket Square riot of 1886

A) l public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers.
B) resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists.
C) took place in Indianapolis.
D) resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company.
E) was the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms.

Question 54

The open-hearth process made possible the production of steel in great quantities and large dimensions.

Question 55

At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by

A) Uriah S. Stephens.
B) Eugene V. Debs.
C) Henry Clay Frick.
D) Terence V. Powderly.
E) John Peter Altgeld.

Question 56

The Pullman strike of 1894

A) saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike.
B) was ultimately successful for the strikers.
C) had little effect on rail transportation throughout the nation.
D) ended when George Pullman dropped his demand that workers live in company housing.
E) ended when Governor John Peter Altgeld called out the militia to protect employers.

Question 57

In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur?

A) steel
B) railroad
C) meatpacking
D) coal
E) oil

Question 58

Henry Ford built the first gasoline-driven motor vehicle in America.

Question 59

Which of the following events did NOT occur during the Homestead strike of 1892?

A) Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union.
B) The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers.
C) Hundreds of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers.
D) One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick.
E) The Amalgamated trade union won the strike.

Question 60

Carnegie Steel was a good example of vertical integration.

Question 61

The great railroad strike of 1877 was put down by both state militias and federal troops.

Question 62

At the end of the nineteenth century, the average income of an American worker was somewhat higher than the minimum required to maintain a reasonable level of comfort.

Question 63

Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner could both be called Social Darwinists.

Question 64

Lester Frank Ward was a sociologist who rejected applying Darwinian laws to human society.

Question 65

Around the turn of the century, relatively few Americans shared the views of those who questioned capitalism itself.

Question 66

The Knights of Labor were followed by the American Federation of Labor as the most significant national labor union.

Question 67

Andrew Carnegie's The Gospel of Wealth promoted philanthropy by the rich.

Question 68

Henry George sought to do away with social ills by levying a "single tax" on corporate profits.

Question 69

Social Darwinism was designed to eliminate competition in the marketplace.

Question 70

The new rationale for capitalism in the late nineteenth century rested on an older ideology of individualism.

Question 71

Horatio Alger spoke out against child labor in his novels.

Question 72

By 1900, factory work in the United States required ever-increasing levels of skill.

Question 73

Social Darwinism was an ideology that had its critics, but it did have a lot to do with the realities of the late nineteenth-century corporate economy.

Question 74

In the 1870s, most immigrants to the United States came from southern Europe.

Question 75

Most of the late nineteenth-century business tycoons began their careers in poverty or lower-class circumstances.

Question 76

Congress abolished the Labor Contract Law in 1885.

Question 77

The history of American business organization saw the "pool" replace the "trust."

Question 78

Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward discovered a utopian world in eighteenth-century America.

Question 79

The Knights of Labor accepted both the eight-hour day and the wage system.

Question 80

The economy began to fluctuate erratically beginning in 1873.