Deck 2: The History of Juvenile Justice

Question 1

Historically, which of the following was considered a normal behavior for children who survived infancy?

A)Working
B)Drinking alcohol
C)Having sex
D)All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true about the beginning of the concept of childhood?

A)Clergy and scholars saw the young as in need of guidance to grow up uncorrupted
B)Governments began to institute specific protections and opportunities for the young, like child labor laws and schooling
C)Young were seen as a weapon against the immoral and sinful aspects of society
D)Childhood was the period of time when the young could receive education and moral training

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which best describes nullification?

A)A refusal to enforce the law or impose a punishment
B)The purposeful enforcement of the same punishments for both adults and youths
C)The expunging or voiding of an offender's prior record
D)Historically, the giving of children to be raised by a church, convent, or monastery

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of a dowry?

A)A large wedding celebration paid for by the bride's family
B)A gift of land from the bride's family to the groom
C)A groom's written request and proposal of marriage for the bride's father
D)A meeting between families to determine the future marriage arrangements for their young children

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about youths and the legal system throughout much of history?

A)Youthful offenders were normally dealt with in the juvenile system.
B)Youths were never sentenced to death
C)The law made no distinction based on the offender's age
D)Youths faced different rules than adults

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT true about the killing of young children and abandonment?

A)Justified for future economic reasons
B)Made easier by the likelihood of future death by disease
C)Common practice well into the 16^th century
D)Especially occurred to female children

Question 7

Which BEST defines a house of refuge?

A)Institution for children designed to separate them from the environment of the city
B)Juvenile institution in which youths were kept away from substandard, bad parents
C)Temporary shelters for youths from violent or abusive homes
D)All of the above

Question 8

When did the concept of childhood begin to emerge?

A)4^th-5^th century
B)14^th-15^th century
C)16^th-17^th century
D)19^th-20^th century

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT an intended characteristic of the cottage system?

A)Simulated family home life with surrogate parents and small numbers of youths
B)Discipline solely that of typical family care and concern
C)Emphasized farm work to instill a sense of hard, honest work
D)None of the above

Question 10

Which of the following was NOT a problem found with the cottage system?

A)Harsh discipline leading to running away and setting fires
B)Continued mixing of deviant and destitute youths in facilities
C)Many facilities closed due to lack of use
D)Lack of education and training

Question 11

Which of the following is true about juvenile institutions?

A)Saw deviance as inherent to the individual
B)Trained the unproductive and/or poor who seemed to threaten society
C)Placement in a similar environment meant better chances of a positive impact on the youth
D)Were inferior to adult institutions

Question 12

At about what age were children historically expected to act as adults?

A)3 years old
B)6 years old
C)10 years old
D)13 years old

Question 13

The first recognized, official juvenile court was established in _______ in __________.

A)1897, Salem County, Massachusetts
B)1899, Cook County, Illinois
C)1900, Westchester County, New York
D)1902, Lancaster County, Colorado

Question 14

Which of the following was created in England to handle youthful beggars?

A)Bridewell Institution
B)Chancery Court
C)Lyman School for Boys
D)None of the above

Question 15

The killing of young children is called:

A)Infanticide
B)Juvenicide
C)Youth homicide
D)Kindercide

Question 16

Throughout much of history, children were considered:

A)People
B)Property
C)Neither a or b
D)Both a and b

Question 17

Which of the following was opened by the state of Massachusetts to end the housing of adult and juvenile offenders in the same institution?

A)Bridewell Institution
B)Lancaster State Industrial School
C)Lyman School for Boys
D)None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is a trait of the first juvenile court?

A)Belief in altering youthful behavior so that youths were trained correctly rather than punished
B)Highly informal operations with judges acting paternally to provide necessary help and assistance
C)Could handle all juveniles under 16, including the poor and immigrants, not just those committing criminal acts
D)All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following best defines wet-nursing?

A)The use of a surrogate mother paid to care for a child
B)The use of a surrogate mother paid to bear a child
C)The use of a water birth by a biological mother
D)The use of a mid-wife during birth

Question 20

Which of the following was NOT a common problem with houses of refuge?

A)Overcrowding
B)Apprenticeships were simply slave labor
C)Children were beaten
D)None of the above

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true about the early juvenile justice system?

A)It was racist and sexist, with segregation and a lack of education outside learning one's "proper place"
B)It relied almost solely on probation and untrained probation officers
C)New professionals may have objected to the biased premise of the system but found more personal benefits in allowing it to be instituted and advanced
D)None of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT true about the self-interest argument regarding the development of the juvenile court?

A)The juvenile court was developed as a tool of capitalism to ensure a complacent work force
B)The juvenile system grew at a time when the lower class was swelling to a point to threaten the status quo
C)New laws primarily addressed the activity of the lower classes to preserve the existing class system
D)None of the above

Question 23

The term Anthony Platt uses to describe persons involved in the development of the juvenile court is______________.

A)Child protectors
B)Child reformers
C)Child savers
D)Child guardians

Question 24

One of the main reasons for killing or abandoning female children was the concept of the dowry.

Question 25

Throughout most of history, youths were subject to the same laws and punishments as adults.

Question 26

The recent increased use of waiver and mandatory sentencing, and decreased emphasis on rehabilitation and treatment is known as the __________________.

A)Punishment Period
B)Punitive Period
C)Probation Period
D)Progressive Era

Question 27

The Due Process Period emphasizing that juveniles must be offered some procedural rights similar to adults was from__________________.

A)1880 to the 1920s
B)1922 to the early 1960s
C)1967 to the early 1980s
D)1984 to present day

Question 28

Which of the following is the current key philosophy underlying U.S.juvenile courts?

A)Rehabilitation
B)Parens patriae
C)Accountability
D)Punitive justice

Question 29

Which of the following is a rationale utilized by current juvenile courts?

A)Balanced and restorative justice
B)Child welfare
C)Punishment and deterrence
D)All of the above

Question 30

Which of the following ruled that the state can intervene in a child's life regardless of parental wishes or consent?

A)Ex parte Crouse
B)Commonwealth v.Fisher
C)Neither a nor b
D)Both a and b

Question 31

Due to the likelihood of future death by disease, parents were traditionally very possessive toward their children.

Question 32

Chancery Court oversaw the financial affairs of orphaned youths.

Question 33

Adult punishments were historically always enforced on youths who offended as well.

Question 34

Apprenticeships were a privilege reserved for the wealthy.

Question 35

Which case specified that children have a right to intervention, not freedom, and that the state, not the parent, is the legitimate guardian and protector of children?

A)Ex parte Crouse
B)People v.Turner
C)Commonwealth v.Fisher
D)Kent v.United States

Question 36

Which case adequately challenged the benevolent parens patriae premise of the juvenile system?

A)Ex parte Crouse
B)People v.Turner
C)Commonwealth v.Fisher
D)Kent v.United States

Question 37

Which best defines parens patriae?

A)A legal doctrine under which the state is seen as a parent
B)The legal philosophy of the juvenile court
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a nor b

Question 38

Which of the following was used by the juvenile court as a precedent to justify intervention into the lives of children?

A)Chancery Court
B)Ex parte Crouse
C)Bridewell Institution
D)Constitutional rights

Question 39

The poor immigrant population was one of the initial targets of juvenile institutions.

Question 40

Most of the great movements and changes in juvenile justice were completed by ___________.

A)1967
B)1950
C)Early 1920s
D)Early 1980s

Question 41

People v.Turner ruled in favor of parental rights over parens patriae.

Question 42

Houses of refuge and cottages were basically overcrowded prisons.

Question 43

The Lancaster State Industrial School was opened to end the housing of both juvenile and adult offenders in the same facility.

Question 44

Judge Ben Lindsey of Colorado is credited with the establishment of the first official juvenile court.

Question 45

Many laws mandating humanitarian reforms were passed in the Benevolent Period.

Question 46

The benevolent premise of the juvenile system was challenged in Ex parte Crouse.

Question 47

The first institutions for females focused on education with the intent of a "trickle-down effect" on the girls' future children.

Question 48

Community corrections in which an offender is supervised and ordered to report regularly to the court is called probation.

Question 49

The Punitive Period showed decreased emphasis on rehabilitation and treatment.

Question 50

Institutions designed to separate youths from city environments were called houses of refuge.

Question 51

Some argue the juvenile court was created to help preserve classism and capitalism,

Question 52

Parens patriae basically means "the state as parent."

Question 53

Kent v.United States ruled the state can intervene in a child's life regardless of parental consent.

Question 54

The Due Process Period began in the late 1980s and continues today in emphasizing procedural rights for juveniles.

Question 55

The juvenile court used Ex parte Crouse to justify intervention into children's lives.

Question 56

The Bridewell Institution specifically dealt with problem girls.

Question 57

The Punishment Period saw increased use of waiver and mandatory sentencing.

Question 58

The early juvenile court relied solely on untrained volunteers and many proceedings were unofficial and went unrecorded.

Question 59

The first juvenile court focused on formally processing criminal acts by youths.

Question 60

Training schools designed to simulate home and family life were called the cottage system.

Question 61

Deterrence, child welfare, and rehabilitation are all current rationales operating in juvenile courts.

Question 62

Balanced and restorative justice is the current key purpose underlying U.S.juvenile courts.