Deck 5: Long-Term Memory

Question 1

The recency effect found in a serial position curve can be eliminated if

A)subjects rehearse all words equally often, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM.
B)subjects rehearse words equally often, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from LTM.
C)subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM.
D)subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from LTM.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which strategy is most likely to lead to rote learning?

A)rehearsal
C)imaging
B)coding
D)elaboration

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The primacy effect in a serial position curve can be eliminated if

A)subjects rehearse all words equally often, suggesting that the primacy effect is caused by retrieval from STM.
B)subjects rehearse all words equally often, suggesting that the primacy effect is caused by retrieval from LTM.
C)subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the primacy effect is caused by retrieval from STM.
D)subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the primacy effect is caused by retrieval from LTM.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The best predictor of retention of high school algebra is

A)the grade in the course.
B)math SAT scores.
C)continued study of advanced mathematics.
D)grades in other high school mathematics courses.

Question 5

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the probability of recalling an item depends on

A)the probability of including that item in the rehearsal set.
B)the number of rehearsal trials.
C)the number of intervening trials between the end of rehearsal and the test.
D)All of these

Question 6

The coding strategy in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model involves

A)verbal repetition of information.
C)creating visual images.
B)semantic elaboration of information.
D)selecting a search strategy.

Question 7

Rote learning

A)means simply repeating information over and over.
B)can be useful for learning abstract information.
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a nor b

Question 8

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following is not a characteristic of LTM?

A)The rate of forgetting is slow.
B)The capacity of LTM is unlimited.
C)Control processes determine what information is acquired.
D)Information is acquired only through repetition.

Question 9

A benefit of taking a Cognitive Psychology course is that you are more likely to use _____ judgments to make predictions about your learning.

A)experientially-based
C)functionally-based
B)brain-based
D)theory-based

Question 10

A subject was told to study the following words: book, chair, calendar, alarm, phone, lamp, pencil, and desk. Later he recalled book, chair, pencil, and desk. This result is best explained as

A)the primacy effect.
C)the serial position effect.
B)the recency effect.
D)the proactive interference effect.

Question 11

Selection of a search strategy occurs during which stage of learning?

A)acquisition
C)retrieval
B)retention
D)rehearsal

Question 12

Memory for names and concepts in a cognitive psychology course stabilizes at above-chance levels after how many years of retention?

A)1 year
C)5 years
B)3 years
D)10 years

Question 13

When people have ample time to study, they focus on _____, while when they are under time constraints they focus on _____.

A)difficult concepts; easy concepts
C)difficult concepts; difficult concepts
B)easy concepts; difficult concepts
D)easy concepts; easy concepts

Question 14

Dunlosky and Nelson found that immediate judgments of learning were superior to delayed judgments of learning when judging

A)which of two learning strategies was most effective.
B)which individual items were learned.
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a nor b

Question 15

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of LTM, all of the following are control processes, except

A)coding.
C)rehearsal.
B)sensory inhibition.
D)retrieval strategies.

Question 16

A method for increasing the number of tip-of-the-tongue states is to include questions that elicit

A)autobiographical experiences.
C)scientific knowledge.
B)literature knowledge.
D)emotional arousal.

Question 17

Studies of long-term memory for material learned in cognitive psychology classes indicate that

A)10 years from now you will not remember anything that you now know.
B)10 years from now you will remember almost everything you know now.
C)10 years from now you will remember about 25 percent of what you know now.
D)10 years from now you will remember about 50 percent of what you know now.

Question 18

A negative recency effect (decreased recall of words at the end of the list) occurs for

A)immediate recall of a word list.
B)delayed recall of a word list.
C)Both immediate recall of a word list and delayed recall of a word list.
D)Neither immediate recall of a word list nor delayed recall of a word list.

Question 19

Both Brown & McNeill and Read & Bruce found that the most frequently used strategy for searching LTM during the 'tip-of-the-tongue' stage was to

A)spontaneously recall the name without thinking.
B)use contextual information associated with the name.
C)use partial information related to the spelling of the name.
D)generate a list of plausible names.

Question 20

Which of the following is not an acquisition strategy suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin?

A)priming
C)imaging
B)rehearsal
D)coding

Question 21

One disadvantage of showing people mug shots is that it

A)produces retroactive interference.
B)produces proactive interference.
C)increases the probability of a false identification.
D)increases the probability of not recognizing a subject.

Question 22

Which of the following does not belong?

A)multiple-choice question
C)true/false question
B)essay question
D)word fragment identification

Question 23

In a review of wrongly convicted cases based on subsequent DNA evidence, Wells et al. (2000) found

A)there was no primary factor in establishing the initial wrongful conviction.
B)eyewitness testimony was the primary factor in establishing the initial wrongful conviction.
C)courtroom error was the primary factor in establishing the initial wrongful conviction.
D)juror memory constraints were the primary factor in establishing the initial wrongful conviction.

Question 24

Semantic memory is _____ while episodic memory is _____.

A)general knowledge; memory for skills
B)general knowledge; memory for temporally linked information
C)memory for skills; memory for temporally linked information
D)memory for temporally linked information; general knowledge

Question 25

Accurate eyewitness identification depends on

A)recognizing familiar faces.
B)recalling the perpetrator in context.
C)viewing mug shots prior to a line-up.
D)having prior media exposure of the suspect.

Question 26

Which task requires explicit memory in Squire and Knowlton's memory taxonomy?

A)learned skills and procedures
C)classical conditioning
B)a recall test
D)reflex learning

Question 27

Warrington and Weiskrantz discovered that patients with severe amnesia performed as well as control subjects on

A)a recall test.
C)a recognition test.
B)a word-fragment test.
D)None of the above

Question 28

Procedural memory is a part of

A)episodic memory.
C)STM.
B)semantic memory.
D)LTM.

Question 29

A distinction between direct and indirect tests of memory, according to multimemory theories, is that direct tests measure

A)episodic memory.
C)procedural memory.
B)semantic memory.
D)All of the above

Question 30

Which part of the brain supports explicit memory in Squire and Knowlton's memory taxonomy?

A)amygdala
C)medial temporal lobe
B)cerebellum
D)neocortex

Question 31

Which research topic has the least amount of reliable evidence according to experts?

A)Long-term repression of memories
C)Hypnotic suggestability
B)Wording of questions
D)Mugshot induced bias

Question 32

Reading the same passage twice helps amnesics increase their

A)confidence level.
C)performance on a multiple choice test.
B)reading speed.
D)performance on a recall test.

Question 33

A difference between naturalistic and laboratory studies of the tip-of-the-tongue effect is that people are more likely in naturalistic studies to

A)spontaneously recall the name without thinking.
B)use contextual information associated with the name.
C)use partial information related to the spelling of the name.
D)generate a list of plausible names.

Question 34

One of the primary problems with the use of hypnosis to help eyewitnesses recall crimes is

A)hypnotism does not really work. It is just a sham that has been debunked by modern cognitive scientists.
B)hypnotists can induce witnesses to report things they never saw, or to report incorrectly.
C)no one can tell whether or not a person is actually hypnotized, or just faking it.
D)hypnotism is only effective within the first 24 hours after the incident.

Question 35

Which is an example of procedural memory?

A)tying your shoe
C)recalling your 5th birthday
B)naming capitals of states
D)learning definitions

Question 36

The cognitive interview procedure is

A)more difficult to learn than hypnosis.
B)more effective than the standard interview procedure.
C)less effective than the standard interview procedure.
D)currently ineffective for real crimes.

Question 37

Memory for the context in which a word occurs is unimportant when people are tested by

A)indirect memory tests.
C)recall tests.
B)recognition tests.
D)All of the above

Question 38

Which is an example of episodic memory?

A)tying your shoe
C)recalling your 5th birthday
B)naming capitals of states
D)learning definitions

Question 39

A biasing effect in administering a police lineup occurs when

A)a person in a lineup has a distinctive feature.
B)the investigator's body language reveals unintentional cues.
C)a person in a lineup was included in a mug shot photo.
D)All of these.

Question 40

A cognitive interview involves

A)reinstating the context and reporting everything.
B)assessing the duration and capacity of the witness's Long-Term Memory to see if he or she is capable of providing valid testimony.
C)revisiting the scene of the crime under hypnosis.
D)All of these

Question 41

Knowing what you now know about memory, apply what you have learned to how best to study. Include, where possible, specific examples of research to support your claims.

Question 42

Showing mug shots to eyewitnesses is a good method for improving the reliability of the witness.

Question 43

An important structure of the brain underlying memory is the parietal lobe.

Question 44

Discuss the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory. Include in your answer how information is entered into long-term memory. Include also relevant supporting research.

Question 45

The rate of decay from STM is less rapid than that of LTM.

Question 46

Given what you now know about memory, do you think that the justice system should convict someone of a crime based solely on eye-witness testimony? Use the research discussed in your text to support your position.

Question 47

Explain the primacy effect and the recency effect on the rehearsal of a list of words. How could you use your knowledge of these two effects to better remember an entire list of words?

Question 48

Discuss what you have learned about memory and the issue of eyewitness recall and identification. Would you as a member of a jury convict a defendant solely on the basis of eyewitness testimony? Why or why not?

Question 49

Learning can be characterized as the transfer of information between STM to LTM.

Question 50

What is Squire and Knowlton's conceptualization of long-term memory? How are the various brain structures related to different aspects of memory? (Hint: The diagram in your text was a good summary of this.)

Question 51

Compare and contrast explicit and implicit aspects of memory. What research is there to support this distinction?

Question 52

The worst recall in the serial position effect occurs at the middle of the list.

Question 53

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is when you know the information but you have difficulty articulating because of a motor deficit of the tongue.

Question 54

Discuss the importance of acquisition, retention, and retrieval in learning and memory. What are some of the factors that influence each?

Question 55

Discuss direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) memory tests. What are some advantages to using implicit memory tests when assessing memory?

Question 56

Evidence from neuroscience and neuropsychology suggest that there are different types of memory: implicit and explicit.

Question 57

Memory for skills is a component of implicit memory.

Question 58

When you experience the "tip of the tongue" phenomenon, what methods do you use to try to recall the information from your long-term memory? Do these methods usually work? Are there any other methods that might work better for you?

Question 59

The primacy effect is better memory performance early in the morning.

Question 60

Acquisition, retention, and retrieval are all important in using our knowledge.