Deck 27: Animal Reproduction and Development

Question 1

The end result of cleavage is a(n) ____.​

A) ​blastula
B) ​gastrula
C) ​zygote
D) ​embryo
E) mesoderm​

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Gastrulation produces ____.

A) hollow balls of cells
B) an embryo with germ layers
C) solid balls of cells
D) haploid cells
E) a yolk sac

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sperm use ____ for their energy source.​

A) ​fructose
B) ​glucose
C) ​ions
D) ​proteins
E) prostate gland secretions​

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The germ layers are formed during which developmental stage?​

A) ​cleavage
B) ​meiosis
C) ​gastrulation
D) ​zygote formation
E) blastula formation​

Question 5

External fertilization is common in most _____.​

A) ​insects
B) ​amniotes
C) ​lizards
D) ​bony fish
E) hydra​

Question 6

Which of the following is referred to as a hollow ball of cells?​

A) ​cleavage
B) ​egg
C) ​gastrula
D) ​zygote
E) blastula​

Question 7

From which germ layer(s) do(es) the nervous system arise?

A) ectoderm only
B) endoderm only
C) mesoderm only
D) mesoderm and endoderm
E) endoderm and ectoderm

Question 8

Sexually reproducing animals that can produce both eggs and sperm are called ____.​

A) ​invertebrates
B) ​asexual
C) ​hermaphrodites
D) ​amniotes
E) zygotes​

Question 9

Which recent technology has allowed women the option of reproducing later in life, either by choice or because of a medical condition that may prevent them from conceiving later?​

A) ​artificial insemination
B) ​asexual fertilization
C) ​surrogate transfer
D) ​egg freezing and banking
E) fertility drugs​

Question 10

Why are women given hormones prior to obtaining eggs for IVF?​

A) ​to protect eggs from damage
B) ​to protect the eggs from mutating
C) ​to prevent premature maturation of the eggs
D) ​to prepare the uterus for eggs
E) to cause multiple eggs to mature at once​

Question 11

Which species is a hermaphrodite?​

A) ​hydra
B) ​banana slugs
C) ​chameleon
D) ​sharks
E) pigeons​

Question 12

A sexually reproducing animal that can fertilize itself is known as a ____ hermaphrodite.

A) simultaneous
B) sequential
C) parthogenic
D) gastrulated
E) preferential

Question 13

Shortly after fertilization, successive cell divisions convert the zygote into a multicellular embryo during a process known as ____.​

A) ​meiosis
B) ​parthenogenesis
C) ​gastrulation
D) ​cleavage
E) blastulation​

Question 14

At what point in development do the organs begin to form?​

A) ​immediately after fertilization
B) ​during cleavage
C) ​immediately after cleavage
D) ​during gastrulation
E) after gastrulation​

Question 15

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.

A) fertilization → cleavage → organ formation → gastrula
B) fertilization → cleavage → gastrula → organ formation
C) fertilization → gastrula → cleavage → organ formation
D) fertilization → organ formation → gastrula → cleavage
E) fertilization → organ formation → cleavage → gastrula

Question 16

The yolk, which is a component of many animal eggs, contains a mixture of____.​

A) ​individual amino acids and nucleic acids
B) ​proteins and lipids
C) ​proteins and carbohydrates
D) ​nucleic acids and proteins
E) lipids and nucleic acids​

Question 17

The first cell of a new individual is the ____.​

A) ​blastula
B) ​gastrula
C) ​embryo
D) ​zygote
E) gamete​

Question 18

The first child conceived using IVF was born in ____.​

A) ​1958
B) ​1968
C) ​1978
D) ​1988
E) 1998​

Question 19

A sexually reproducing animal that can produce both eggs and sperm and can switch from one sex to another is called a____ hermaphrodite.

A) simultaneous
B) sequential
C) parthenogenic
D) gastrulated
E) preferential

Question 20

Mammals nourish their embryos by means of a(n) ____.

A) placenta
B) uterus
C) yolk sac
D) blastocyst
E) amnion

Question 21

A penis becomes erect because of ____.​

A) ​muscle contractions
B) ​blood flow into spongy tissue
C) ​hydrostatic pressure
D) ​osmosis
E) abdominal wall contractions​

Question 22

Ovulation is triggered by ____.​

A) ​high levels of LH
B) ​low levels of LH
C) ​low levels of estrogen
D) ​high levels of estrogen
E) high levels of progesterone​

Question 23

What is the fate of most of a woman's mature eggs?

A) They are fertilized.
B) They are stored for future use.
C) They die.
D) They are reset back to primary oocytes.
E) They stay immature.

Question 24

What is the order of anatomical structures through which a sperm cell passes during maturation and expulsion from the body?
1) vas deferens
2) epididymis
3) urethra

A) 1 → 2 → 3
B) 1 → 3 → 2
C) 2 → 3 → 1
D) 2 → 1 → 3
E) 3 → 1 → 2

Question 25

In the human male, sperm are produced in the ____.​

A) ​bulbourethral glands
B) ​prostate
C) ​seminiferous tubules
D) ​vas deferens
E) epididymis​

Question 26

The reproductive organ in the human female that is responsible for egg production is the ____.​

A) ​uterus
B) ​ovary
C) ​vagina
D) ​clitoris
E) oviduct​

Question 27

Immature sperm pass through the ____, a coiled duct on top of the testes, where they mature.

A) ​epididymis
B) ​seminal vesicle
C) ​prostate
D) ​vas deferens
E) prostate​

Question 28

What is the function of the prostate secretions?​

A) ​sperm maturation
B) ​to provide sperm with energy
C) ​to protect sperm from vaginal acidity
D) to stimulate the release of LH​
E) ​to increase sperm motility

Question 29

Where in a sperm cell are mitochondria found?

A) the head
B) the mid-piece
C) the tail
D) both the tail and the mid-piece
E) both the head and the mid-piece

Question 30

Which hormone prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy?​

A) ​estrogen
B) ​luteinizing hormone
C) ​oxytocin
D) ​progesterone
E) prolactin​

Question 31

Which cellular component can be found in a mature sperm cell?

A) mitochondria
B) Golgi apparatus
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) mRNA
E) ribosome

Question 32

What is the function of a polar body?

A) It directs sperm to the urethra.
B) It provides nourishment to the developing oocyte.
C) It serves as a nurse cell to spermatids.
D) It may become a functional oocyte.
E) It has no function.

Question 33

Menstrual flow results in the discharge of ____.​

A) ​the follicle
B) ​the corpus luteum
C) ​the lining of the uterus
D) ​surface cells from the vagina
E) blood from the blood vessels on the outer surface of the uterus​

Question 34

Erectile dysfunction drugs cause ____.

A) penis muscles to relax
B) blood vessels of the penis to widen
C) the spongy tissue of the penis to soften
D) a decrease in hydrostatic pressure
E) increased semen flow

Question 35

Inside the penis, there are ____ cylinders of spongy tissue.​

A) one​
B) ​two
C) ​three
D) ​four
E) ​five

Question 36

The first day of the menstrual cycle is marked by ____.​

A) ​the beginning of ovulation
B) ​the onset of PMS
C) ​the beginning of menstruation
D) ​an increase in the thickness of the uterine lining
E) the beginning of the luteal phase​

Question 37

A fully functional corpus luteum secretes ____.​

A) LH and FSH​
B) ​estrogens and progesterone
C) ​GnRH and estrogens
D) ​estrogens and FSH
E) progesterone and LH​

Question 38

The cessation of regular menstrual cycles due to age is called ____.​

A) ​menopause
B) ​the luteal phase
C) ​the follicular phase
D) ​PMS
E) menstruation​

Question 39

Human female germ cells form ____.

A) before birth
B) shortly after birth
C) at puberty
D) during late teenagehood
E) at fertilization

Question 40

Fertilization in humans occurs in the ____.​

A) ​ovary
B) ​uterus
C) ​vagina
D) ​oviduct
E) ​follicle

Question 41

Which hormone suppresses development of follicles during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A) GnRH
B) FSH
C) LH
D) prolactin
E) progesterone

Question 42

During orgasm, _____ flood(s) the brain and evoke feelings of pleasure.

A) epinephrine
B) endorphins
C) dopamine
D) GABA
E) oxytocin

Question 43

Typically, one sperm fertilizes an oocyte because ____.

A) an acid solution is released that kills all other sperm
B) special organelles within the oocyte eject more than one sperm
C) changes occur to the oocyte's protein coat that prevent further penetration
D) follicle cellular space is only wide enough for one sperm
E) usually only one sperm arrives at the oocyte

Question 44

In which organ, does a sperm acquire the capacity to fertilize an egg?

A) epididymis
B) uterus
C) vagina
D) testes
E) oviduct

Question 45

Typically, how many follicles mature during an ovarian cycle?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five

Question 46

In which organ does the embryo develop?

A) ovary
B) oviduct
C) uterus
D) cervix
E) vagina

Question 47

In humans, the fluid immediately surrounding the embryo is contained in the _____.​

A) ​allantois
B) ​placenta
C) ​chorion
D) ​amnion
E) yolk sac​

Question 48

By the end of the fourth week of development, the embryo is ____ times larger than its starting size, although it is still less than a centimeter long.​

A) ​100
B) ​200
C) ​300
D) ​400
E) ​500

Question 49

What triggers the decline in estrogen and progesterone levels at the end of the menstrual cycle?​

A) ​menstruation
B) ​breakdown of the corpus luteum
C) ​decreasing LH levels
D) ​increasing GnRH secretions
E) shedding of the uterine lining​

Question 50

How long does menstruation usually last?

A) 1-2 days
B) 5-7 days
C) 9-10 days
D) 2 weeks
E) 1 month

Question 51

During a human pregnancy, implantation occurs at which stage?​

A) ​zygote
B) ​early cleavage
C) ​blastocyst
D) ​gastrula
E) embryo​

Question 52

During implantation, the inner cell mass develops into two flattened layers of cells called the ____.​

A) blastocyst​
B) ​amnion
C) ​embryonic disk
D) ​chorion
E) placenta​

Question 53

The presence of which hormone in a woman's urine indicates that she is pregnant?

A) luteinizing hormone
B) follicle-stimulating hormone
C) human chorionic gonadotropin
D) progesterone
E) estrogen

Question 54

What would high levels of progesterone over a 28-day cycle do?

A) initiate ovulation
B) suppress follicle maturation
C) decrease uterine lining
D) increase pH of uterus for sperm motility
E) increase FSH and LH secretion by anterior pituitary

Question 55

What is responsible for the large surge of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?​

A) ​the maturation of the follicle
B) ​the surge in estrogen
C) the surge in LH​​
D) ​the release of the egg
E) the formation of the corpus luteum​

Question 56

_________ prompts the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II, forming a mature egg.

A) Estrogen secretion
B) Mechanical stimulation of the vagina
C) Oxytocin secretion
D) Sperm entry
E) LH secretion

Question 57

____ conveys sperm outside of the body.

A) Vas deferens
B) Epididymis
C) Urethra
D) Ejaculatory duct
E) Ureter

Question 58

____ secrete(s) mucus into the urethra.

A) Epididymis
B) Seminiferous vesicles
C) Prostate gland
D) Bulbourethral glands
E) Testes

Question 59

What triggers the mid-cycle LH surge?

A) increase in GnRH from hypothalamus
B) estrogen secretion from follicle
C) progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
D) fertilization of egg by sperm
E) FSH secretion by the follicle

Question 60

Protein digesting enzymes are released from the sperm head when it binds to the ____.​

A) ​secondary oocyte plasma membrane
B) ​follicle cells
C) ​corpus luteum
D) secondary oocyte protein layer​
E) egg nucleus​

Question 61

After gastrulation, the next event in human embryo formation is ____.

A) formation of the bones
B) formation of the neural tube
C) the initiation of the heartbeat
D) formation of the pharyngeal arches
E) apoptosis between fingers and toes

Question 62

Which process is responsible for the formation of fingers and toes?​

A) ​gastrulation
B) ​apoptosis
C) ​menstruation
D) ​cleavage
E) ​implantation

Question 63

The pharyngeal arches give rise to the ____.​

A) ​spinal cord
B) ​neck
C) ​brain
D) ​heart
E) ​backbone

Question 64

All organ systems in a human embryo have formed by ____.​

A) ​day 5
B) ​week 2
C) ​week 8
D) ​week 15
E) ​the 8th month

Question 65

Gastrulation in human embryos occurs about ____ after fertilization.

A) five days
B) two weeks
C) four weeks
D) two months
E) five months

Question 66

Which sugar is found in breast milk?​

A) ​fructose
B) ​galactose
C) ​glucose
D) ​lactose
E) ​sucrose

Question 67

Eyelids form and eyes open during which month of human development?​

A) ​first month
B) ​third month
C) ​fifth month
D) ​seventh month
E) ​ninth month

Question 68

Which extraembryonic tissue burrows into, and thus attaches to, maternal tissues?​

A) ​the amnion
B) ​the yolk sac
C) ​the chorion
D) ​the blastocyst protein coat
E) ​the inner cell mass

Question 69

During parturition, mechanical pressure caused by the movement of the fetus through the uterus causes the release of ____ from the ____.

A) HCG; hypothalamus
B) oxytocin; posterior pituitary
C) oxytocin; hypothalamus
D) HCG; posterior pituitary
E) oxytocin; adrenal cortex

Question 70

Which structure becomes part of the placenta?​

A) ​chorion
B) ​amnion
C) ​blastocoel
D) ​yolk sac
E) ​allantois

Question 71

Which two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) commonly occur together?

A) HPV infection and chlamydia
B) chlamydia and gonorrhea
C) gonorrhea and syphilis
D) trichomoniasis and genital herpes
E) trichomoniasis and syphilis

Question 72

In humans, the blastocyst develops about ____ day(s) after fertilization.

A) one
B) three
C) five
D) seven
E) nine

Question 73

Which membrane is referenced in the expression my water broke?

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) chorionic villi
D) placenta
E) yolk sac

Question 74

How many weeks does prenatal development last in humans?​

A) ​31
B) ​38
C) ​40
D) ​45
E) ​52

Question 75

Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of the mammary glands during pregnancy?​

A) ​estrogen
B) ​luteinizing hormone
C) ​oxytocin
D) ​progesterone
E) ​prolactin

Question 76

Which structure is responsible for keeping the fetus from slipping out of the uterus prematurely?​

A) ​cervix
B) ​vagina
C) ​endometrium
D) ​placenta
E) ​umbilical cord

Question 77

In human prenatal development, cleavage occurs in the ____.​

A) ​cervix
B) ​upper part of the uterus
C) ​vagina
D) ​oviduct
E) ​ovary

Question 78

Which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contractions during parturition?​

A) ​oxytocin
B) ​FSH
C) ​HCG
D) ​LH
E) ​progesterone

Question 79

What are somites?​

A) ​neural tissue that gives rise to the cranial nerves
B) ​neural tissue that give rise to the peripheral nerves
C) ​neural tissue that gives rise to the two hemispheres of the brain
D) ​mesoderm tissue that gives rise to the bones and skeletal muscles of the trunk
E) ​mesoderm tissue that gives rise to the smooth muscles of the heart and lungs

Question 80

The heart in a human embryo begins to beat about ____ after fertilization.​

A) ​5 days
B) ​3 weeks
C) ​7 weeks
D) ​9 weeks
E) ​12 weeks