Deck 24: Digestion and Excretion

Question 1

Since 1980, the proportion of adults in the United States who are obese has ____.​

A) ​decreased by half
B) ​doubled
C) ​tripled
D) ​decreased dramatically
E) stayed the same​

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A gastrovascular cavity is found in ____.​

A) ​flatworms
B) ​sponge
C) ​clams
D) ​monkeys
E) birds​

Answer 2

A

Question 3

​
In the accompanying diagram, ____ is responsible for storing bile.​

A) ​F
B) ​G
C) ​H
D) ​I
E) J​

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The arrows in the given diagram are pointing to the ____.

A) esophagus and small intestine
B) trachea and large intestine
C) sphincters at the top and bottom of the stomach
D) esophagus and pancreas
E) stomach

Question 5

​
In the accompanying diagram, ____ is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones into the blood.​

A) ​D
B) ​E
C) ​F
D) ​G
E) A​

Question 6

People homozygous for a specific high-risk allele of the fto gene ____.

A) tend to overeat
B) store more fat
C) are naturally heavier
D) are always overweight
E) cannot undergo gastric bypass surgery

Question 7

​
In the accompanying diagram, F represents the ____.​

A) ​stomach
B) ​liver
C) ​pancreas
D) ​gallbladder
E) small intestine​

Question 8

Overstuffed adipose cells harm organs by ____.​

A) ​overfilling body cavities
B) ​storing hazardous chemicals
C) ​inducing a chronic inflammation response
D) ​becoming cancer cells
E) reducing oxygen flow​

Question 9

The longest segment of the gut is the____.​

A) ​cecum
B) ​small intestine
C) ​esophagus
D) ​colon
E) rectum​

Question 10

A person choking on a piece of food____.

A) cannot talk, breathe, or cough
B) can cough but cannot breathe or talk
C) can talk and cough but is unable to breathe
D) can breathe through his or her nose if he or she remains calm
E) can breathe but cannot talk or cough

Question 11

The stomach____.

A) is a nonelastic sac
B) secretes enzymes that begin to break down fats
C) secretes enzymes that begin to break down proteins
D) is surrounded by three layers of skeletal muscle
E) secretes enzymes that begin mechanical digestion

Question 12

A disruption of the stomach's protective mucus layer might give rise to ____.

A) acid reflux
B) ulcers
C) peristalsis
D) heart burn
E) choking

Question 13

A(n)____ has the simplest system for obtaining nutrients from food.

A) ​earthworm
B) ​sponge
C) ​grasshopper
D) ​clam
E) jellyfish​

Question 14

A coelom is found in ____.​

A) ​flatworms
B) ​earthworms
C) ​humans
D) ​earthworms and flatworms
E) humans and earthworms​

Question 15

​
In the accompanying diagram, ____ indicates the location of chyme production.​

A) A​
B) ​D
C) ​E
D) ​F
E) G​

Question 16

Excess energy is stored in ____, mainly in ____.

A) chemical bonds; adipose tissue
B) chemical bonds; carbohydrates
C) carbon atoms; adipose tissue
D) carbon atoms; carbohydrates
E) hydrogen bonds; water

Question 17

An individual who does not produce bile has the most trouble digesting ____.

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) fats
D) nucleic acids
E) essential vitamins

Question 18

The multicelled projections that protrude from the lining of the small intestine are called ____.​

A) ​sphincters
B) ​brush borders
C) ​microvilli
D) ​villi
E) macrovilli​

Question 19

​
In the accompanying diagram, ____ represents the beginning of chemical digestion.

A) A
B) E
C) D
D) H
E) I

Question 20

A person chokes when food becomes lodged in the ____.

A) esophagus
B) trachea
C) larynx
D) sinus
E) pharynx

Question 21

The cecum is ____.​

A) ​the first part of the large intestine
B) ​connected to the rectum
C) ​between the stomach and the small intestine
D) ​a producer of enzymes for digestion in the small intestine
E) connected to the stomach​

Question 22

The primary role of bile salts during digestion is ____.​

A) ​osmoregulation
B) ​to kill bacteria that may have been consumed
C) ​to coat fat droplets and separate them into small droplets
D) ​to drive the enzymatic digestion of fats
E) to drive the enzymatic digestion of proteins​

Question 23

The role of a sphincter is to____.​

A) ​control the passage of materials
B) ​create a churning motion
C) ​propagate peristalsis
D) ​absorb excess water from feces
E) reabsorb water​

Question 24

Fats that your body cannot make are called____.​

A) ​essential fatty acids
B) ​triglycerides
C) ​phospholipids
D) ​saturated fats
E) sterols​

Question 25

The ____ is a flap-like structure that helps prevent food from entering the windpipe.

A) uvula
B) pharynx
C) larynx
D) epiglottis
E) esophagus

Question 26

From the back of the mouth to the front, the correct order of human teeth is ____.​

A) ​molars; premolars; canines; incisors
B) ​premolars; molars; canines; incisors
C) ​canines; incisors; premolars; molars
D) ​molars; canines; premolars; incisors
E) incisors; canines; premolars; molars​

Question 27

Most ulcers are caused by____.​

A) ​eating spicy food
B) ​overuse of aspirin
C) ​bacterial infection
D) ​stress
E) poor diet​

Question 28

The main function of salivary mucus is to ____.​

A) ​break down starch
B) ​mechanically breakup food materials
C) ​make the food particles sticky
D) ​hydrate dry food particles
E) coat food particles so they slide down the esophagus​

Question 29

​
In the accompanying diagram, ____ is labeled "D."

A) the appendix
B) the cecum
C) a polyp
D) a portion of the small intestine
E) the colon

Question 30

​
In the accompanying diagram, ____ is labeled "C."

A) the appendix
B) the cecum
C) a polyp
D) a portion of the small intestine
E) the colon

Question 31

During absorption in the small intestine, ____ cross the brush border cells, eventually ending up in the lymph vessels.​

A) ​simple sugars
B) ​fatty acids and glycerol
C) ​amino acids
D) ​nucleotides
E) complex sugars​

Question 32

Colon polyps____.

A) are mostly benign but some may become cancerous
B) are difficult to cure
C) are small growths that project from the wall of the small intestine
D) are responsible for 500,000 deaths in the United States every year
E) are usually benign but may become cancerous and are responsible for 500,000 deaths in the United States every year

Question 33

The main enzyme produced in the saliva acts on ____.​

A) ​proteins
B) ​fats
C) ​carbohydrates
D) ​fats and carbohydrates
E) carbohydrates and proteins​

Question 34

The epiglottis is located ____.​

A) ​above the pharynx
B) ​below the pharynx
C) ​below the larynx
D) ​below the esophagus
E) in the middle of the pharynx​

Question 35

The first sphincter through which food passes is between the ____ and the ____.​

A) ​esophagus; stomach
B) ​pharynx; esophagus
C) ​stomach; small intestine
D) ​small intestine; large intestine
E) colon; rectum​

Question 36

Our primary source of energy is obtained from ____.​

A) protein​
B) ​fatty acids
C) ​carbohydrates
D) ​nucleic acids
E) triglycerides​

Question 37

Bile is ____.​

A) ​an enzyme that digests fat
B) ​made in the gallbladder
C) ​stored in the liver
D) ​a mix of salts, pigments, and cholesterol
E) necessary for protein digestion​

Question 38

When a person absorbs more glucose from his or her diet than he or she need, the excess is____.

A) flushed from the system as waste
B) stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver cells
C) stored as fat in the adipose cells
D) stored as ATP in the muscle cells
E) stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver cells and as fat in the adipose cells

Question 39

Broad, flat molars and reduced canines characterize the teeth of ____.​

A) ​cows
B) ​cats
C) ​wolves
D) ​humans
E) apes​

Question 40

In the human mouth, ____ begins the process of chemical digestion.​

A) ​amylase
B) ​pepsin
C) ​bile
D) ​secretin
E) chime​

Question 41

In vertebrates, the main function of the urinary system is to____.​

A) ​rid the body of excess water
B) ​rid the body of unwanted solutes
C) ​conserve excess water
D) ​rid the body of excess water and unwanted solutes
E) rid the body of solid wastes​

Question 42

​
The accompanying diagram represents a single____.​

A) ​nephron
B) ​kidney
C) ​renal capillary
D) ​renal vein
E) renal artery​

Question 43

An essential amino acid or fatty acid is _____.​

A) ​needed in large amounts by the body
B) ​dispensable
C) ​not synthesized by the body
D) ​an essential component of digestive enzymes
E) required daily​

Question 44

​
The urinary bladder, identified as ____ in the accompanying diagram, is separated from the ____ by a sphincter.​

A) ​A; ureter
B) ​C; ureter
C) ​A; urethra
D) ​C; urethra
E) A; urethra​

Question 45

Tubular secretion occurs in the region labeled____.​

A) ​1 only
B) ​2 only
C) ​3
D) ​4
E) 1 and 2​

Question 46

The correct path of urine out of the body is ____.​

A) ​kidneys to ureter to bladder to urethra
B) ​kidneys to urethra to bladder to ureter
C) ​kidneys to bladder to urethra to ureter
D) ​kidneys to bladder to ureter to urethra
E) bladder to kidneys to ureter to urethra​

Question 47

The ____ would most likely contain blood that needs to be cleansed.​

A) ​renal vein
B) ​renal artery
C) ​nephron
D) ​kidney
E) bladder​

Question 48

If you were to consume too much vitamin C, _____.​

A) ​it would be stored in your adipose tissue
B) ​it would be stored in your liver
C) you would metabolize it for energy​
D) ​you would eliminate it in your urine
E) it will become toxic​

Question 49

A normal human urinary system consists of ____.​

A) ​two urethras
B) ​two ureters
C) ​two bladders
D) ​one kidney
E) one cloaca​

Question 50

​
The ____, labeled as ____ in the accompanying diagram, is a channel for urine to flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder.​

A) ​urethra; B
B) ​urethra; D
C) ​ureter; D
D) ​ureter; B
E) ​ureter; C

Question 51

Vitamins are ____.

A) organic substances
B) inorganic substances
C) required in small amounts for normal metabolism
D) organic substances that are required in small amounts for normal metabolism
E) inorganic substances that are required in small amounts for normal metabolism

Question 52

Kidney stones____.​

A) ​are four times more likely to occur in men than women
B) ​usually cause extreme pain
C) ​cause no pain when they enter the ureter
D) ​are formed when proteins that are dissolved in the urine concentrate
E) never block the flow of urine​

Question 53

Water-soluble vitamins are _____.

A) stored in body fat
B) not destroyed by heat
C) often coenzymes
D) often lacking in the diet
E) stable in heat

Question 54

Filtration occurs in the region labeled____.​

A) ​1
B) ​2 only
C) ​3 only
D) ​4
E) 2 and 3​

Question 55

Reabsorption of water and essential solutes occurs in the region labeled____.​

A) ​1
B) ​2
C) ​3 only
D) ​4 only
E) 3 and 4​

Question 56

Kidney function is measured by the____.​

A) ​amount of urine produced over a 24-hour period
B) ​rate of filtration
C) ​rate of tubular secretion
D) ​rate of absorption
E) volume of urination produced overnight​

Question 57

During the reabsorption process, ____ of the water in the tubules is returned to the blood.

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 99 percent
E) 100 percent

Question 58

Vitamin B₃ is a precursor of ____.​

A) ​NADH
B) ​ATP
C) ​DNA
D) ​RNA
E) FADH​

Question 59

Someone who has consumed a lot of alcohol becomes dehydrated because alcohol ____.​

A) ​inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to an increase in urination
B) ​increases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to an increase in urination
C) ​inhibits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to a reduction in urination
D) ​increases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, which leads to a reduction in urination
E) and water don't mix, which leads to an exclusion of water​

Question 60

Blood enters the kidney through the ____ and leaves the kidney through the ____.​

A) ​renal vein; renal artery
B) ​nephron; renal capillary
C) ​renal artery; renal vein
D) ​renal artery; nephron
E) nephron; renal artery​

Question 61

Hemodialysis____.

A) involves removing the patient's blood, cleansing it, and returning it to the body
B) can be done at home by pumping dialysis solution into the abdominal cavity
C) only needs to be performed once a month
D) replaces a person's blood during the filtration process
E) is only required while a kidney heals itself

Question 62

Matching
The statements describe the main function of specific vitamins. Match the appropriate vitamin from the list to each function.​
a.​E
b.​D
c.​K
d.​C
e.​folate
​important for nervous system development in embryos

Question 63

Tubular secretion is essential for ____ homeostasis.​

A) ​pH
B) ​water
C) ​solute
D) ​temperature
E) sugar​

Question 64

A kidney transplant ____ has the best chance of success.​

A) ​followed by a lifetime of dialysis
B) ​from a deceased donor
C) ​from a living donor
D) ​from an animal donor
E) occurring after peritoneal dialysis​

Question 65

Match the following statements with the correct renal process. Some choices may be used more than once.​
a.​reabsorption
b.​filtration
c.​secretion
​the process that returns glucose to the blood

Question 66

Match the following statements with the correct renal process. Some choices may be used more than once.​
a.​reabsorption
b.​filtration
c.​secretion
​the process that occurs last in urine formation

Question 67

Matching
The statements describe the main function of specific vitamins. Match the appropriate vitamin from the list to each function.​
a.​E
b.​D
c.​K
d.​C
e.​folate
​promotes bone health and enhances calcium absorption

Question 68

ADH____.​

A) ​increases glucose reabsorption
B) ​decreases the filtration rate
C) ​increases tubular secretion
D) increases water reabsorption​
E) decreases amino acid reabsorption​

Question 69

The physical structure of the capillaries in the nephron ____.​

A) ​ensures balanced filtration
B) ​prevents proteins from filtering into urine
C) ​allow blood cells to pass readily out of the kidneys
D) ​hold in salt ions
E) block foreign metabolites from entering the urinary tract​

Question 70

The capillaries clustered around kidney tubule cups differ from other capillaries in that they____.​

A) ​have a much wider diameter
B) ​are much leakier
C) ​have arterioles at either end
D) ​carry lymph with blood
E) have more than one of these characteristics​

Question 71

ADH affects the process of ____.​

A) ​filtration
B) ​secretion
C) ​reabsorption
D) ​excretion
E) elimination​

Question 72

A nephron____.​

A) ​is a kidney tubule
B) ​replaces the blood
C) ​forms feces
D) ​connects the kidneys to the bladder
E) is the functional unit of the kidney​

Question 73

Most transplanted kidneys come from ____.

A) living donors
B) cadavers
C) other animal species
D) laboratory-grown tissues
E) individuals compensated for kidney donation

Question 74

Matching
The statements describe the main function of specific vitamins. Match the appropriate vitamin from the list to each function.​
a.​E
b.​D
c.​K
d.​C
e.​folate
​counters effects of free radicals

Question 75

Match the following statements with the correct renal process. Some choices may be used more than once.​
a.​reabsorption
b.​filtration
c.​secretion
​the process that occurs first in urine formation

Question 76

Match the following statements with the correct renal process. Some choices may be used more than once.​
a.​reabsorption
b.​filtration
c.​secretion
​the process essential for pH homeostasis

Question 77

Blood pressure forces fluid through the spaces between cells in nephrons during the process of ____.​

A) ​filtration
B) ​reabsorption
C) ​secretion
D) ​elimination
E) excretion​

Question 78

Matching
The statements describe the main function of specific vitamins. Match the appropriate vitamin from the list to each function.​
a.​E
b.​D
c.​K
d.​C
e.​folate
​acts in blood clotting

Question 79

Matching
The statements describe the main function of specific vitamins. Match the appropriate vitamin from the list to each function.​
a.​E
b.​D
c.​K
d.​C
e.​folate
​needed to make collagen; structural role in bone, teeth, and cartilage

Question 80

Match the following statements with the correct renal process. Some choices may be used more than once.​
a.​reabsorption
b.​filtration
c.​secretion
​the process associated with kidney tubule cups and capillary clusters