Deck 11: Growth and Development: Infancy Through Adolescence

Question 1

A 4-year-old attends a preschool group three mornings a week. He has been treated kindly and lovingly at home. At school, according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, he is likely to:

A) treat his peers and siblings in a loving and kind manner, because he has internalized the value of treating others as he has been treated.
B) conform to social standards and rules to avoid feeling guilty or risking social disapproval.
C) follow the rules regarding peer interactions to avoid punishment.
D) be developmentally advanced and have a conscience that is based on an innate sense of justice and duty.

Answer 1

follow the rules regarding peer interactions to avoid punishment.

Question 2

A dejected 8-year-old has brought home an art project that was finished at school that didn't get put up on the bulletin board with some better projects. The best way to support the child's sense of industry would be for the parents to:

A) remind the child that not all kids are artistic.
B) point out the areas in the project that could have been improved.
C) request that the teacher allow the project to be posted on the bulletin board.
D) post the project on the front of the refrigerator.

Answer 2

post the project on the front of the refrigerator.

Question 3

The risk for poisoning is most likely in a situation in which a:

A) caretaker with an infant with a high fever has been instructed by the clinic nurse to give a liquid fever reducer (antipyretic).
B) toddler is staying with his grandparents for a week while his mother is in the hospital.
C) 7-year-old has asthma and uses daily medications for it.
D) 12-year-old is home alone after school until his parents return from work.

Answer 3

toddler is staying with his grandparents for a week while his mother is in the hospital.

Question 4

A parent asks the nurse about how to discipline her 2-year-old who has become uncooperative and negative and is having temper tantrums. The most helpful suggestion made by the nurse would be for the parent to deal with this normal behavior by:

A) scolding the child sternly to discourage this behavior.
B) taking away a favorite toy until behavior improves.
C) using a "time out" (a quiet time without toys).
D) asking the child to "help Mama" by not being naughty.

Question 5

When the clinic nurse speaks to the 3-year-old child and says, "You can get dressed now and put your shirt and pants back on," she is promoting his sense of:

A) autonomy.
B) industry.
C) initiative.
D) trust.

Question 6

The nurse is aware that according to Piaget's theory, the child's cognitive development is:

A) present at birth as a genetic imprint that will begin to unfold in the first year, independent of the child's environment.
B) a series of psychosocial tasks to be accomplished at various stages throughout life, such as developing a sense of identity in adolescence.
C) the physical increase in size that occurs in the brain of the child, with most of the growth completed by the age of adolescence.
D) occurring in stages, which allows a child to organize knowledge and adapt to the environment in increasingly complex ways.

Question 7

The school nurse reminds the 8th grade boys' physical education classes to make time for warm-up exercises and stretching before strenuous physical activity because:

A) warm-up exercises allow for a more proficient performance.
B) bones are growing faster than muscles and tendons and may result in injury.
C) the body's circulating blood needs warm-up time to perfuse larger frames.
D) warm-ups give an opportunity for perspiration to cool overheated muscles.

Question 8

A 4-year-old child tells other children that last night he flew to the moon and walked around with his friend Sam. He says that he is the only one who can see Sam. The nurse should:

A) warn the child's mother that he may be developing emotional problems.
B) interrupt the conversation with a comment that children can't fly to the moon.
C) take the child aside and tell him gently that he should stop telling such stories or people will not trust him.
D) recognize that imaginary friends and fantasy are normal at this age.

Question 9

A parent asks how long she should enforce a "time out" for her 4-year-old, who frequently hits her younger brother and takes his toys. The nurse recommends _____ minutes.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 10

The nurse confirms that in the embryonic stage of prenatal development (3rd to 8th week), the embryo's:

A) growth slows.
B) organs begin to function.
C) limbs move.
D) heart begins to beat.

Question 11

A nurse encourages the father of a newborn infant to hold the baby close, talk softly, stroke the baby's fingers, and make eye contact in order to:

A) assist the father's confidence in holding the baby.
B) promote bonding, which in turn promotes a sense of trust in infancy.
C) generate a sense of parenting.
D) accustom the baby to being handled by different caregivers.

Question 12

In planning anticipatory guidance for the parents of an 18-month-old child at a well child clinic, the nurse should include information about the:

A) child's need for and ability to participate in quiet activities such as reading stories and watching television for long periods of time.
B) advantages of having the child begin to attend day care to develop his social interactions and group play skills with other children.
C) need for close supervision and making the environment safe related to poisons, motor vehicles, stairs, and electrical hazards.
D) need for increased nutritional intake to maintain the continued rapid growth of infancy into this stage.

Question 13

The school nurse is teaching parents of fifth graders (10-year-olds) about the physical changes of puberty that they can expect in their children, such as:

A) boys begin to change physically before girls.
B) there will be children in different stages of puberty throughout the next several years.
C) the physical changes of puberty occur gradually, and children adjust without difficulty.
D) most boys and girls will begin the physical changes of puberty by seventh grade (12-years-old). If this has not happened, the child should be evaluated by a physician.

Question 14

A 9-year-old has returned to the pediatric unit from the recovery room after having his appendix removed. He has an intravenous solution running into a vein and a dressing covering the operative site. His parents went home briefly. When he becomes upset and starts crying, the nurse should:

A) help the child recall the events of the previous day, explaining that his mother will be back later in the morning.
B) recognize his need for family by calling his mother on the telephone and telling her to come back and stay with her son.
C) appeal to his gender identity by telling him he is a big boy, and big boys don't cry.
D) be aware that the child cannot reliably tell the nurse about pain at this age and call the physician for an order for a pain medication or sedative.

Question 15

A 10-year-old girl has recently grown 3 inches and gained 20 pounds. She began having menstrual periods and is embarrassed about her breast development. The parents are concerned about her complaints of fatigue. The most helpful response from the nurse would be to suggest:

A) having her evaluated for a physical problem.
B) minimizing her feelings of embarrassment.
C) enrolling in a health club for exercise.
D) helping the child recognize bodily self-consciousness and fatigue as a normal part of maturation.

Question 16

A woman in her first trimester of pregnancy asks the nurse how much weight she can expect to gain by the time of EDD (estimated delivery date). The nurse correctly responds approximately by informing her _____ pounds.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 25
D) 30

Question 17

During the first trimester of pregnancy, the most important teaching a nurse can provide the expectant mother is:

A) avoiding very strenuous exercises or activities.
B) eating large high caloric meals to provide for the growing fetus.
C) preparing self physically and mentally for the work of labor.
D) acquiring adequate prenatal care.

Question 18

A mother of an 11-month-old is concerned about her baby not walking and states that his older brother was walking at 10 months. The nurse's response, based on knowledge of normal development, should be:

A) "Your son may be somewhat slow developmentally. You might have him evaluated by a neurologist."
B) "The rate of development can be very different from one child to another, even among brothers and sisters."
C) "Don't worry. Children can be perfectly normal and not walk until they are 2 years of age."
D) "It's hard to predict when a child will walk. Some walk before they are able to crawl or sit alone."

Question 19

A new parent with her first child tells the nurse that her mother has advised her to feed the baby on a schedule and let the baby cry between feedings so that he does not get spoiled. Based on Erikson's growth and development theory, the nurse's most informative response would be:

A) a sense of trust is developed in infancy when a child's needs are met by warm, loving people.
B) an infant who learns to adapt to uncomfortable situations and to comfort himself will develop autonomy and independence.
C) the infant learns cause and effect at this stage and will learn he can't cry and get his own way.
D) in the first year, crying and learning to wait have positive outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Question 20

The nurse reminds a parent that a major milestone for a 2-to 3-year-old child is to learn to:

A) play team games with others his age.
B) speak clearly and fluently.
C) use the toilet for bladder and bowel functions.
D) tie shoelaces.

Question 21

The anxious father-to-be asks the nurse when the sex of the fetus can be determined. The nurse's answer is based on the knowledge that the external genitalia appear in the _____ month.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 22

The school nurse recognizes that the adolescent most at risk for a problem relative to body image would be the 15-year-old:

A) girl with severe acne.
B) boy with a broken leg from a motorcycle accident.
C) boy with thinning hair.
D) girl who is 2 inches taller than classmates.

Question 23

When asked, the nurse explains that the superego described in Sigmund Freud's theory influences human behavior by playing the part of the:

A) reality tester.
B) seeker of pleasure.
C) moral dictator.
D) primitive urges.

Question 24

A nurse instructing a group of adolescents about development includes in her remarks that the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) will cause boys to:

A) have a significant growth spurt.
B) grow a beard.
C) maintain an erection.
D) produce sperm.

Question 25

A distressed mother confides in the school nurse that she witnessed her 15-year-old son and a 15-year-old friend masturbating in her son's bedroom. The nurse's best response would be:

A) "Perhaps you should ask your son if he has homosexual feelings toward his friend."
B) "The fact that they were doing this secretly indicates that they feel guilt about the experience."
C) "Many kids have a homosexual encounter, but it does not mean they are homosexual."
D) "Mutual masturbation is frequently the initial experience of a person who is actively homosexual."

Question 26

The pediatric nurse identifies egocentrism in a:

A) 2-year-old who hits playmates and takes all the toys.
B) 5-year-old who prefers to read or be read to instead of playing kickball.
C) 12-year-old who is failing school and in frequent fights with his peers.
D) 15-year-old who is a volunteer at the local hospital.

Question 27

A nurse assessing a 13-year-old female is aware that the presence of axillary and pubic hair indicates the presence of:

A) progesterone.
B) insulin.
C) estradiol.
D) cortisol.

Question 28

A 15-year-old girl reports to the school nurse that she feels she does not fit in and feels near tears all the time. She states her grades are declining. The nurse's best approach to this situation would be:

A) "Everyone has 'down times.' Let's get you signed up with a tutor."
B) "I think I better refer you to the school psychologist to help you."
C) "Don't be silly…of course you fit in. You have many friends."
D) "Come back again next week and we can talk some more about this problem."

Question 29

A nurse assessing a 13-year-old girl observes that she has begun her menstruation cycle. The nurse is aware the hormone responsible for this change is:

A) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 30

When a 4-year-old boy announces that he is going to marry his mother, the nurse recognizes that this statement is an indicator that he is in the Freudian stage of:

A) oral.
B) anal.
C) phallic.
D) latency.

Question 31

The nurse clarifies that growth differs from development in that growth:

A) is the same for all siblings in a family.
B) is solely dependent on heredity.
C) progresses in an orderly, predictable way.
D) continues throughout life.

Question 32

The well baby clinic nurse suggests that the most important aspect parents should consider when selecting a day care facility for their preschooler would be the:

A) cost and convenience of the facility.
B) educational qualifications of the teachers and the aides.
C) cleanliness and provision of healthy snacks.
D) facility's approach to discipline and a nurturing atmosphere.

Question 33

The nurse encourages the parent to allow the toddler to dress himself and feed himself and make simple choices about clothing or food in order to follow the theory of:

A) Erik Erikson.
B) Jean Piaget.
C) Lawrence Kohlberg.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 34

The mother of a 13-year-old girl tells the school nurse that her daughter will appear one day neatly dressed and groomed and the next will have on tattered jeans and a t-shirt and untidy hair. The nurse realizes that these are "trials" to find:

A) initiative.
B) industry.
C) identity.
D) social approval.

Question 35

The school nurse suspects a 14-year-old of having anorexia nervosa because the nurse has observed that the adolescent:

A) is binging on rich foods.
B) has early onset of sexual development.
C) uses frequent enemas and laxatives.
D) is doing excessive rigorous exercises.

Question 36

A group of 5th grade boys play together at school and after school are seen in each other's company. The school nurse is aware that this sort of group is representative of Freud's _____ stage.

A) anal
B) oral
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 37

An 11-year-old who obeys all the rules set down by the teacher to avoid guilt or disapproval is acting out Kohlberg's theory of:

A) conventional reasoning.
B) preconventional reasoning.
C) postconventional reasoning.
D) concrete operations.

Question 38

The nurse explains that the DENVER II Test evaluated gross motor skills by observing the child's ability to:

A) stack a pile of blocks.
B) hop on one foot.
C) draw a detailed figure of a person.
D) use different colors when drawing a house.

Question 39

The home health nurse reminds parents that dental care for a child should begin:

A) when the child has all his permanent teeth.
B) when the child has all his deciduous teeth.
C) at approximately the age of 4 or 5 years, when the child can cooperate with a dentist.
D) with toothbrushing and flossing of the first teeth by a parent or caregiver.

Question 40

When a 3-year-old toddler repeatedly tries to reach some cookies on top of a counter and then, after several failures to do so, drags a chair over to the counter and climbs on the chair to get the cookies, she is exhibiting:

A) adaptation as described by Piaget.
B) egocentricity as described by Freud.
C) sensorimotor motivation as described by Piaget.
D) preconventional reasoning as described by Kohlberg.

Question 41

An anxious father-to-be tells the nurse that his wife's due date was 5 days ago and there are still no signs of labor. The nurse's most helpful response would be:

A) "I think you should contact your wife's doctor about this concern."
B) "Just be patient…babies come when they are ready."
C) "Any time 2 weeks on either side of the due date is considered normal."
D) "Sometimes estimated due dates have been off by as much as 6 weeks."

Question 42

The nurse instructs the caregiver of a newborn that newborns should double their birth weight by _____ months.

A) 2 to 3
B) 3 to 4
C) 4 to 5
D) 5 to 6

Question 43

Based on the theory of Erikson, the nurse advises that the best discipline for an adolescent would be to:

A) make him get a job.
B) increase his household chores.
C) implement a long period of "time out."
D) "ground" him and deprive him of contact with friends.

Question 44

The nurse tells a parent of adolescents that teenage pregnancies, although on the decline, often result in the baby having:

A) learning difficulties at a later age.
B) a low birth weight.
C) a congenital deformity.
D) retarded development.

Question 45

The nurse instructs the mother of an infant about infant safety factors. The nurse would assess the need for further instruction if the caregiver states:

A) "I will place my infant on her back for sleep."
B) "I will place my infant in a car seat when driving."
C) "I will not leave my infant alone in a house or a car."
D) "I will place my infant on her stomach for sleep."

Question 46

The nurse reminds parents that social competence can be recognized in their child if the child:

A) learns to cope with minor stressors.
B) develops a sense of humor.
C) finishes jobs and chores they start.
D) develops a talent.

Question 47

The nurse reminds parents that infants who have developed trust by the age of 6 months will be able to:

A) tolerate short separations from parents.
B) learn to speak at an earlier age.
C) attempt walking around 8 months of age.
D) seldom cry.

Question 48

The nurse recognizes that the parenting style in which a parent is firm, in control, and has a warm encouraging relationship with the child is:

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) autocratic.
D) absolute.

Question 49

A nurse would expect a child of 2 years to communicate in:

A) squeals and pointing.
B) two-word sentences.
C) three-word sentences.
D) four-word sentences.

Question 50

The nurse instructs the parents that emotional intelligence can be supported in a child by the parents:

A) insisting on IQ testing.
B) talking to the child about his or her feelings.
C) allowing the child to bring friends into their home.
D) encouraging the child to read.

Question 51

The school nurse is alert to the behavior of a child who has extremely permissive parents, because this sort of parenting style produces children who are:

A) mistrusting.
B) depressed.
C) anxious.
D) impulsive.

Question 52

An 8-year-old's mother asked the child to set the table, but then remarked that it was not very neat and then reset the table herself. According to Erikson, this sort of behavior on the part of the mother will cause the child to feel:

A) mistrustful.
B) ashamed.
C) guilty
D) inferior.

Question 53

A person who demonstrates the ability to logically manipulate abstract and unobservable concepts is in which stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory?

A) Preoperational stage
B) Sensorimotor stage
C) Concrete operations
D) Formal operations

Question 54

A school nurse suspects that a 7-year-old child at the school is being physically abused. The nurse should:

A) interview the child about possible abuse.
B) notify the principal.
C) call the parent about her concern.
D) report the suspected abuse to the authorities.

Question 55

A child who can draw pictures of objects not in evidence in the room is exhibiting Piaget's:

A) preoperational stage.
B) sensorimotor stage.
C) concrete operations.
D) formal operations.

Question 56

The nurse points out that an infant who pulls at a drawer handle to open a drawer that holds a toy that is out of view is exhibiting:

A) industry.
B) initiative.
C) concrete operations.
D) object permanence.

Question 57

A woman who has just given birth expresses concern about the cheesy, waxy substance that is covering her neonate. The nurse accurately responds:

A) "This material develops in the absence of adequate subcutaneous fat."
B) "This material is often seen on infants who have experienced intrauterine stress."
C) "This substance will be absorbed and used as a nutrient by your infant."
D) "This is a normal finding and is called vernix caseosa."

Question 58

The nurse would anticipate that the child who prefers onlooker play would be _____ year(s) old.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 59

A nurse teaches a woman who is considering pregnancy that her intake of folic acid to help prevent congenital abnormalities should be _____ mcg/day.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 300
D) 400

Question 60

When the nurse makes a loud noise near the infant, the infant reacts by arching his back and assuming a typical posture with flexion and adduction of the extremities, and his fingers fan initially. This is called the _____ reflex.

A) stepping
B) grasping
C) Babinski
D) Moro

Question 61

Parents of a 5-month-old ask the nurse what they can feed their infant besides breast milk. The nurse would appropriately suggest: (Select all that apply.)

A) baby cereals.
B) strained fruits.
C) any food eaten by the parents.
D) small pieces of sausage.
E) grapes.
F) strained vegetables.

Question 62

The nurse explains that babies can lift their heads before they can lift their chests, control their shoulders before they control their arms and fingers, sit before they stand, and crawl before they walk. This is a result of _________ development.

Question 63

The sperm and ovum each contain _____ unpaired chromosomes.

Question 64

The nurse uses a diagram to show that the fetal prenatal period begins after the _______ week.

Question 65

The nurse advises the young mother that most pediatricians recommend feeding newborns using ________.

Question 66

The well-child clinic nurse reminds the parents of a 2-year-old that the primary environmental influence for physical development is:

A) play.
B) nurturing parents.
C) nutrition.
D) frequent check-ups.

Question 67

The nurse emphasizes the influences that help maintain a healthy pregnancy, which are: (Select all that apply.)

A) early prenatal care.
B) health of the mother.
C) socioeconomic status.
D) mother's age.
E) age when menses began.
F) emotional stress.

Question 68

A nurse arranges for cooperative play in a pediatric unit by:

A) coloring a picture in a coloring book with a 6-year-old patient.
B) arranging for two 3-year-olds to play with their dolls at the same table.
C) showing an 11-year-old how to do a crossword puzzle.
D) organizing a checkers game between two 10-year-olds.