Deck 13: The Juvenile Justice System

Question 1

In In re Winship, the Supreme Court required the government to prove______ that a juvenile had committed an act of delinquency.

A) beyond a reasonable doubt
B) with clear and convincing evidence
C) by a preponderance of the evidence
D) by probable cause

Answer 1

beyond a reasonable doubt

Question 2

The ruling in ____________ (1970)8 required the government to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt" that a juvenile had committed an act of delinquency, raising the burden of proof from a "preponderance of the evidence."

A) In re Gault
B) Kent v. United States
C) In re Winship
D) Breed v. Jones

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In _____, the U.S. Supreme Court forbade the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when they committed their crimes.

A) New Jersey v. T.L.O
B) Fare v. Michael C.
C) Roper v. Simmons
D) In re Gault

Answer 3

Roper v. Simmons

Question 4

The average gang member is______ years old.

A) 17-18
B) 14-15
C) 19-20
D) 21-22

Question 5

A youth gang is viewed as a group of _____or more persons who self-identify themselves as an entity separate from the community by special clothing, vocabulary, hand signals, and name, and engage in criminal activity.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 6

What form of child abuse occurs when the child is denied certain necessities such as shelter, food, care, and love?

A) emotional abuse
B) child neglect
C) mental abuse
D) physical abuse

Question 7

A particular problem area for girls appears to be the crime of:

A) assault.
B) burglary.
C) murder.
D) robbery.

Question 8

A juvenile who has been found to have engaged in behavior deemed unacceptable for those under a certain statutorily determined age is referred to as a .

A) juvenile delinquent
B) status offender
C) troubled minor
D) wayward youth

Question 9

Which crime is most often committed by juveniles?

A) robbery
B) weapons crimes
C) property crimes
D) assault

Question 10

Drug use has been shown to be a strong risk factor for which category of juveniles?

A) African Americans
B) females
C) males
D) Whites

Question 11

In which case did the Supreme Court hold that the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy clause prevents a juvenile from being tried in adult court for a crime that has already been adjudicated in a juvenile court?

A) Breed v. Jones
B) In re Gault
C) Kent v. United States
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT considered a status offense?

A) running away from home
B) truancy
C) smoking cigarettes
D) drinking and driving

Question 13

Which was the first court case to extend due process rights to children?

A) Breed v. Jones
B) In re Gault
C) Kent v. United States
D) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Question 14

By definition,______ is a term used to explain the fact that criminal activity declines with age.

A) age of conformity
B) age of delinquency
C) age of onset
D) aging out

Question 15

In ________________ (2010), the Court held that juveniles who commit crimes that do not involve murder may not be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

A) Kent v. United States
B) Graham v. Florida
C) In re Winship
D) Roper v. Simmons

Question 16

The efforts of the child savers culminated with the passage of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act in ______.

A) 1825
B) 1899
C) 1911
D) 1930

Question 17

Which of the following is true of the child-saving movement?

A) Child savers were interested only in the welfare of abused and neglected children
B) Child savers believed in treatment, not punishment
C) Child savers disputed the concept of parens patriae
D) Child savers advocated the incarceration of dangerous juveniles in adult facilities

Question 18

The "chronic six percent" are responsible for ______of all crimes and two thirds of all violent crimes.

A) one quarter
B) one third
C) half
D) three quarters

Question 19

The infliction of physical or emotional damage on a child without any plausible explanation, such as an accident, is referred to as:

A) child abuse.
B) child endangerment.
C) child maltreatment.
D) child mistreatment.

Question 20

Though overall rates of juvenile offending have been dropping, the one particular group of juveniles that has become more involved in the juvenile justice system than ever before is that of:

A) girls.
B) Hispanic males.
C) Caucasian males.
D) Asian males.

Question 21

Which philosophy allows a police officer to detain a juvenile for his or her own protection, such as when the officer detects a dangerous situation involving family or peers?

A) child-saving
B) culpability protecting
C) in loco parentis
D) parens patriae

Question 22

A juvenile's first contact with the juvenile justice system usually comes through a:

A) juvenile court judge.
B) juvenile probation officer.
C) juvenile residential specialist.
D) police officer.

Question 23

Which landmark case resulted in a ruling that youths can be detained if they are deemed a "risk" to the safety of the community or to their own welfare?

A) In re Gault
B) In re Winship
C) Roper v. Simmons
D) Schall v. Martin

Question 24

What is the most common form of juvenile corrections?

A) boot camp
B) juvenile detention
C) probation
D) residential treatment centers

Question 25

A(n) ____hearing is the process through which a juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to support the initial petition.

A) adjudicatory
B) discretionary
C) disposition
D) diversionary

Question 26

Correctional institutions that are the most restrictive for juveniles found to be delinquent or status offenders are called:

A) family group homes.
B) group homes.
C) rural programs.
D) training schools.

Question 27

A(n) _____is prepared during the disposition process that provides the judge with relevant background material to aid in the disposition decision.

A) adjudication
B) petition
C) presentence investigation
D) predisposition report

Question 28

What is a similarity between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system?

A) the right to a jury trial
B) hearings must be open to the public
C) proof beyond a reasonable doubt is needed
D) dependents are required to testify

Question 29

Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
The next time police are at Donovan's home they are there to question him about a robbery that was committed. After speaking briefly with Donovan, they place him under arrest. What is the first stage of the pretrial juvenile justice process that Donovan will go through after he is referred to juvenile court?

A) intake
B) pretrial diversion
C) transfer to adult court
D) detention

Question 30

A(n)______ is a procedure in which juvenile court judges have the discretion to transfer a juvenile case to adult court when certain predetermined conditions regarding the seriousness of the offense and the age of the offender are met.

A) automatic transfer
B) judicial waiver
C) legislative waiver
D) prosecutorial waiver

Question 31

In which community-based rehabilitation program is a juvenile returned to the community, but placed under supervision with conditions specified through the juvenile justice system?

A) boot camp
B) probation
C) restitution
D) treatment program

Question 32

Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
In the city that Donovan lives, the curfew for all juveniles 17 and under is 11 p.m. The only juveniles that are excused from this curfew are those that are returning from work. Donovan does not have a job. Violating curfew is considered a(n):

A) crime.
B) delinquent act.
C) misdemeanor.
D) status offense.

Question 33

The process in which the juvenile judge, based on the facts of the case at hand, decides that the alleged offender should be transferred to adult court is a(n):

A) automatic transfer.
B) judicial waiver.
C) legislative waiver.
D) prosecutorial waiver.

Question 34

In____ , the juvenile lives with a couple who act as surrogate parents.

A) family group homes
B) foster care programs
C) group homes
D) rural programs

Question 35

The first stage of juvenile pretrial procedures is:

A) intake.
B) diversion.
C) waiver.
D) detention.

Question 36

Which type of residential treatment program generally houses between 12 and 15 youths and provides treatment, counseling, and educational services by a professional staff?

A) family group homes
B) foster care programs
C) group homes
D) rural programs

Question 37

The ______is a document filed with a juvenile court alleging that the juvenile is a delinquent or a status offender and asking the court to either hear the case or transfer it to an adult court.

A) complaint
B) diversion document
C) intake sheet
D) petition

Question 38

______are similar in many aspects to adult prisons and jails, but differ from them in their efforts to treat and rehabilitate young offenders.

A) Family group homes
B) Group homes
C) Training schools
D) Rural programs

Question 39

What is a difference between the adult justice system and the juvenile justice system?

A) Juvenile proceedings must be public.
B) Information must be released to the press in the juvenile system.
C) There is no death penalty for juveniles.
D) The purpose of the juvenile court is punishment.

Question 40

Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
Donovan finally returned home around 3
A) Donovan is feeling alienated from his family.

A)m. The police happen to be there when Donovan returns. The officers ask Donovan where he was and who he was with. Donovan tells the police that he was hanging out with his friends outside the bowling alley. The police recognize some of the names that Donovan gives. When Donovan goes to his room, the police tell Donovan's parents that the kids Donovan is associating with are frequently getting into trouble and are known members of a gang. Donovan's parents ask the police why their son would want to be in a gang. Which of the following reasons would police most likely give to Donovan's parents?
B) Donovan wants to improve his status in the community.
C) Donovan feels he needs to be in a gang because he lives in a high-crime neighborhood.
D) All of these.

Question 41

Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
Which case entitles Donovan to the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges, the right to counsel, and the privilege against self-incrimination?

A) Kent v. United States
B) In re Gault
C) In re Winship
D) Breed v. Jones

Question 42

In juvenile court, the judge has wide discretion in disposing of each case.

Question 43

Skipping school is considered a status offense.

Question 44

Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
The judge in the case decides to send Jacob to a secure facility because of the severity of the charges. After 8 months, Jacob is released early because of good behavior but as part of his sentence he will serve the remainder of his sentence in a wilderness camp where he will receive additional treatment. Which residential treatment program would this wilderness camp be part of?

A) foster care program
B) group home
C) family group home
D) rural programs

Question 45

The juvenile justice system uses the same terminology as found in the adult criminal justice system.

Question 46

The decision in McKeiver v. Pennsylvania represented the one instance in which the Court did not move the juvenile court further toward the adult model.

Question 47

Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
Jacob's attorneys make the argument that this is his first offense and the judge should consider the circumstances of the crime in deciding his punishment. They request that Jacob receive the most common form of juvenile corrections. What is the most common form of juvenile corrections?

A) boot camp
B) group home
C) probation
D) training School

Question 48

The Court banned laws in 28 states that made life-without-parole sentences mandatory for juveniles convicted of murder.

Question 49

Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
In which way would Jacob's experience be different if his case is transferred to the adult system?

A) Jacob would have to be Mirandized only in the adult system.
B) Jacob's defense attorney would play a different role in the adult system.
C) Jacob would only have the right to a hearing in the adult system.
D) Jacob's court proceedings would be open to the public in the adult system.

Question 50

The child savers believed that juvenile offenders required treatment, not punishment.

Question 51

The older a person is the less likely he or she will be to exhibit criminal behavior.

Question 52

Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
If Jacob is facing these charges in a state that automatically transfers all juveniles who are suspected of murder/manslaughter to adult court the state utilizes:

A) judicial waivers.
B) prosecutorial waivers.
C) legislative waivers.
D) state waivers.

Question 53

Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully's head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
Jacob's case ends up remaining in the juvenile court system. The judge adjudicates Jacob delinquent for the offense of manslaughter. The next step is for the judge to decide the appropriate punishment for Jacob. This stage is known as the:

A) adjudicatory hearing.
B) disposition hearing.
C) predisposition hearing.
D) transfer hearing.

Question 54

The first decision to extend due process rights to children in juvenile courts was In re Gault.

Question 55

The national population of juvenile inmates increased between 2008 and 2010.

Question 56

Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
The judge in Donovan's case decides to place him in the temporary custody of a secure facility before the adjudicatory process begins. This placement is referred to as:

A) intake.
B) pretrial diversion.
C) transfer to adult court.
D) detention.

Question 57

Violent crime is commonplace in American schools.

Question 58

Instead of trying to determine guilt or innocence, the parties involved in the juvenile court work together in the best interests of the child, with the emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Question 59

Juvenile records are kept sealed but court proceedings are open to the public.

Question 60

The efforts of the child savers culminated with the passage of the New York Juvenile Court Act in 1899.

Question 61

Police officers engage in low visibility decision making when working with juvenile offenders.

Question 62

The state of_____ created the first court specifically for juveniles.

Question 63

No juvenile correctional facility is called a "prison."

Question 64

The age at which a youth first exhibits delinquent behavior is _____.

Question 65

Overt acts taken by students with the goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating other students is known as____________________________.

Question 66

Training schools have many of the same problems as adult prisons and jails, including drug abuse and overcrowding.

Question 67

Many researchers believe that by the age of __________an adolescent has the same ability as an adult to make a competent decision.

Question 68

A doctrine that holds that the state has a responsibility to look after the well-being of children and to assume the role of parent if necessary is __________________________.

Question 69

_______refers to conduct that would be criminal if committed by an adult.

Question 70

In the juvenile court, children are not "found guilty," they are instead ______.

Question 71

Juveniles are most commonly transferred to adult courts through prosecutorial waiver.

Question 72

In_______ , the Supreme Court held that juveniles are entitled to many of the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges, the right to counsel, the privilege against self- incrimination, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.

Question 73

The primary concern during the disposition hearing is to determine a sentence that will serve the needs of the child, rather than one that will protect the community.

Question 74

The earlier a youth enters the juvenile justice system, the more likely he or she will become a violent offender.

Question 75

Current research shows that the majority of gang members today are white.

Question 76

During intake, an official of the juvenile court must decide, in effect, what to do with the offender.

Question 77

Boot camps are a good example of residential treatment programs.

Question 78

The most common form of juvenile corrections is probation.

Question 79

During the adjudicatory hearing, juvenile defendants have the right to present their cases to a jury.

Question 80

Most states provide for a bifurcated process in which a separate disposition hearing follows the adjudicatory hearing.