Deck 53: Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology

Question 1

Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?

A) ecosystem $\rightarrow$ population $\rightarrow$ community $\rightarrow$ biosphere
B) biosphere $\rightarrow$ community $\rightarrow$ population $\rightarrow$ ecosystem
C) community $\rightarrow$ population $\rightarrow$ ecosystem $\rightarrow$ biosphere
D) population $\rightarrow$ community $\rightarrow$ ecosystem $\rightarrow$ biosphere
E) population $\rightarrow$ ecosystem $\rightarrow$ community $\rightarrow$ biosphere

Answer 1

population $\rightarrow$ community $\rightarrow$ ecosystem $\rightarrow$ biosphere

Question 2

Communities are composed of:

A) all of the communities of all the different populations that live together within an area.
B) all of the ecosystems within the biosphere.
C) all of the populations of all the different species that live together within an area.
D) all of the various dispersal patterns of the different species within a given area.
E) all of the population's females' combined reproductive capabilities within the same given unit of time.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Clumped dispersion is often influenced by all of the following except:

A) the presence of family groups.
B) asexual reproduction in plants or invertebrates.
C) limited seed dispersal in plants.
D) a patchy distribution of resources.
E) nesting territoriality.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following consists of organisms all of which share a common gene pool?

A) a community
B) a population
C) a biosphere
D) an ecosystem
E) a landscape

Question 5

When r = 0.00001, the population size:

A) will increase.
B) will decrease.
C) is stable.
D) may increase or decrease, depending on K.
E) may increase or decrease, depending on i.

Question 6

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?

A) +5
B) -50
C) +50
D) -150
E) +150

Question 7

Which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase?

A) bacteria
B) blue whales
C) red grouse
D) elephants
E) humans

Question 8

Figure 53-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The graph in Figure 53-1 would best be described as:

A) being characteristic of exponential growth.
B) being characteristic of arithmetic growth.
C) an S-shaped curve.
D) a J-shaped curve.
E) being a J-shaped curve characteristic of exponential growth.

Question 9

Biologists in which of the following applied disciplines must understand population ecology?

A) forestry
B) agronomy
C) wildlife management
D) forestry and agronomy
E) forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management

Question 10

__________ is the least frequent of the dispersal patterns seen in nature.

A) Random dispersion
B) Aggregated distribution
C) Uniform dispersion
D) Density-dependent distribution
E) Clumped dispersion

Question 11

Which of the following would not increase population size?

A) natality
B) mortality
C) immigration
D) r greater than 1
E) r greater than 2

Question 12

Which of the following sets of values would result in a population with a growth rate of zero?

A) b = 1000, d = 500, i = 750, e = 1000
B) b = 1000, d = 500, i = 1000, e = 1000
C) b = 1000, d = 500, i = 1500, e = 1000
D) b = 1000, d = 500, i = 0, e = 1000
E) b = 1000, d = 500, i = 500, e = 1000

Question 13

When the size of a population greatly exceeds K, it would be expected the population will:

A) rapidly increase.
B) slowly increase.
C) slowly decrease.
D) rapidly decrease.
E) stabilize.

Question 14

The logistic equation:

A) models a J-shaped growth curve.
B) takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment.
C) predicts continued exponential growth.
D) would characterize the uncontrolled growth of a population.
E) models a K-shaped growth curve.

Question 15

Natural selection acts most directly on:

A) populations.
B) communities.
C) ecosystems.
D) the biosphere.
E) K-selected organisms.

Question 16

Which of the following examples is incorrectly paired?

A) schooling fish-aggregated distribution
B) nesting seabirds-random dispersion
C) grove of aspen-clumped dispersion
D) flour beetle larvae-random dispersion
E) adult sand pine-uniform dispersion

Question 17

The best definition of population density is:

A) the number of individuals of all species in a given area.
B) the number of individuals of one species in a given area.
C) the number of individuals in a given area at a given time.
D) the number of individuals of all species in a given area at a given time.
E) the number of individuals of one species in a given area at a given time.

Question 18

The term referring to the rate at which organisms produce offspring is:

A) doubling time.
B) natality.
C) emigration.
D) stasis.
E) survivorship.

Question 19

The organisms associated with patches of floating ocean vegetation would be an example of:

A) random dispersion
B) aggregated distribution
C) uniform dispersion
D) density-dependent distribution
E) clumped dispersion

Question 20

When r = -0.00057, the population size:

A) will increase.
B) will decrease.
C) is stable.
D) may increase or decrease, depending on K.
E) may increase or decrease, depending on i.

Question 21

Figure 53-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Using Figure 53-2, identify the point that indicates the carrying capacity for this population.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) Cannot be determined from this graph.

Question 22

Tawny owls (Strix aluco) pair-bond for life, with both members of a pair living and hunting in adjacent, well-defined territories.Their reproduction is regulated in accordance with the resources, especially the food supply, present in their territories.Tawny owls can best described as:

A) r strategists.
B) K strategists.
C) fecundists.
D) life historists.
E) scramblers.

Question 23

Figure 53-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Based on Figure 53-3, the decline in the moose population in 1996 was most likely due to:

A) a predictable increase in the wolf population.
B) an unpredictable increase in the wolf population.
C) a decrease in the intrinsic rate of increase for the moose population.
D) a decline in the food supply.
E) an unknown disease organism.

Question 24

Which factors would have a greater influence than natural selection?

A) density dependent
B) density independent
C) intraspecific competition
D) interspecific competition
E) carrying capacity

Question 25

Figure 53-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).

-Based on Figure 53-4, which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate?

A) 0-1
B) 1-2
C) 2-3
D) 3-4
E) 4-5

Question 26

Figure 53-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Figure 53-2 models a __________-shaped growth curve.

A) J
B) S
C) r
D) K
E) b

Question 27

Pest or weedy species are typically __________ and exhibit type __________ survivorship curves.

A) r-selected; I
B) r-selected; II
C) r-selected; III
D) K-selected; I
E) K-selected; III

Question 28

An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:

A) rainfall.
B) temperature.
C) a fire.
D) parasites.
E) an earthquake.

Question 29

Organisms such as oysters or fish that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as:

A) r-selected and having a type I survivorship curve.
B) K-selected and having a type I survivorship curve.
C) r-selected and having a type II survivorship curve.
D) K-selected and having a type II survivorship curve.
E) r-selected and having a type III survivorship curve.

Question 30

Iteroparity is common in which of the following organisms?

A) perennial herbaceous plants
B) most insects
C) agaves
D) most invertebrates
E) Pacific salmon

Question 31

The potential capacity to produce offspring is called:

A) life history traits.
B) fitness.
C) age structure.
D) density.
E) fecundity.

Question 32

Figure 53-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Figure 53-4 is representative of:

A) exponential growth.
B) iteroparity.
C) Type I survivorship.
D) Type III survivorship.
E) Type II survivorship.

Question 33

Figure 53-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Using the data in Figure 53-3, the cause of the decline of the wolf population in 1982 was:

A) a sharp decrease in food supply.
B) a decrease in the intrinsic rate of increase for the wolf population.
C) competition with a newly introduced predator.
D) introduction of a disease organism.
E) cannot be determined from the data provided.

Question 34

Figure 53-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 53-2.At which point on the graph is the population increasing exponentially?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) There is no exponential increase on this graph.

Question 35

Populations that experience significant contest competition:

A) show small changes in population size over time.
B) show great changes in population size over time.
C) are particularly susceptible to extinction.
D) show little intraspecific competition.
E) are characteristic of environments with abundant resources.

Question 36

Generally, r-selected organisms exhibit:

A) short life spans and early maturity.
B) long life spans and extended parental care of offspring.
C) long development time to maturity, but small body size.
D) large body size and extended parental care of offspring.
E) large body size, but short life spans.

Question 37

When two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource, it is termed:

A) interspecific scramble competition.
B) intraspecific scramble competition.
C) interspecific contest competition.
D) intraspecific contest competition.
E) density-independent competition.

Question 38

Features that are typical of K-selected organisms include all of the following except:

A) late reproduction.
B) slow development.
C) a low reproductive rate.
D) large body size.
E) little parental care of offspring.

Question 39

Density-independent factors:

A) influence population size and are in turn influenced by changes in population density.
B) may be the result of intense interspecific competition.
C) are typically abiotic.
D) may include parasites.
E) may include diseases.

Question 40

The moose population on Isle Royale is an example of:

A) interspecific scramble competition.
B) intraspecific scramble competition.
C) interspecific contest competition.
D) intraspecific contest competition.
E) both intraspecific contest competition and scramble competition.

Question 41

The Earth's carrying capacity is:

A) 1 billion.
B) 1 million.
C) 4 billion.
D) 16 billion.
E) unknown.

Question 42

Less-developed countries may be characterized by:

A) low fertility rates.
B) high GNI PPPs.
C) low doubling times.
D) high use of contraception.
E) high infant mortality rates.

Question 43

The world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to:

A) increased immigration.
B) increased emigration.
C) decreased death rates.
D) increased birth rates.
E) decreased birth rates.

Question 44

A human population that is shrinking would be characterized by:

A) a large proportion of prereproductive individuals.
B) a small proportion of prereproductive individuals.
C) a large proportion of reproductive individuals.
D) an equal number of individuals of all age groups.
E) a small proportion of postreproductive individuals.

Question 45

These are good habitats where local reproductive success is greater than local mortality:

A) metahabitats.
B) sink habitats.
C) source populations.
D) source habitats.
E) r-selected habitats.

Question 46

Write out the growth equation including the following factors: natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration.Provide a one-sentence explanation for the impact of each of these factors on the population growth rate.

Question 47

By the end of the 21^st century, it is expected that the human population will:

A) increase at the fastest rate in the highly developed countries.
B) increase at the fastest rate in the less developed countries.
C) increase at similar rates in all countries.
D) decrease at similar rates in all countries.
E) achieve zero population growth.

Question 48

Figure 53-6
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Figure 53-6 represents the age structure diagram of:

A) the transition stage.
B) the preindustrial state.
C) a moderately developed country.
D) a developing country.
E) a highly developed country.

Question 49

These generally have greater population densities than less suitable sites:

A) metahabitats.
B) sink habitats.
C) source populations.
D) source habitats.
E) K-selected habitats.

Question 50

Figure 53-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 53-5.The survivorship curve for elephants would be represented by the curve labeled:

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) Either A or C.It would depend upon the species.
E) Elephant populations would be better represented by a curve falling between A and B.

Question 51

Figure 53-6
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
If the pattern remains the same, in 50 years the population in Figure 53-6 would:

A) be experiencing slow growth.
B) be experiencing rapid growth.
C) be experiencing steady state growth.
D) be experiencing negative growth.
E) No prediction could be made using these data.

Question 52

Which of the following pairs is incorrect?

A) highly developed countries-infant mortality rate close to 7 per 1000
B) moderately developed countries-fertility rate near 2
C) less developed countries-fertility rate near 5
D) Worldwide-27% of the population is less than 15 years old
E) United States-doubling time 100 years

Question 53

A population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a:

A) metapopulation.
B) life table.
C) survivorship curve.
D) source population.
E) sink population.

Question 54

Figure 53-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 53-5.A population that produces a large number of offspring, but the offspring must survive independently, would be represented by the curve labeled:

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) Either A or B.
E) Either A, B, or C.

Question 55

The percentages of a population at different ages are known as the:

A) growth rate.
B) age structure.
C) biotic potential.
D) density.
E) fecundity.

Question 56

In a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will:

A) continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels.
B) decline even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels.
C) increase only if the fertility rate is above replacement levels.
D) decline only if the replacement level fertility rate changes.
E) reach ZPG sooner than with a low proportion of prereproductive individuals.

Question 57

The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime is known as:

A) age structure.
B) replacement-level fertility.
C) natality.
D) total fertility rate.
E) infant mortality rate.

Question 58

Surplus individuals in the __________ disperse and find another habitat in which to settle and reproduce.

A) metahabitats
B) sink habitats
C) source populations
D) source habitats
E) K-selected populations.

Question 59

In a population characterized by type III survivorship, the probability of survival __________ with age.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) does not change
D) first decreases then increases
E) first increases then decreases

Question 60

This British clergyman and economist was one of the first to recognize that the human population cannot continue to increase indefinitely:

A) Malthus
B) Gause
C) Schoener
D) Peterson
E) Hastings

Question 61

Members of a(n) r-selected species typically have a short lifespan.
____________________

Question 62

Compare and contrast Type I and Type III survivorship curves.Sketch a correctly labeled graph to support your comparison.BONUS: Identify two organisms that represent each of the two types of survivorship strategies discussed here.

Question 63

Interference competition is also called contest competition.
____________________

Question 64

Sketch an exponential growth curve with correctly labeled axes.Identify two organisms and the conditions under which they might demonstrate such growth.

Question 65

In Type-I survivorship, the young have a high probability of surviving.
____________________

Question 66

Consumption overpopulation occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources.
____________________

Question 67

Oysters have a Type-II survivorship curve.
____________________

Question 68

Territoriality often results in clumped dispersion.
____________________

Question 69

Scramble competition results when all individuals in a population share the limited resources.
____________________

Question 70

A(n) exponential growth curve levels off at the carrying capacity.
____________________

Question 71

K strategists typically produce large numbers of offspring.
____________________

Question 72

An example of a density-independent factor is predation.
____________________

Question 73

An exponential growth curve has a J shape.
____________________

Question 74

The largest population that can be maintained in an environment for an indefinite period of time is called the carrying capacity.
____________________

Question 75

Species that exhibit repeated reproductive cycles are said to be semelparous.
____________________

Question 76

Source habitats are areas where reproductive success is less than local mortality.
____________________

Question 77

Most insects and invertebrates are said to be iteroparous.
____________________

Question 78

A density-dependent factor is an example of a negative feedback system.
____________________

Question 79

A killing frost is an example of a density-independent factor.
____________________

Question 80

The most common spacing is random dispersion.
____________________