Deck 42: Neural Regulation

Question 1

The central nervous system contains:

A) all sympathetic nerves.
B) all parasympathetic nerves.
C) all sensory receptors.
D) only the cerebrum and cerebellum.
E) a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to observe brain function by:

A) examining intracellular second messengers.
B) monitoring gene activation.
C) examining changes in blood flow to different parts of the brain.
D) measuring neurotransmitter-receptor binding effectiveness.
E) measuring hormone levels.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The embryonic forebrain gives rise to all of the following structures in the adult brain except:

A) the cerebellum.
B) the hypothalamus.
C) the cerebrum.
D) the telencephalon.
E) the thalamus.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Figure 42-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Based on Figure 42-1, the __________ is much more developed in amphibians than in reptiles.

A) cerebellum
B) cerebrum
C) optic lobe
D) olfactory tract
E) corpus striatum

Question 5

Figure 42-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The function of the structure labeled 4 in Figure 41-1 is to:

A) regulate respiration.
B) coordinate complex muscular activities.
C) interpret visual stimuli.
D) act as a relay center for motor and sensory messages.
E) integrate olfactory information.

Question 6

Figure 42-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The difference between the gray and white matter of the cerebrum is that:

A) gray matter makes up the core, while white matter makes up the cortex.
B) gray matter contains dendrites, while white matter contains cell bodies.
C) gray matter contains unmyelinated axons, while white matter contains cell bodies.
D) gray matter contains cell bodies, while white matter does not.
E) gray matter is in the right hemisphere, while white matter is in the left one.

Question 7

Which of the following structures is responsible for the control of the heartbeat and blood pressure?

A) pons
B) hypothalamus
C) medulla
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus

Question 8

Which of the following statements about mollusks is true?

A) All have visceral ganglia, which control the opening and closing of the shell.
B) Cephalopod mollusks are capable of learning and are considered the most intelligent of the invertebrates.
C) They have cerebral ganglia, which control the movement of the foot.
D) They have three pairs of ganglia that are unconnected and function independently.
E) They have two pairs of ganglia that are connected in a ladder-like fashion.

Question 9

Figure 42-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following statements about the neocortex is false?

A) specialized cerebral cortex
B) association area
C) extensive in mammals
D) found to some extent in all vertebrates
E) responsible for higher learning

Question 10

The structure of the spinal cord and the brain are different in that:

A) the spinal cord has only white matter, but the brain has both white and gray matter.
B) the spinal cord has gray matter outside, but the brain has gray matter inside.
C) the spinal cord has white matter outside, but the brain has white matter inside.
D) the spinal cord has both white and gray matter, but the brain has only gray matter.
E) Actually, the location of the gray and white matter is the same in both.

Question 11

The sensory nerves of the somatic portion of the peripheral nervous system:

A) transmit information from internal receptors to the central nervous system.
B) transmit information from sensory organs to the central nervous system.
C) transmit information from the central nervous system to glands.
D) transmit information from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.
E) regulate cardiac activity.

Question 12

Cerebrospinal fluid occupies the space between the:

A) dura mater and skull.
B) dura mater and pia mater.
C) arachnoid and pia mater.
D) pia mater and brain.
E) dura mater and arachnoid.

Question 13

All of the following are evolutionary trends in the development of nervous systems for bilaterally symmetrical animals except:

A) an increased number of neurons.
B) concentration of neurons.
C) specialization of function.
D) simplistic synaptic contacts allowing integration.
E) cephalization.

Question 14

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment is the:

A) telencephalic nervous system.
B) autonomic nervous system.
C) thalamic nervous system.
D) somatic nervous system.
E) hypothalamic nervous system.

Question 15

The size of the cerebellum in an animal correlates to:

A) the amount of communication between the ventricles and the hindbrain.
B) the size of that animal.
C) the intelligence of that animal.
D) the complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal.
E) the animal's ability to smell.

Question 16

Which brain structure is incorrectly matched with its function?

A) thalamus-relays messages to cerebrum
B) pons-regulates emotional response
C) medulla-regulates coughing and sneezing
D) cerebellum-regulates muscle coordination
E) inferior colliculi-regulate auditory reflexes

Question 17

Which portion of the brain is the main regulator of internal organs?

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) cerebrum
D) thalamus
E) pons

Question 18

The nerve net of Hydra:

A) contains a central control organ and connected neurons.
B) sends electrical signals in only one direction.
C) allows the organism to respond to stimuli approaching from any direction.
D) produces a signal that intensifies as it radiates from its point of origin.
E) cannot coordinate the movement of all tentacles at once.

Question 19

If a physician wanted to collect spinal fluid for analysis s/he would want to place a needle:

A) between the dura mater and skull.
B) between the dura mater and pia mater.
C) between the arachnoid and pia mater.
D) between the pia mater and brain.
E) between the dura mater and arachnoid.

Question 20

Which of the following is not common to all vertebrates?

A) a forebrain
B) a hindbrain
C) a convoluted cerebrum
D) a dorsal tubular spinal cord
E) a midbrain

Question 21

Which of the following cerebral areas is correctly matched with its function?

A) occipital lobes-control auditory centers
B) temporal lobes-control skeletal muscles
C) frontal lobes-control visual centers
D) parietal lobes-receive sensations of heat, touch, pressure
E) substantia nigra-control learning and language

Question 22

Figure 42-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 42-2.The surface labeled 4 is:

A) dorsal.
B) ventral.
C) medial.
D) lateral.
E) frontal.

Question 23

Figure 42-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
As you are working on this exam, which of the following brain waves will be the most active?

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) gamma waves
E) rapid, irregular waves

Question 24

Which of the following statements describes why you respond to your alarm clock in the morning by turning it off?

A) The reticular activating system sends a stimulus to the cerebral cortex.
B) The number of alpha waves emitted by the brain increases.
C) The number of theta waves emitted by the brain increases.
D) The cortex of the cerebellum is stimulated.
E) The limbic system is stimulated.

Question 25

Figure 42-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 42-2.The neuron labeled 3 is:

A) an interneuron in the gray mater of the cord.
B) an interneuron in the white mater of the cord.
C) a sensory neuron in the gray mater of the cord.
D) a sensory neuron in the white mater of the cord.
E) a motor neuron in the gray mater of the cord.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about reflex actions is true?

A) Reflex actions regulate breathing.
B) Some reflex actions are unpredictable and may require conscious thought.
C) When you withdraw your hand from a hot stove, the feeling of pain is part of the reflex response.
D) Awareness of the heat of fire must occur before a withdrawal reflex can take place.
E) Reflex actions involve five types of neurons.

Question 27

Severing the corpus callosum would not specifically affect:

A) a person's ability to interpret speech.
B) a person's sense of balance.
C) the pathway connecting the brain and the spinal cord.
D) communication between the two hemispheres.
E) the withdrawal reflex.

Question 28

The size of the motor area in the brain for any specific body part is relative to:

A) the rest of the body.
B) its position in the body.
C) the complexity of its movements.
D) the number of muscles it contains.
E) the area of the brain that controls it.

Question 29

The limbic system affects all of the following except:

A) sexual behavior.
B) motivation.
C) evaluating rewards.
D) the sleep-wake cycle.
E) fighting behavior.

Question 30

Which statement concerning REM sleep is true?

A) During the REM stage, delta waves are emitted.
B) Most people spend almost all of their sleep time in the REM stage.
C) The preoptic area of the hypothalamus stimulates REM sleep.
D) During REM sleep, blood flow to the entire brain decreases.
E) REM sleep is absolutely necessary, as a lack of this stage causes anxiety and irritability.

Question 31

Figure 42-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 42-2.The type of neuron labeled 1 is:

A) a motor neuron.
B) a basal ganglion.
C) a sensory neuron.
D) a presynaptic neuron.
E) an interneuron.

Question 32

Figure 42-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 42-2.When an electrical impulse travels along the neuron labeled 2:

A) the hand will be extended.
B) the hand will be withdrawn.
C) the fingers will flex.
D) the fingers will extend.
E) the hand will remain stationary.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A) cushioning the brain
B) cushioning the spinal cord
C) providing the brain with nutrients
D) removing wastes from the brain
E) transmitting impulses

Question 34

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the:

A) central sulcus.
B) corpus callosum.
C) substantia nigra.
D) central canal.
E) corpus striatum.

Question 35

The meninges are composed of:

A) bone and dura mater only.
B) dura mater and arachnoid only.
C) arachnoid and pia mater only.
D) dura mater, pia mater, and archnoid only.
E) bone, dura mater, pia mater, and archnoid only.

Question 36

The spinal cord is considered to be hollow due to:

A) the presence of ventricles throughout its length.
B) the presence of a central canal.
C) the presence of an encased vessel.
D) the presence of a thin outer cell layer.
E) It is not hollow.

Question 37

When the reticular activating system sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex, a state of __________ results.

A) fatigue
B) confusion
C) alertness
D) anxiety
E) sleep

Question 38

Figure 42-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
During conscious, quiet rest, the brain is emitting:

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) gamma waves.
E) rapid, irregular waves.

Question 39

The choroid plexus functions to:

A) cushion the brain.
B) control coordination of movement.
C) produce the cerebrospinal fluid.
D) transmit nerve impulses to specialized regions in the brain.
E) divide the right and left hemispheres.

Question 40

Which of the following statements concerning the spinal cord is false?

A) It shows some plasticity and ability for training.
B) It serves as a nerve corridor from the body to the brain.
C) It is responsible for some reflexive actions.
D) It is composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and axons but not glial cells.
E) It contains both sensory and motor nerves.

Question 41

Which of the following statements concerning long-term potentiation is false?

A) It is involved in establishing memory.
B) It involves an increased strength of synaptic connections.
C) It occurs between two neurons.
D) It occurs when action potentials are transmitted for less than one minute.
E) It is involved in learning.

Question 42

A radial nervous system is characteristic of the sea star.
____________________

Question 43

Cocaine can potentially cause convulsions because:

A) the drug increases the clearance of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
B) the drug decreases the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
C) the drug binds to postsynaptic receptors and stimulates depolarization.
D) the drug decreases intracellular calcium levels and therefore blocks release of neurotransmitter.
E) blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.

Question 44

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of the:

A) synaptic connections to change in response to experience.
B) neurons to bend when the body moves.
C) glial cells to move through the nervous system.
D) neuron cell bodies to produce new dendrites.
E) neurotransmitters to remain in the synapse for a longer time.

Question 45

The sympathetic nervous system:

A) is involved in restoring energy to the body.
B) directs quiet, calm activities.
C) is the only system that innervates the heart.
D) is activated when there is a startling situation.
E) is part of the somatic division.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about alcohol is false?

A) Alcohol abuse is responsible for more than 30% of all traffic fatalities.
B) A typical 170lb male can reach the legal level of intoxication by consuming four drinks in one hour.
C) Nearly one of every three high school students experiences negative consequences from alcohol use.
D) Coffee can be used to counteract the drowsiness and depressive effects of alcohol consumption.
E) Fetal alcohol syndrome is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation in the United States.

Question 47

Many antipsychotic medications interfere with neuron function by:

A) blocking serotonin reuptake.
B) blocking dopamine receptors.
C) mimicking the actions of endorphins.
D) stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.
E) causing hyperpolarization.

Question 48

The facial cranial nerves of mammals collect sensory information from the:

A) facial expression and salivary glands.
B) teeth and skin of the face.
C) olfactory epithelium of the nose.
D) muscles of the tongue.
E) cochlea.

Question 49

After receiving a hard blow to the side of his head, a boxer is unable to recognize and interpret words.What is the most likely explanation for this?

A) The cortex of the cerebellum was damaged.
B) The blow affected the processing of visual stimuli.
C) The region of the brain responsible for integrating visual and auditory stimuli was damaged.
D) Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe was damaged.
E) Broca's area of the frontal lobe was damaged.

Question 50

Long-term memory:

A) involves reverberating circuits.
B) is limited to about seven chunks of information at a given time.
C) requires several hours for the memories to become consolidated.
D) is also known as explicit memory.
E) depends on activated receptors that are linked to G proteins.

Question 51

The nervous system is capable of modifying its structure and function in a process known as:

A) hard-wiring.
B) neural plasticity.
C) reflex action.
D) tolerance.
E) ganglia.

Question 52

In which part of the brain are memories stored?

A) association areas of cerebellum
B) several sensory areas
C) limbic lobe of cerebrum
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus
E) primary sensory areas of parietal lobes

Question 53

Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe is involved in the:

A) body's biological clock.
B) coordination of motor activity.
C) recognition and interpretation of words.
D) processing of chemical stimuli.
E) processing of visual stimuli.

Question 54

Spinal nerves:

A) contain only sensory neurons.
B) contain only motor neurons.
C) contain both sensory and motor neurons.
D) form ganglia before they enter and exit the medulla.
E) are part of the central nervous system.

Question 55

Which statement concerning neurotransmitter release at the effector is true?

A) Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons release serotonin.
B) Preganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.
C) Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.
D) Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release acetylcholine.
E) Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is true?

A) The sympathetic system controls external stimuli, while the parasympathetic system controls internal stimuli.
B) The sympathetic system typically stimulates organ activity, while the parasympathetic system typically inhibits it.
C) The sympathetic system is under voluntary control, while control of the parasympathetic is involuntary.
D) Both nervous systems stimulate the activities of many organs.
E) Both release the neurotransmitters serotonin and acetylcholine.

Question 57

Rats placed in isolated and unenriching environments become learning-impaired due to the:

A) increased development of dendritic spines.
B) lack of development of proper neurotransmitters.
C) development of large numbers of glial cells.
D) biochemical changes resulting in a heavier cerebral cortex.
E) poor development of synaptic contacts.

Question 58

What is a reflex action? Make a labeled sketch of the spinal cord and related structures that describes the functioning of the withdrawal reflex.

Question 59

Following a blood clot in the brain, a person is able to say words, but they are unable to put the words together into complete, correct sentences.Which of the following best explains this person's problem?

A) The cortex of the cerebellum was affected by the reduced blood flow.
B) The interruption in blood flow affected the corpus callosum.
C) The region of the brain responsible for integrating visual and auditory stimuli was damaged.
D) Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe was affected by the reduced blood flow.
E) Broca's area of the frontal lobe was affected by the reduced blood flow.

Question 60

Compare and contrast REM and non-REM sleep.

Question 61

As a consequence of your RAS bombarding your cerebral cortex, you feel sleepy.
____________________

Question 62

Annelids and arthropods have a dorsal hollow nerve cord.
____________________

Question 63

MATCHING
Match the part of the brain with its description.
a.cerebellum
d.medulla
b.cerebrum
e.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
is divided into right and left hemispheres

Question 64

In the brain, the visual centers are located in the occipital lobes.
____________________

Question 65

Long-term potentiation involves a long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections.
____________________

Question 66

In mammals, the midbrain consists of the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi.
____________________

Question 67

Explicit memory is also called procedural memory.
____________________

Question 68

MATCHING
Match the part of the brain with its description.
a.cerebellum
d.medulla
b.cerebrum
e.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
center for muscular coordination

Question 69

The central sulcus partially separates the frontal lobes from the temporal lobes.
____________________

Question 70

The limbic system influences emotional aspects of behavior.
____________________

Question 71

Broca's area is located near motor areas in the left frontal lobe.

Question 72

MATCHING
Match the part of the brain with its description.
a.cerebellum
d.medulla
b.cerebrum
e.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
center for memory and learning

Question 73

Nerves of the parasympathetic system typically stimulate organs in response to stress.
____________________

Question 74

The central nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions.
____________________

Question 75

MATCHING
Match the part of the brain with its description.
a.cerebellum
d.medulla
b.cerebrum
e.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
contains centers for controlling body temperature and appetite

Question 76

The gray matter is the inner portion of the cerebrum
____________________

Question 77

MATCHING
Match the part of the brain with its description.
a.cerebellum
d.medulla
b.cerebrum
e.thalamus
c.hypothalamus
contains centers controlling coughing, swallowing, and vomiting

Question 78

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland.
____________________

Question 79

The hindbrain gives rise to the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
____________________

Question 80

Cocaine binds competitively with the dopamine reuptake transporter.
____________________