Deck 22: The Evolution of Primates

Question 1

The earliest primates arose about:

A) 200 million years ago.
B) 125 million years ago.
C) 55 million years ago.
D) 22 million years ago.
E) 12.5 million years ago.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Lemurs are in the suborder:

A) Tarsiformes
B) Prosimii
C) Anthropoidea
D) Hominoidea
E) Pithecinae

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mammals evolved approximately 200 million years ago from:

A) fish.
B) amphibians.
C) reptiles.
D) birds.
E) arthropods.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The earliest primates were:

A) knuckle walkers.
B) bipedal.
C) brachiate.
D) quadrupedal.
E) arboreal.

Question 5

Figure 22-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 22-2.The common hominid ancestor would be found at the position labeled:

A) 13
B) 12
C) 11
D) 10
E) 9

Question 6

Figure 22-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 22-2, representatives of hominoids include all of the following except:

A) 1 thru 3.
B) 1 thru 5.
C) 1 thru 6.
D) 1 thru 7.
E) All listed groups are hominoids.

Question 7

Figure 22-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 22-2.The common hominoid ancestor would be labeled __________ in the diagram.

A) 13
B) 12
C) 11
D) 10
E) 9

Question 8

Scientists who study human evolution are called:

A) anthropologists.
B) human ecologists.
C) anthroecologists.
D) paleoanthropologists.
E) paleontologists.

Question 9

What major feature allows primates to grasp objects?

A) jointed appendages
B) an opposable thumb
C) an enlarged foramen magnum
D) a forelimb with four digits
E) a large brain

Question 10

Anthropoids arose at least:

A) 45 million years ago.
B) 22 million years ago.
C) 10.2 million years ago.
D) 5 million years ago.
E) 2.6 million years ago.

Question 11

Which of the following is thought to be most closely related to the anthropoids?

A) lemurs
B) galagos
C) lorises
D) tarsiers
E) marsupials

Question 12

Figure 22-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 22-1.An important adaptation for all primates resulting from the structure labeled A is:

A) bipedal locomotion.
B) knuckle walking.
C) clinging to branches of trees.
D) increased diversity in the diet.
E) improved social interactions.

Question 13

The suborder Prosimii includes:

A) tarsiers.
B) lemurs, galagos, and lorises.
C) monkeys.
D) monkeys and apes.
E) monkeys, apes, and humans.

Question 14

Which of the following is not characteristic of primates?

A) stereoscopic vision
B) grasping hands
C) large brain size
D) freely rotating limbs
E) claws at the tips of digits

Question 15

The suborder Anthropoidea includes:

A) monkeys, apes, and humans.
B) humans only.
C) apes and monkeys only.
D) lemurs, galagos, and lorises.
E) monkeys and lemurs.

Question 16

Figure 22-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The shared primate characteristic depicted in Figure 22-1 is:

A) a prehensile appendage.
B) an opposable thumb.
C) an enlarged foramen magnum.
D) four grasping digits.
E) an opposable thumb.

Question 17

Figure 22-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The hominoids and the __________ share a common ancestor that diverged to form these two groups.

A) lemurs
B) tarsiers
C) New World monkeys
D) orangutans
E) Old World monkeys

Question 18

Figure 22-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Arrange the following going from the earliest to the most recent according to the time they evolved from a common ancestor. 1)
New World monkeys
2)
Orangutans
3)
Humans
4)
Gibbons
5)
Gorillas

A) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
B) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
C) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
D) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
E) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1

Question 19

Figure 22-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
One characteristic of New World monkeys that separates them from Old World monkeys is:

A) the presence of a prehensile tail.
B) their quadrupedal locomotion.
C) their fully opposable thumb.
D) the downward orientation of their nostrils.
E) their bipedal locomotion.

Question 20

Tarsiers are in the suborder:

A) Tarsiformes
B) Anthropoidea
C) Prosimii
D) Hominoidea
E) Pithecinae

Question 21

The key defining characteristic of hominids is:

A) the use of tools.
B) language.
C) opposable thumbs.
D) bipedal locomotion.
E) loss of supraorbital ridges.

Question 22

The __________ are hominoids that may have given rise to the apes and humans.

A) Pan
B) Australopithecus
C) Aegyptopithecus
D) Dryopithecines
E) Pongo

Question 23

The hominoids arose during the:

A) Miocene epoch.
B) Eocene epoch.
C) Pleistocene epoch.
D) Holocene epoch.
E) Pliocene epoch.

Question 24

Knuckle-walking primates include:

A) Australopithecus.
B) Homo habilis.
C) orangutans.
D) howler monkeys.
E) gorillas.

Question 25

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) gibbon-hominoid
B) chimpanzee-anthropoid
C) Old World monkey-anthropoid
D) human-hominid
E) gorilla-hominid

Question 26

The earliest hominids discovered to date belong to the genus:

A) Australopithecus.
B) Homo.
C) Ardipithecus.
D) Sahelanthropus.
E) Aegyptopithecus.

Question 27

Chimpanzee and hominid lines diverged about:

A) 55 million years ago.
B) 45 million years ago.
C) 26 million years ago.
D) 12.2 million years ago.
E) 6 million years ago.

Question 28

The earliest anthropoid fossil appears to be:

A) Branisella.
B) Eosimias.
C) Dryopithecus.
D) Aegyptopithicus.
E) Ardipithecus.

Question 29

You are studying a fossilized primate skull and notice that the foramen magnum is located at the center of the base of the skull.You conclude that:

A) the skull belonged to a knuckle walker.
B) the skull belonged to a quadruped.
C) the skull belonged to a bipedal primate.
D) the skull belonged to a brachiator.
E) the skull belonged to a gibbon.

Question 30

Gorillas and chimpanzees DO NOT

A) both knuckle walk.
B) both have long arms.
C) are quadrapedal walkers.
D) lack tails.
E) have foramen magnum at the center base of the skull.

Question 31

You are given a box of bones which includes a tall narrow pelvis and a foot with non-aligned toes.Which statement would not be supported by these bones?

A) The animal could brachiate.
B) The animal was a hominoide.
C) The animal was in suborder Arthopidea.
D) The bones belonged to a knuckle walker.
E) The bones belonged to a quadrupedal organism.

Question 32

Which of the following is not an adaptation to bipedalism in early hominids?

A) curvature of the spine
B) shorter pelvis
C) alignment of the big toes with the rest of the toes
D) decrease in the length of the legs relative to the arms
E) moving the foramen magnum to the base of the skull

Question 33

Which feature(s) DID NOT contribute to the ability of humans to maintain an upright body position?

A) curvature of the spine
B) size and position of the pelvis
C) position of the foramen magnum
D) alignment of the toes
E) smaller canines

Question 34

The last continent to be inhabited by monkeys was:

A) South America.
B) Africa.
C) Europe.
D) Asia.
E) Antarctica.

Question 35

The modern human skull lacks:

A) a rounded or U-shaped arrangement of teeth.
B) supraorbital ridges.
C) a large brain case (cranium).
D) small canine teeth.
E) a foramen magnum.

Question 36

The immediate ancestors of the genus Homo belonged to the genus:

A) Australopithecus.
B) Pongo.
C) Pan.
D) Sahelanthropus.
E) Ardipithecus.

Question 37

Brachiate primates include:

A) humans.
B) gibbons.
C) chimpanzees.
D) spider monkeys.
E) gorillas.

Question 38

DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are:

A) chimpanzees.
B) gibbons.
C) gorillas.
D) lemurs.
E) orangutans.

Question 39

The hominoid genus Pongo includes:

A) gorillas.
B) gibbons.
C) orangutans.
D) chimpanzees.
E) humans.

Question 40

The immediate ancestors of the genus Australopithecus is believed to be the genus:

A) Aegyptopithecus.
B) Pongo.
C) Pan.
D) Sahelanthropus.
E) Ardipithecus.

Question 41

The skeleton nicknamed Lucy is:

A) Homo habilis.
B) Australopithecus afarensis.
C) Australopithecus africanus.
D) Ardipithecus ramidus.
E) Homo erectus.

Question 42

Homo habilis may have been the first hominid to:

A) bury its dead.
B) use pictorial symbolism.
C) use fire for cooking and heating.
D) have well-organized family units.
E) consciously designed tools.

Question 43

Based on archaeological evidence, the first spears were made by:

A) Australopithecus africanus.
B) Neandertals.
C) Homo erectus.
D) Cro-Magnons.
E) Homo habilis.

Question 44

Who were the first hominids thought to wear clothing, build fires, and live in caves or shelters?

A) Homo sapiens
B) Australopithecus africanus
C) Australopithecus afarensis
D) Homo habilis
E) Homo erectus

Question 45

DNA analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from the Y chromosome supports the __________ hypothesis of the origin of the species Homo sapiens.

A) out of Africa
B) Homo erectus
C) multiregional
D) multinational
E) Asian focus

Question 46

Recent evidence suggests that the early fossils of Homo erectus may actually represent two species, one being Homo erectus and the other species being:

A) Homo sapiens.
B) Homo africanus.
C) Homo ergaster.
D) Homo habilis.
E) Homo heidelbergensis.

Question 47

Neandertals did not:

A) bury their dead.
B) hunt large animals.
C) make cave paintings, engravings, and sculptures.
D) care for the aged and the sick.
E) have religious rituals.

Question 48

Homo sapiens with anatomically modern features first existed approximately:

A) 2,000 years ago.
B) 4,000 years ago.
C) 10,000 years ago.
D) 40,000 years ago.
E) 200,000 years ago.

Question 49

Australopithecines:

A) were bipedal.
B) had brains equivalent to those of modern humans.
C) had prehensile tails.
D) knuckle walked.
E) had narrow pelvis.

Question 50

Neandertals were first discovered near and named for:

A) the Neander River in Africa.
B) the Neander Valley in India.
C) the Neander Mountains in France.
D) the Neander Bay in Canada.
E) the Neander Valley in Germany.

Question 51

Peking man and Java man, which were discovered in Asia, are later examples of:

A) Australopithecus afarensis.
B) Australopithecus africanus.
C) Homo erectus.
D) Homo sapiens.
E) Homo habilis.

Question 52

Neandertals existed until approximately:

A) 5,000 years ago.
B) 15,000 years ago.
C) 30,000 years ago.
D) 70,000 years ago.
E) 100,000 years ago.

Question 53

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Neandertal bone revealed that:

A) Neandertals did evolve into Homo sapiens.
B) Neandertals exist as certain geographical races of Homo sapiens.
C) Neandertals are the same species as modern Homo sapiens.
D) Neandertals evolved from Homo habilis.
E) Neandertals did not contribute to the modern Homo sapiens gene pool.

Question 54

Archaic Homo sapiens arose about:

A) 2 million years ago.
B) 1.25 million years ago.
C) 400,000 years ago.
D) 30,000 years ago.
E) 10,000 years ago.

Question 55

Homo erectus:

A) was shorter than Homo habilis.
B) had a larger brain than Homo habilis.
C) had more pronounced sexual dimorphism than Homo habilis.
D) was the first member of the genus Homo without pronounced supraorbital ridges.
E) did not use tools.

Question 56

While looking for evidence of early human or humanlike individuals, you discover a cave in which there are paintings, engravings, and sculptures.Which of the following most likely lived in the cave at some time during their life?

A) Australopithecus africanus
B) Neandertals
C) Homo erectus
D) Cro-Magnons
E) Homo habilis

Question 57

The so-called robust australopithecines are:

A) the earliest members of the genus Australopithecus.
B) the line that gave rise to the genus Homo.
C) the hominids that developed from Ardipithecus.
D) a dead-end branch in hominid evolution.
E) an extinct line of hominoids that existed about 6-7 million years ago.

Question 58

Paleoanthropological evidence indicates that Australopithecus afarensis probably:

A) talked, but did not write.
B) talked and used pictorial symbolism.
C) did not talk, but constructed simple tools.
D) did not talk, construct tools, or use fire.
E) did not talk or construct tools, but used fire.

Question 59

Homo erectus existed until approximately:

A) 5,000 years ago.
B) 10,000 years ago.
C) 100,000 years ago.
D) 200,000 years ago.
E) 1,500,000 years ago.

Question 60

The most advanced stone tools were made by:

A) Homo habilis.
B) Homo erectus.
C) Neandertals.
D) Cro-Magnons.
E) Homo africanus.

Question 61

Although the Proconsul fossil has a monkeylike body, it is considered the oldest (20 mya) fossil with hominoid features such as larger canine teeth.
____________________

Question 62

MATCHING
MATCH THE TRAIT WITH THE SKELETON
a.Gorilla
b.Human
complex curvature of the spine

Question 63

Paleoanthropology is the study of the fossil evidence of primate evolution.
____________________

Question 64

Briefly explain the significance of one of the following fossil primates:Aegyptopithecus, Proconsul, and the Dryopithecines.

Question 65

Identify the three suborders of primates and list one to two representatives of each.

Question 66

Why have humans experienced cultural evolution, while other species of primates have not?

A) Humans have greater intelligence than other primates.
B) Humans have a higher level of social organization.
C) Humans live longer than other primates.
D) Humans are unable to escape predators like other primates.
E) Humans are physically stronger than most primates.

Question 67

Differentiate between the following terms: primates, anthropoids, hominoids, and hominids.

Question 68

The cerebrum is more developed in monkeys, apes, and humans compared to other primates.
____________________

Question 69

Opposable thumbs were an adaptation of primates that enabled them to live in trees
____________________

Question 70

In support of the Recent Africa Origin hypothesis, the oldest dated fossils of H.sapiens found in Africa are reliably dated at 100,000 years old.
____________________

Question 71

The foramen magnum at the center rear of the skull is an adaptation for bipedalism in hominids.
____________________

Question 72

The first hominin to have enough uniquely human features to be placed in the same genus as modern humans is Homo erectus.
____________________

Question 73

The estimated world population in 2006 was almost:

A) 750 million.
B) 1 billion.
C) 3 billion.
D) 5 billion.
E) 7 billion.

Question 74

Human, gorilla, and chimpanzee DNA sequences are approximately __________ identical.

A) 28%
B) 48%
C) 68%
D) 88%
E) 98%

Question 75

Stereospecific vision lets primates integrate visual information from both eyes simultaneously.
____________________

Question 76

Choose one of the pairs of hominids below and compare them, including morphology, social development, tool making, etc.
A.
Homo habilis and Homo neanderthalensis
B.
Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens
C.
Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus anamensis
D.
Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus

Question 77

Identify and briefly explain the significance of three skeletal and/or skull differences between apes and hominids.

Question 78

Monkeys belong to the primate suborder Prosimi.
____________________

Question 79

A comparison of the male and female Australopithecus anamensis body size and canine teeth reveals phenotypic similarities between the two sexes of the same species.
____________________

Question 80

The agricultural revolution began approximately __________ years ago.

A) 200,000
B) 100,000
C) 10,000
D) 2,000
E) 1,000