Deck 15: Dna Technology and Genomics

Question 1

The modification of the DNA of an organism to produce new genes with new traits is most properly called:

A) bioengineering.
B) in vitro gene technology.
C) biotechnology.
D) recombinant DNA technology.
E) genetic engineering.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

One feature of "engineered" plasmids that is helpful in the isolation and analysis of cloned DNA is:

A) they can only handle DNA fragments of up to 10 kb.
B) that they are an integral part of all eukaryotic cells.
C) they contain no genetic material of their own so that the cloned fragment is truly isolated.
D) the presence of genes that allow transformed cells to survive on different media.
E) the base sequence of one strand reads the same asits complement

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The total DNA in a cell is referred to as the:

A) genome.
B) cDNA.
C) library.
D) chromosomal DNA.
E) Human Genome project

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Splicing together DNA from 2 different organisms is called:

A) bioengineering.
B) in vitro gene technology.
C) biotechnology.
D) recombinant DNA technology.
E) genetic engineering.

Question 5

Transformation is a process whereby:

A) bacteria are transferred into plasmid cells.
B) viruses are transferred into bacterial cells.
C) plasmids are transferred into bacterial cells.
D) bacteria are transferred into viral cells.
E) plasmids are transferred into viral cells.

Question 6

Which DNA sequence below would be a palindromic sequence?

A) AGCGCT
B) AGCAGC
C) AAAGGG
D) ACACAC
E) AGTCGT

Question 7

What purpose do restriction enzymes play in bacterial cells?

A) Restriction enzymes prevent the overproduction of mRNA in the bacterial cell.
B) Restriction enzymes attack bacteriophage DNA when it enters the cell.
C) Restriction enzymes promote bonding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter.
D) Restriction enzymes limit the rate of bacterial replication.
E) Restriction enzymes connect Okazaki fragments.

Question 8

A large number of copies of any DNA segment can be obtained by:

A) introducing foreign DNA into a microorganism so that it can be replicated.
B) stimulating increased transcription of the appropriate sequence of mRNA.
C) stimulating increased translation of the appropriate DNA molecule.
D) inducing the production of DNA from proteins.
E) stimulating reverse transcription of tRNA.

Question 9

The use of organisms to develop useful products is called:

A) bioengineering.
B) in vitro gene technology.
C) biotechnology.
D) recombinant DNA technology.
E) genetic engineering.

Question 10

A chromosome library is a collection of all of the DNA:

A) that occurs in one species.
B) contained in one chromosome.
C) that would be found in the chromosomes of a typical cell of a particular organism.
D) in a recombinant gene.
E) that codes for functional enzymes in a chromosome of a particular organism.

Question 11

Bacteriophages are:

A) viruses that infect bacteria.
B) plasmids that infect bacteria.
C) bacteria that infect other bacteria.
D) enzymes that destroy bacteria.
E) recombinant organisms.

Question 12

During the preparation of a human genomic library, plasmids containing human DNA fragments are inserted into:

A) compatible human cells.
B) an antibiotic-resistant strain of E.coli to protect the inserted fragments.
C) antibiotic-sensitive E.coli cells that become antibiotic-resistant if transformed.
D) bacteriophages.
E) mRNA molecules.

Question 13

A __________ is required to transfer genes from one organism to another.

A) vector
B) reverse transcriptase
C) transport molecule
D) genetic probe
E) PCR device

Question 14

A genomic library is a collection of:

A) plasmid fragments that are spliced into DNA.
B) DNA fragments that are spliced into plasmids.
C) intron fragments that are spliced into plasmids.
D) exon fragments that are spliced into bacterial cells.
E) gene fragments that are spliced into main bacterial chromosome.

Question 15

In producing a genomic library, human DNA and plasmid DNA must first be treated with:

A) the same restriction enzyme.
B) different restriction enzymes.
C) the same DNA ligase.
D) different DNA ligases.
E) cosmid cloning vectors

Question 16

Bacteria methylate their DNA in order to:

A) prepare for DNA replication.
B) prepare for mitosis.
C) effectively infect other cells.
D) protect it from restriction enzymes.
E) prevent viral DNA from hybridizing with bacterial DNA.

Question 17

Which statement about cloning vectors is false?

A) Bacteriophage cloning vectors can accommodate DNA fragments up to 23 kb.
B) Cloning vectors are molecules capable of transporting a DNA fragment into a cell.
C) Plasmid cloning vectors can accommodate DNA fragments up to 20 kb.
D) Bacterial artificial chromosomes can accommodate fragments up to 200 mb.
E) Cosmid cloning vectors combine the features of both bacteriophages and plasmids.

Question 18

A genomic library consists of fragments of all of the DNA:

A) that occurs in one species.
B) contained in one chromosome.
C) that would be found in a typical cell of a particular organism.
D) in a recombinant gene.
E) that codes for functional enzymes in a typical cell of a particular organism.

Question 19

"Sticky ends" are:

A) the single-stranded ends of a DNA segment created by some restriction enzymes.
B) a problem in recombinant DNA technology because they form loops of single-stranded DNA.
C) double-stranded ends of a DNA segment created by some restriction enzymes.
D) sites of the origin of replication in prokaryotes.
E) sugar molecules that are bound to the ends of a DNA fragment.

Question 20

DNA ligase links two __________ DNA fragments by __________ bonds.

A) complementary; hydrogen
B) circular; covalent
C) palindromic; covalent
D) linear; covalent
E) linear; hydrogen

Question 21

The method for DNA sequencing was developed by:

A) Jacob.
B) Watson.
C) Hershey.
D) Avery.
E) Sanger.

Question 22

The area of genomics that is concerned with mapping and sequencing genomes is called __________ genomics.

A) comparative
B) structural
C) RFLP
D) EST
E) functional

Question 23

In polymerase chain reaction technology, the two strands of DNA are separated by:

A) gel electrophoresis.
B) treating them with restriction enzymes.
C) centrifugation.
D) exposing them to high pH.
E) heating them.

Question 24

If a protein-coding gene is identified, its function can be studied by using RNA interference to __________.

A) produce a RFLP
B) produce an EST
C) turn the gene on
D) turn the gene off
E) induce a mutation

Question 25

Which of the following statements concerning PCR is false?

A) PCR can only be carried out if DNA polymerase is heat-resistant.
B) PCR is used to amplify tiny quantities of DNA in vitro.
C) PCR replicates specific DNA sequences.
D) PCR has applications for archaeology and crime scene analysis.
E) PCR utilizes a heat-sensitive Taq polymerase.

Question 26

The major problem with polymerase chain reaction is:

A) keeping the DNA strands intact.
B) that it works on only some DNA sequences.
C) that the amplified product is often degraded.
D) that it is too slow.
E) contamination.

Question 27

Figure 15-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
What process or enzyme was used for Step 1 in Figure 15-1?

A) PCR
B) a bacteriophage
C) a reverse transcriptase
D) a DNA ligase
E) a restriction enzyme

Question 28

The chain termination method is used in:

A) DNA sequencing.
B) gel electrophoresis.
C) Southern blotting.
D) DNA ligation.
E) polymerase chain reaction.

Question 29

Gene targeting:

A) requires individuals that are homozygous for the knockout gene in every cell.
B) is usually studied in organisms in which the knockout gene is homozygous in only one cell type.
C) involves the study of knockout genes in the embryo-derived stem cells of mice.
D) is a fairly rapid process since it is conducted entirely in vitro.
E) involves the excision of the target genes, which are then "knocked out."

Question 30

__________ is a technique that can be used to separate DNA molecules on the basis of their size.

A) Separation gradient
B) Electrophoresis
C) Selective sorting
D) Cloning
E) PCR

Question 31

Dideoxynucleotides are used in:

A) DNA ligation.
B) Southern blotting.
C) polymerase chain reaction.
D) DNA sequencing.
E) gel electrophoresis.

Question 32

Which of the following statements regarding cDNA libraries is false?

A) They are usually double stranded DNA.
B) They are composed of DNA synthesized with the use of reverse transcriptase.
C) They are composed of DNA synthesized from an mRNA template.
D) They contain introns and exons.
E) They contain DNA that is complementary to the mRNA from which it was synthesized.

Question 33

The presence of detectable variation in the genomes of different individuals of a population is termed:

A) DNA sequencing.
B) DNA electrophoresis.
C) DNA tandem repeats.
D) polymorphism.
E) DNA profiling.

Question 34

Gene targeting is currently being used in all of the following applications except:

A) study of immune system function.
B) investigations into cancer.
C) study of respiratory diseases.
D) forensic science.
E) the study of development of embryos.

Question 35

Figure 15-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 15-1.The use of antibiotic medium at the end of this process:

A) selects against plasmids containing human DNA fragments.
B) selects for plasmids containing particular DNA fragments.
C) selects for bacteria containing plasmids.
D) selects for bacteria lacking plasmids.
E) prevents contamination of the medium.

Question 36

Figure 15-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
To avoid the introduction of introns into the vector, a __________ copy of mature mRNA is made, using the enzyme __________.

A) sDNA; RNA polymerase
B) cDNA; DNA ligase
C) cDNA; reverse transcriptase
D) sDNA; reverse transcriptase
E) cDNA; DNA polymerase

Question 37

Southern blotting is a process where __________ is transferred from a gel to a __________ where a probe can be applied.

A) DNA; water solution
B) protein; water solution
C) DNA; nitrocellulose filter
D) RNA; nitrocellulose filter
E) protein; nitrocellulose filter

Question 38

The polymerase chain reaction was devised by:

A) Francis Crick.
B) Walter Gilbert.
C) E.M.Southern.
D) Kary Mullis.
E) Leland Hartwell.

Question 39

How is reverse transcriptase used to clone genes?

A) Reverse transcriptase is used to make a cDNA copy of an mRNA strand.
B) Reverse transcriptase is used to make a cloned DNA copy of a plasmid DNA molecule.
C) Reverse transcriptase is necessary to read the information contained on the cDNA molecule.
D) Reverse transcriptase transcribes RNA from cDNA in reverse order.
E) Reverse transcriptase transcribes cDNA into RNA without transcription of introns.

Question 40

The amplification of recombinant plasmids occurs by:

A) the growth of the plasmid DNA.
B) DNA replication of plasmids outside a host cell.
C) the process of growth and division of the host cell.
D) transformation of bacterial cells.
E) the polymerase chain reaction.

Question 41

To produce a genomic library DNA, DNA fragments are incorporated into plasmids which are injected in bacteria.
__________________

Question 42

Proteomics is made complicated by the fact that:

A) gene therapy is in its infancy.
B) DNA sequencing requires powerful computers.
C) the response to a drug varies with the individual.
D) certain genes encode several different proteins.
E) cells of different tissues contain the same kinds of proteins.

Question 43

The FBI currently determines an individual's DNA profile using:

A) DNA sequencing.
B) mitochondrial DNA variations.
C) RFLPs.
D) DNA ligation.
E) 13 STR markers.

Question 44

In the process by which cDNA is formed, reverse transcriptase is used to produce _____ from _______.

A) double-stranded cDNA; single-stranded mRNA
B) double-stranded mRNA; single-stranded cDNA
C) single-stranded cDNA; single-stranded mRNA
D) single-stranded mRNA; single-stranded cDNA
E) double-stranded cDNA; double-stranded mRNA

Question 45

An organism in which foreign genes have been incorporated is called a:

A) recombinant organism.
B) transgene.
C) polymorphism
D) transgenic organism.
E) recombinant.

Question 46

List and briefly explain three properties of plasmids that allow them to be used as effective DNA cloning vectors.

Question 47

In the field of plant transgenics, the use of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens has proven useful because:

A) it is not attacked by plant immune systems.
B) it has been genetically engineered to penetrate the plant cell wall.
C) it can directly modify the plant genome, causing it to make useful products for humans.
D) it is found naturally in almost all species of plants.
E) it is able to transfer a plasmid into host plant cells.

Question 48

Why is human blood clotting factor VIII produced by genetically engineered bacteria better to treat hemophilia type A than the clotting factor isolated from human or animal blood?

A) Recombinantly produced clotting factor has a longer shelf life than natural clotting factor.
B) Clotting factor isolated from blood can transmit infectious agents.
C) Clotting factor isolated from human blood can cause transfusion reactions.
D) Recombinantly produced clotting factor is free of blood thinning factors.
E) Natural clotting factor from blood is not very active.

Question 49

Introducing a gene for a surface protein produced by a disease-causing agent into a nonpathogenic vector is a method to:

A) produce a new pathogen.
B) create a new life form.
C) inactivate a pathogen.
D) activate a nonpathogenic vector.
E) produce a recombinant vaccine.

Question 50

Why is insulin produced by genetically engineered E.coli cells superior to insulin obtained from animal sources?

A) Animal insulin has a shorter life span than insulin produced using recombinant DNA techniques.
B) It contains human rather than animal sequences, reducing the chances of an allergic response.
C) Animal insulin is more difficult to purify than is recombinantly produced insulin.
D) Recombinantly produced insulin has a much higher activity level.
E) Recombinantly produced insulin is easier to obtain than insulin from animals.

Question 51

Why is it unlikely that genetically engineered strains of bacteria would pose a threat to the environment?

A) Genetically engineered bacteria cannot survive exposure to UV radiation.
B) Genetically engineered strains of bacteria are strictly regulated, making accidental release unlikely.
C) Genetically engineered strains of bacteria cannot survive exposure to oxygen.
D) Genetically engineered strains of bacteria are poor competitors of wild strains.
E) Genetically engineered strains of bacteria require supplemental nutrients to survive.

Question 52

The ratio of different-colored fluorescent dyes in microarray can be used to infer information about:

A) patterns of gene expression only.
B) drug activity only.
C) the identity of disease-causing genes only.
D) patterns of gene expression and also drug activity only.
E) patterns of gene expression, drug activity and the identify of disease-causing genes.

Question 53

Define the term restriction enzyme, and give two examples of ways in which these enzymes are used in recombinant DNA technology.

Question 54

Figure 15-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The columns in Figure 15-3 represent F (for female), C (for children), and M (for male).The presence of the band marked with arrow #1 shows that:

A) this DNA sequence was inherited by both children from their father.
B) this DNA sequence was inherited by both children from their mother.
C) this DNA sequence was inherited by only one child from the father.
D) this DNA sequence was inherited by only one child from the mother.
E) individual M is not the father of these children.

Question 55

Figure 15-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The columns in Figure 15-3 represent F (for female), C (for children), and M (for male).The presence of the band marked with arrow #2, shows that:

A) this DNA sequence in the children is a mutation.
B) this DNA sequence in the children is inherited from their mother.
C) this DNA sequence in the children is inherited from their father.
D) this sequence in the children is inherited from both their mother and father.
E) individual F is not the mother of these children.

Question 56

Cosmid cloning vectors accomodate much larger fragments of DNA than bacterial artificial chromosomes.
__________________

Question 57

How may recombinant genes be introduced into grain plants?

A) by the use of Ti vectors
B) by the use of plasmids as vectors
C) by the use of genetic shotguns
D) by the use of radioactive probes
E) by the use of bacteriophages as vectors

Question 58

Figure 15-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Retroviruses make __________ by the process of __________.

A) RNA copies of DNA; reverse transcription
B) DNA copies of RNA; reverse transcription
C) genetic probes; Southern blotting
D) genetic probes; Northern blotting
E) telomerase; mutagenesis

Question 59

Identify two important proteins that are produced using genetic engineering techniques.Briefly discuss why the genetic engineering techniques used are preferred over the other methods of producing each of the proteins that you identified.

Question 60

The method of choice to determine a DNA profile on DNA-containing forensic evidence that is old or has been damaged is:

A) nuclear DNA sequencing.
B) mitochondrial DNA sequencing.
C) STR profiling.
D) DNA ligation.
E) RFLPs.

Question 61

When RNAs separated by electrophoresis are transferred to a membrane and detected using a nucleic acid probe the result is called a Western Blot.
__________________

Question 62

cDNA sequences are expressed sequence tags (EST) that identify protein coding genes.

Question 63

MATCHING
Match the sequence of the steps for the Southern Blot assay.
a.visualize DNA fragments using UV light
d.place filter and radioactively labeled probe together in sealed bag
b.resulting radiograph shows hybridized DNA fragments
e.load DNA fragments on gel and separate by electrophoresis
c.blotting buffer transfers DNA fragments toDNA binding filter
step 1

Question 64

What is meant by a genetic shotgun?

Question 65

MATCHING
Match the sequence of the steps for the Southern Blot assay.
a.visualize DNA fragments using UV light
d.place filter and radioactively labeled probe together in sealed bag
b.resulting radiograph shows hybridized DNA fragments
e.load DNA fragments on gel and separate by electrophoresis
c.blotting buffer transfers DNA fragments toDNA binding filter
step2

Question 66

What are transgenic organisms? Explain the rationale behind using these organisms to produce some of the proteins needed for human use, instead of relying solely on proteins produced by genetically engineered E.coli.

Question 67

MATCHING
Match the sequence of the steps for the Southern Blot assay.
a.visualize DNA fragments using UV light
d.place filter and radioactively labeled probe together in sealed bag
b.resulting radiograph shows hybridized DNA fragments
e.load DNA fragments on gel and separate by electrophoresis
c.blotting buffer transfers DNA fragments toDNA binding filter
How does a cDNA library differ from a genomic library? How are cDNA libraries significant to the production of eukaryotic gene products?

Question 68

When DNA ligase is used to combine a human fragment with a plasmid, the result is a redundant plasmid.
__________________

Question 69

After a protein coding gene is identified, its function can be studied by using RNA interference to activate the gene.

Question 70

The chain termination method of DNA sequencing is based on a replicating DNA strand incorporating a deoxynucleotide that stops the chain elongation.
__________________

Question 71

MATCHING
Match the sequence of the steps for the Southern Blot assay.
a.visualize DNA fragments using UV light
d.place filter and radioactively labeled probe together in sealed bag
b.resulting radiograph shows hybridized DNA fragments
e.load DNA fragments on gel and separate by electrophoresis
c.blotting buffer transfers DNA fragments toDNA binding filter
step 4

Question 72

A cDNA library is complementary to DNA and does not contain introns.
__________________

Question 73

If a(n) intron containing a human gene sequence is inserted into a prokaryote cell, that molecule will produce a functional protein product.
__________________

Question 74

______ is an example of a plant that is genetically modified to produce high quantities of beta-carotene for conversion to vitamin A.

A) Tobacco
C) Rice
E) Watermelon
B) Corn
D) Apple

Question 75

MATCHING
Match the sequence of the steps for the Southern Blot assay.
a.visualize DNA fragments using UV light
d.place filter and radioactively labeled probe together in sealed bag
b.resulting radiograph shows hybridized DNA fragments
e.load DNA fragments on gel and separate by electrophoresis
c.blotting buffer transfers DNA fragments toDNA binding filter
step 5

Question 76

Transgenic organisms are used to aid studies of:

A) genetic diseases.
D) viral diseases.
B) gene expression.
E) genes involved in cancer development.
C) immune system function.

Question 77

MATCHING
Match the sequence of the steps for the Southern Blot assay.
a.visualize DNA fragments using UV light
d.place filter and radioactively labeled probe together in sealed bag
b.resulting radiograph shows hybridized DNA fragments
e.load DNA fragments on gel and separate by electrophoresis
c.blotting buffer transfers DNA fragments toDNA binding filter
step 3

Question 78

Comparative genomics deals with the function of genes and nongene sequences in genomes.

Question 79

Explain how DNA sequencing can be accomplished using dideoxynucleotides.