Deck 5: What Do Infants Know and When and How Do They Know It

Question 1

The most investigated but least developed of all the human senses at birth is

A)touch.
B)vision.
C)hearing.
D)taste.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not needed to work in harmony with the others produce clear vision?

A)focusing the pupils on a specific object
B)coordinating both eyes' movements to integrate their different images into a single one
C)tracking moving targets
D)regulating the amount of light that comes into the eyes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Infants between 2 and 4 months old beginning to prefer stimuli that are moderately novel seems to be based on a stimulus's

A)familiarity.
B)psychological significance.
C)rather than its physical characteristics.
D)representation of a previously seen object.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Information associated with the movement of objects that a person watches is called

A)stereoscopic cues.
B)kinetic cues.
C)monocular cues.
D)spatial cues.

Question 5

Which of the following is necessary for depth perception?

A)intermodal perception
B)monocular cues
C)visual tracking
D)binocular convergence

Question 6

Habituation/dehabituation reflects a basic form of

A)auditory acuity.
B)emotion.
C)memory.
D)perception.

Question 7

Humans usually attain an adult level of visual acuity at about

A)4 weeks.
B)8 months.
C)1 year.
D)6 years.

Question 8

A decrease in an infant's response as a result of the repeated presentation of a stimulus is a result of

A)lack of understanding.
B)lack of interest.
C)lack of clear vision.
D)lack of trust.

Question 9

Neuropsychological evidence from both human and nonhuman animals shows that when they look at faces,

A)their heart rates increase.
B)they experience prosopagnosia.
C)the information is processed less effectively than information about other stimuli.
D)specific areas of the brain are activated.

Question 10

Infants look longer at patterns that

A)are colorful.
B)have more information.
C)have less information.
D)are larger.

Question 11

At about 2 months of age, infants change how they look at faces in that they

A)no longer show a preference for familiar faces.
B)no longer have a preference for faces over other visual stimuli.
C)focus their attention on internal facial features.
D)begin to scan the outside of faces.

Question 12

An idealized habituation/dehabituation curve indicates that infants

A)can tell the difference between two stimuli.
B)shows a constant preference for one of two stimuli.
C)has a lack of interest in both stimuli.
D)prefer certain colors over others.

Question 13

Newborns can see objects most clearly

A)about 2 to 4 inches away.
B)about 8 to 10 inches away.
C)about 1 to 2 feet away.
D)about 3 to 4 feet away.

Question 14

A measure of infants' ability to copy behaviors that they witnessed some time earlier as an indication of memory is

A)operant conditioning.
B)brain activation.
C)respiration.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 15

All of the following are true about 2- to-3-month-old infants who are placed at the edge of a visual cliff except

A)they exhibited depth perception.
B)they exhibited fear.
C)their heart rates increased.
D)they exhibited interest.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a looking measure used to study infant perception and cognition?

A)visual preference
B)facial expressions
C)habituation/dishabitutation
D)violation of expectation

Question 17

At birth, infants have little focusing ability, called

A)processing
B)acclimation.
C)accommodation.
D)externality

Question 18

In cognitive studies of infants, the term "preference" refers to

A)liking one person more than another.
B)choosing one thing over another.
C)lack of discrimination.
D)perceptual bias.

Question 19

Babies were placed in a looking chamber and shown a series of visual stimuli in random order in Fantz's

A)visual preference paradigm.
B)violation-of-expectation method.
C)categorization paradigm.
D)invisible displacement method.

Question 20

All of the following are associated with pictorial cues except

A)they cause a defensive blinking reflex.
B)they can be perceived even with one eye closed.
C)they require an understanding of visual perspective.
D)they allow the perception of three dimensions from a two-dimensional target.

Question 21

Auditory perception begins

A)prenatally.
B)at birth.
C)a few days after birth.
D)a few weeks after birth.

Question 22

Infants are able to detect changes in eye gaze as small as 5 visual degrees-the difference between someone looking at the infant's ear instead of directly into his or her eyes-by what age?

A)2 to 3 weeks
B)3 ½ months
C)4 to 5 months
D)10 to 12 months

Question 23

By 3 to 4 months of age, infants begin to do all of the following except

A)distinguish more easily among male than female faces.
B)pay more attention to faces than to other visual stimuli.
C)make more subtle distinctions among faces, using spatial relations.
D)process upright faces more effectively than upside-down faces.

Question 24

Infants show the most interest in faces whose eyes

A)are open.
B)are averted.
C)are closed.
D)are large.

Question 25

Why did Kuhl describe young infants as "citizens of the world"?

A)because they are born equally ready to acquire any of the world's languages
B)because they enjoy music from all cultures in the world
C)because they retain the ability to identify the phonemes of all the world's languages
D)because their senses develop at about the same rate regardless of where they are born

Question 26

At about what age are adult-like auditory abilities achieved in humans?

A)3 months
B)12 months
C)6 years
D)10 years

Question 27

Infants are most attentive to

A)female voices with a low pitch.
B)classical music.
C)infant-directed speech.
D)maternal singing.

Question 28

Which of the following is not true of adults?

A)They process upright human faces more effectively than upside-down human faces.
B)They process upright human faces differently from upside-down human faces.
C)They process upright monkey faces more effectively than upside-down monkey faces.
D)They process upside-down monkey faces just like other visual stimuli except human faces.

Question 29

Researchers generally agree about all of the following except

A)there are dedicated and complex areas of the brain for processing faces.
B)the processing of faces is an evolutionarily old ability.
C)the processing of faces develops as a result of experience in infancy and childhood.
D)the processing of faces is ability unique to humans.

Question 30

By about 9 months of age, infants can make all of the distinctions in faces except

A)gender.
B)age.
C)race.
D)orientation.

Question 31

At the same time that infants are losing their abilities to discriminate among foreign phonemes, they are able to

A)make great progress in pronouncing phonemes in their native language.
B)distinguish phonemes that are spoken with an increasing lower pitch.
C)maintain a full range of speech flexibility to allow them to learn other languages later.
D)make increasingly fine discriminations among the phonemes in their mother tongue.

Question 32

Children with hearing impairments often experience significant handicaps in a variety of areas of

A)cognitive development.
B)physical development.
C)fine motor development.
D)neurological development.

Question 33

What are phonemes?

A)accents of different languages
B)individual words
C)individual sounds that make up words
D)meanings of individual sounds

Question 34

Research involving adults and infants listening to both Western and Javanese music found that ___

A)Infants preferred Javanese music over Western music.
B)Infants distinguished between in-tune versus out-of-tune Javanese music better than adults.
C)Adults and infants distinguished between in-tune versus out-of-tune Javanese music equally well.
D)Adults distinguished between in-tune versus out-of-tune Javanese music better than infants.

Question 35

The most studied form of intermodal integration is between

A)vision and touch.
B)vision and audition.
C)audition and speech.
D)vision and speech.

Question 36

Which of the following is not true of newborns?

A)They require a louder level of sound than do adults to hear clearly.
B)They are relatively good at identifying where a sound comes from.
C)They prefer low-pitched sounds to high-pitched sounds.
D)They are often described as being hard of hearing.

Question 37

Face perception seems to become increasingly specialized during the period

A)from 1 to 3 weeks of age.
B)from 2 to 4 months of age.
C)from 3 to 9 months of age.
D)from 10 to 18 months of age.

Question 38

Which of the following is an advantage for infants' ability to acquire language?

A)They begin life preferring their mother's voice over the voices of others.
B)They begin life with a bias for listening to speech.
C)They begin life with a bias for listening to music.
D)They begin life with the ability to understand certain words.

Question 39

Which of the following is not true of infants' preference for attractive faces over unattractive faces?

A)It has universal characteristics.
B)It applies only to human faces, not to animal faces.
C)It is related to symmetry of faces.
D)It is an evolutionary mechanism for selecting mates.

Question 40

Mothers use music to

A)teach phonemes to their infants.
B)familiarize infants with culture.
C)regulate infants' behavior and mood.
D)help develop infants' auditory perceptions.

Question 41

The fact that infants at around 3 or 4 months of age associate some of their actions with some environmental outcome is utilized in

A)the possible/impossible events test.
B)operant conditioning.
C)the conjugate reinforcement procedure.
D)the violation-of-expectation method.

Question 42

The violation-of expectation method is based on which of the following?

A)habituation/dishabituation procedures
B)A-not-B tasks
C)the externality effect
D)visual cliff experiments

Question 43

The knowledge that an object remains the same despite changes in how it is viewed is called

A)object constancy.
B)object cohesion and continuity.
C)object distinction.
D)object permanence.

Question 44

In a study in which pregnant women read a story to their unborn babies, newborns changed their rate of sucking on a pacifier in which of the following scenarios?

A)when their mothers read them a new story
B)when a woman other than their mother read them a new story
C)when their fathers read them the same story
D)when a woman other than their mother read them the same story

Question 45

Infants seem to exhibit the most audiovisual intermodal competence is the association of sound patterns to the _______ and movements that produce them.

A)voice patterns
B)face patterns
C)tonal patterns
D)beat patterns

Question 46

If infants see an event that deviates from what they expect, they usually

A)look longer at that event than at an expected event.
B)look quickly away from that event.
C)begin to cry for their mothers.
D)show a startle reflex.

Question 47

Which of the following is the best category prototype of a mammal?

A)a dog
B)a whale
C)a platypus
D)a zebra

Question 48

All of the following are used to study the cognition of young infants except

A)rates of sucking.
B)kicking.
C)head turning.
D)rolling over.

Question 49

Which of the following best represents the features that infants must recognize to make inferences about objects?

A)a group of birds that are similar
B)an optical illusion
C)a car that is moving
D)a table setting

Question 50

Most or even all of an infant's cognition is

A)explicit.
B)conscious.
C)without conscious awareness.
D)inaccessible to researchers.

Question 51

The knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one's own perception or action on those objects is called

A)object constancy.
B)object cohesion and continuity.
C)object distinction.
D)object permanence.

Question 52

Infants can associate certain _______ with their corresponding emotional facial expressions.

A)pitches of sounds
B)locations of sounds
C)intonation of sounds
D)frequency of sounds

Question 53

The knowledge that objects have boundaries and are separate entities, distinct from one another is called

A)object constancy.
B)object cohesion and continuity.
C)object distinction.
D)object permanence.

Question 54

Deferred imitation is the copying of a modeled act

A)at the same time as the person modeling the act.
B)immediately after viewing the behavior.
C)some significant amount of time after viewing the behavior.
D)for a year or longer after viewing the behavior.

Question 55

One source of evidence that infants perceive boundaries comes from research on

A)illusory contours.
B)subjective images.
C)size constancy.
D)images with curvature.

Question 56

In the first year of life, infants form categories based on all of the following except

A)perceptual similarity.
B)experiences.
C)category typicality.
D)atypical examples.

Question 57

In Papousek's conditioning of infants to turn their heads to a buzzer or a bell to receive milk, what were his findings?

A)The earlier the training began, the older the infants were before they mastered the task.
B)The later the training began, the older the infants were before they mastered the task.
C)The earlier that any training begins, the earlier the infants can master a task.
D)The time when training begins has little effect on infants' ability to master a task.

Question 58

Core-knowledge theorists assume that infants are born with a small set of specialized ______ to process information relating to the physical world, the biological world, and people.

A)visual preferences
B)category prototypes
C)skeletal competencies
D)sensory receptors

Question 59

Infants come to organize their experiences in terms of the different kinds of things they see in a process called

A)comparability and combinability.
B)categorization.
C)numerosity.
D)core knowledge.

Question 60

All of the following concepts provide compelling evidence for the principle of continuity except

A)occlusion.
B)missing details.
C)containment.
D)collision.

Question 61

Piaget believed that infants could not acquire object permanence until they could understand the concept of

A)invisible displacements.
B)impossible events.
C)possible events.
D)subjective contours.

Question 62

Fetuses develop memories for their experiences, specifically for the

A)experience of being surrounded by the amniotic sac.
B)language they hear during the last weeks before birth.
C)music they hear throughout the last months before birth.
D)bond that they and their mother shared.

Question 63

The conjugate reinforcement procedure is based on

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning
C)familiarization.d invisible displacement

Question 64

In Baillargeon's study in which infants were shown possible and impossible events involving a hand, a box, and a platform, the last stage of infants showing understanding of the principle of support was their belief that

A)as long as a hand touched an object, it would not fall.
B)the box would not fall as long as some part of it touched the platform.
C)the amount of contact between the box and the platform is important.
D)the box would fall unless a significant portion of it remained in contact with the platform.

Question 65

Geary proposed that infants have skeletal competencies in all of the following areas except

A)ordinality.
B)counting.
C)simple arithmetic.
D)cardinality.

Question 66

Infants seems to realize that objects cannot disappear at one place and then magically appear at another when they are as young as

A)2 weeks old.
B)1 month old.
C)2.5 months old.
D)4 months old.

Question 67

When infants display dishabituation, they are demonstrating a basic form of

A)perceptual memory.
B)long-term memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)subconscious memory.

Question 68

The basic understanding that one array has more or less items in it than does another array is called

A)numeration.
B)ordinality.
C)numerosity.
D) estimation.

Question 69

Researchers who have replicated Piaget's basic observations of the development of object permanence have typically done which of the following?

A)used only-small-scale studies
B)used the same procedures as Piaget did
C)used greater experimental control than Piaget did
D)studied infants with a smaller age-range than Piaget did

Question 70

Studies have reported neonatal imitation in infants as young as ___

A)2-3 days old.
B)1 week old.
C)2-3 weeks old.
D)1 month old.

Question 71

Which of the following is a likely reason for the discrepancy between Piaget and later researchers' (especially Baillargeon') findings about the age at which infant/toddlers attain object permanence?

A)Piaget's work was conducted more than half a century ago, so it is no longer relevant.
B)Piaget used more demanding reaching measures than his more contemporary colleagues.
C)Baillargeon and his colleagues did not use looking time in their tests.
D)Piaget did not believe that object-retrieval tasks were based on infants'/toddlers' conscious knowledge.

Question 72

All of the following are examples of neonatal imitation except

A)tongue protrusion.
B)tongue rolling.
C)mouth opening.
D)lip protrusion.

Question 73

By what age can infants tell the difference between arrays containing different numbers of small quantities of items?

A)2 weeks
B)2 months
C)6 months
D)12 months

Question 74

Almost all forms of cognition involve some type of

A)conscious thought processes.
B)unconscious though processes.
C)reasoning processes.
D)memory processes.

Question 75

Piaget called some actions "invisible" because

A)infants cannot see these actions.
B)infants receive only auditory feedback from these actions.
C)infants cannot see or hear themselves performing these actions.
D)infants perform these actions only when others are not looking at them.

Question 76

Which of the following findings suggests that young infants develop an early understanding of quantitative relations?

A)Infants crawled to boxes that had the greatest number of crackers in them.
B)Infants pointed at arrays that had a greater number of dots.
C)Infants looked longer at impossible outcomes than at possible outcomes.
D)Infants matched very low numerals with their corresponding amounts.

Question 77

A task in which an infant has to retrieve a hidden object at one location, after having retrieved it several times previously from another location is

A)an object permanence task.
B)an A-not-B task.
C)an object retrieval task.
D)all of the above

Question 78

In Baillargeon study of object permanence using the violation-of-expectation method, his subjects were

A)between 1.5 and 2.5 months old.
B)between 3.5 and 4.5 months old.
C)between 8 and 12 months old.
D)between 12 and 18 months.

Question 79

The best explanation for neonatal imitation is that

A)it is the beginning of the development of imitation seen later in childhood.
B)it is the precursor to deferred imitation.
C)it facilitates nursing and mother-infant communication.
D)it facilitates learning as the infant becomes adjusted to its new environment.

Question 80

The ability to determine quickly the number of items in a set without counting them is called

A)numereration.
B)numerosity.
C)ordinality.
D)estimation.