Deck 15: The Development of Sexuality and Gender Identity

Question 1

In humans, the burden of caring for an infant requires that mothers receive

A)alloparenting.
B)coparenting.
C)a social network.
D)recognition.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Regarding children's sexuality, psychologists know most about

A)the development of sexual normalcy.
B)the development of sexual deviance.
C)the development of children's feelings about sexuality.
D)children's interest in sexuality.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Westermark's theory was that people inherently avoid sexual relations with those whom they grow up with because

A)they fear the social taboo.
B)they do not want to upset the family structure.
C)early familiarity results in dislike for one another.
D)early familiarity results in a lack of sexual attraction when they become adolescents and adults.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of children's communicative behaviors?

A)"Tries to look at people when they are nude or undressing"
B)"Shy about undressing"
C)"Hugs adults he or she does not know well"
D)"Playing doctor games"

Question 5

Men find women with low waist-to-hip ratios more attractive relative to women with higher waist-to-hip ratios because lower waist-to-hip ratios have been found to be associated with all of the following except

A)greater health.
B)greater fertility.
C)having better-looking children.
D)having more intelligent children.

Question 6

A reproductive strategy in which many offspring are produced with minimal investment or nurturing is called

A)a c strategy.
B)an r strategy.
C)an m strategy.
D)a K strategy.

Question 7

Anecdotal evidence shows that siblings who were separated early in childhood often have ________ for one another when they meet as adults.

A)no feelings of sexual attraction
B)disgust
C)comfortable feelings of sexual attraction
D)uncomfortable feelings of sexual attraction

Question 8

The exception to women tending to prefer older men and men tending to prefer younger women is

A)adolescent boys.
B)adolescent girls.
C)very young adult males.
D)very young adult females.

Question 9

The evolution of male and female psychologies and their mating choices may have produced all of the following misconceptions except

A)males and females are intentionally and coldly conscious when making mating decisions.
B)given that the sexes have evolved different psychologies, these sex differences are natural and should be promoted in society today.
C)the only purpose of sex is reproduction.
D)humans are not victims of our genes or evolutionary past.

Question 10

Men in all cultures tend to prefer younger women, which likely reflects men's

A)preoccupation with youth.
B)ability to recognize reproductive value.
C)fear of growing old.
D)preoccupation with beauty.

Question 11

Following mainstream evolutionary psychological theory, natural selection shaped the human mind so that females are attracted to male traits associated with

A)good looks.
B)youth.
C)the ability and willingness to provide resources.
D)the ability to have many children.

Question 12

Conducting research on childhood sexuality has not been easy in most Western countries because

A)there is little interest among researchers in studying this topic.
B)what children say about their feelings of sexuality cannot always be believed.
C)there is a deep-rooted reluctance to view children as sexual beings.
D)children are unwilling to talk about sexuality.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of children's modeling behaviors?

A)"Tries to look at people when they are nude or undressing"
B)"Shy about undressing"
C)"Hugs adults he or she does not know well"
D)"Playing doctor games"

Question 14

Studies have shown penile erections as early as ___

A)prenatally.
B)during the first month of life.
C)3 years of age.
D)8 years of age.

Question 15

More recent retrospective studies report _____ of childhood sexual experiences.

A)higher
B)about the same
C)somewhat lower
D)significantly lower

Question 16

The three lines of recent research on children's sexual behaviors focuses on all of the following except

A)surveys completed by parents about their observations of children's sexual activities.
B)the memories of adults about their early childhood sexual experiences.
C)direct observations of children's sexual activities.
D)the study of children who are under treatment because of their sexual behaviors.

Question 17

Kinsey reported that what percentage of men reported having experienced some sort of sexual experience before adolescence?

A)23%
B)48%
C)57%
D)88%

Question 18

Kinsey reported that what percentage of women reported having experienced some sort of sexual experience before adolescence?

A)23%
B)48%
C)57%
D)88%

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of children's exhibition and voyeur behaviors?

A)"Tries to look at people when they are nude or undressing"
B)"Shy about undressing"
C)"Hugs adults he or she does not know well"
D)"Playing doctor games"

Question 20

That there is a tradeoff between investing time and resources in parenting and mating and that the sex that invests more in parenting is the choosier sex when it comes to selecting a mating partner, whereas the sex that invests less in parenting is more competitive among themselves for access to the more-investing sex is called

A)biosocial theory of gender identity and sexual orientation.
B)parental investment theory.
C)gender schema theory.
D)gender development theory.

Question 21

Which of the following is the most common sexual experience during adolescence?

A)erotic fantasies
B)masturbation
C)making out
D)sexual intercourse

Question 22

Researchers have identified all of the following correlates of child sexual abuse that can be used to alert parents, teachers, or other caretakers of potential (but not certain) problems except

A)Sexually abused children exhibit higher amounts of sexual behaviors of every type than do non-sexually abused children.
B)Sexually abused children display different types of sexual behaviors than nonabused children, particularly those that resemble adult sexuality.c Sexually abused children exhibit a more compulsive, coercive, and/ or dominant sex play.
C)Sexually abused children all exhibit some type of alteration in their behavior.

Question 23

What percentage of American high school students reported having had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 13?

A)7%
B)14%
C)34%
D)52%

Question 24

What percentage of American teenagers report having had sex by age 19?

A)32%
B)63%
C)90%
D)95%

Question 25

In which country does the highest percentage of adolescents become sexually active before the age of 15?

A)Sweden
B)the United States
C)France
D)Canada

Question 26

All of the following are common behaviors of children ages 7 to 12 except

A)they are highly involved in sex play (for example, playing house; doctors; moms/dads)
B)they exhibit shyness and modesty about their own nudity.
C)they use language to express sexual knowledge and ask questions about it.
D)they are interested in sexual contents and issues (looking at nude pictures; sex play).

Question 27

In the United States, the rates of adolescents having sexual intercourse by age ____

A)are higher for boys than girls.
B)are higher for girls than boys.
C)are similar for girls and boys.
D)are nearly identical for girls and boys.

Question 28

Research has found that modesty for most children regarding nudity in the presence of familiar people is

A)absent.
B)low.
C)high.
D)high for girls but low for boys.

Question 29

Between 2 and 10 years of age, children's sexual behaviors

A)stay about the same.
B)increase.
C)decrease.
D)have no typical pattern

Question 30

A recent study reported that what percentage of girls between the ages of 14 and 19 in the United States are infected with at least one of the most common STDs.

A)9%
B)18%
C)26%
D)49%

Question 31

In the typical sequence in sexual development for most American youth, which occurs first?

A)erotic fantasies
B)masturbation
C)making out
D)sexual intercourse

Question 32

All of the following are common behaviors of children ages 2 to 6 except

A)they are uninhibited about their own nudity.
B)they touch women's breasts and kiss nonfamiliar adults and children.
C)they do not have much interest in sex play (for example, playing house; doctors; moms/dads).
D)they touch their private parts, even in public.

Question 33

All f the following are some reasons for the initiation of intercourse in adolescent girls younger than 15 except

A)feelings of being grown up.
B)feelings of neglect by parents.
C)curiosity.
D)peer pressure.

Question 34

Research indicates that rates of childhood sexual behavior peak at about age

A)2 years.
B)5 years.
C)9 years.
D)12 years.

Question 35

Sexual attraction begins, on average, at

A)4 years of age.
B)7 years of age.
C)10 years of age.
D)12 years of age.

Question 36

According to Masters, Johnson, and Kolodny, masturbation with fantasies serves all of the following useful purposes during adolescence except

A)it is a safe substitute for intercourse.
B)it provides a chance to rehearse mentally for later sexual situations.
C)it provides practice using sexual imagery for future relationships.
D)it instills feelings of guilt for later having sexual intercourse before marriage.

Question 37

Which of the following is not associated with sexual play in typically developing young children?

A)It is exploratory, light-hearted, and spontaneous.
B)It happens occasionally, under mutual agreement among participants.
C)It involves feelings of fear, anger, or anxiety.
D)It occurs with children who are close in age.

Question 38

Which of the following is associated with sex hormones?

A)the increase of thresholds for activation of brain pathways dealing with erotic content
B)the decrease of thresholds for activation of brain pathways dealing with erotic content
C)their formation during puberty
D)their being dissimilar to adult hormones

Question 39

Which is an example of a primary sexual characteristic in puberty?

A)deepening of boys' voices
B)development of breasts in girls
C)development of pubic hair in girls and boys
D)penis growth in males

Question 40

What percentage of American teenagers in grades 9 through report using condoms during intercourse?

A)32%
B)63%
C)90%
D)95%

Question 41

Which of the following facilitates the longer-term relationships necessary to rear children?

A)lust
B)attraction
C)friendship
D)attachment

Question 42

The likelihood of establishing a romantic relationship in early adolescence is related to

A)the size of the same-sex peer group to which one belongs.
B)the size of the mixed-sex peer group to which one belongs.
C)the status of the person in his or her group.
D)the size of the school that one attends.

Question 43

Which of the following have researcher not found with regard to falling in love?

A)People in love are unable to feel romantic love toward anyone but their beloved.
B)Some people in their thirties and forties may have developed normally, even had children, but never have fallen in love.
C)The love-possessed often feel extreme emotions, including exhilaration, euphoria, a pounding heart, or increased energy.
D)The love-possessed often feel a loss of appetite, anxiety, or sleeplessness.

Question 44

Unlike most other developmental psychologists, Fisher's definition of attachment refers to

A)male-female bonding.
B)mother-infant bonding.
C)sibling bonding.
D)father-infant bonding.

Question 45

In a review of 13 abstinence-only sex education programs involving nearly 16,000 American youth, what were the reported decreases in having unprotected sex, number of sex partners, or reduction in STDs compared to controls?

A)none
B)about 20%
C)about 50%
D)about 70%

Question 46

Sexuality is best viewed as

A)a dichotomy.
B)a trichotomy.
C)a continuum.
D)a personal journey.

Question 47

Romantic relationships in adolescents have been associated in a positive way with all of the following except

A)contributing to the development of identity.
B)helping relationships with close peers.
C)athletic accomplishments.
D)scholastic achievement.

Question 48

Which country has institutionalized bisexuality, requiring that males between the ages of 9 and 19 leave their families and reside in a single house where males participate in homosexual activities until marriage, after which homosexual activities cease or are infrequent?

A)Norway
B)Turkey
C)Australia
D)the Pacific islands of Melanesia

Question 49

Why are rates of teenage sex, births, and STDs lower in countries that seemingly have more permissive attitudes about sex, such as France and Sweden, than in the U.S.?

A)The American culture presents an ambiguous message to its children about sexuality.
B)The American culture does not address these issues directly to its teenagers.
C)Countries with more permissive attitudes about sex than the U.S. have universal health care.
D)Countries with more permissive attitudes about sex than the U.S. have lower populations.

Question 50

Which of the following does Fisher equate with romantic love?

A)lust
B)attraction
C)friendship
D)attachment

Question 51

Depending on which component of sexual orientation one uses, rates of which of the following can vary greatly?

A)heterosexuality
B)homosexuality
C)bisexuality
D)transgender identity

Question 52

Which of the following seems not to be true of falling in love?

A)Romantic love and sex are totally independent.
B)People can fall in love without having sex.
C)People can have sex without falling in love.
D)Falling in love increases the chance that these people's babies will grow up and fall in love themselves.

Question 53

Homosexuality is

A)a pathology.
B)an abnormal variation.
C)a normal variation.
D)unique to humans.

Question 54

Sexual orientation has been associated with all of the following components except

A)sexual attachment.
B)sexual/romantic attraction.
C)sexual behavior.
D)sexual identity.

Question 55

Which of the following has not been associated with romantic love?

A)an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine
B)increased mental activity
C)increased levels of norepinephrine in the central nervous system
D)increased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin

Question 56

Which of the following is not among the recommendations to improve adolescent sexual health in the United States?

A)Facilitate the access of youth to free or low-cost contraception.
B)See intimate sexual relationships as a positive component of emotional maturation.
C)Integrate sexual education across subjects of school curricula at all grade levels.
D)Use politics or religion as the basis for public health policy.

Question 57

Research from the Kinsey Institute concluded that

A)male homosexuality is associated with strong mothers and weak fathers.
B)children who have distant relationships with their same-sex parent are less apt to identify with them and do not develop gender-typical behaviors.
C)there was no evidence of a connection between male homosexuality and strong mothers/weak fathers.
D)children whose mannerisms and interests resemble those of the opposite sex may be responded to by others with reciprocal mannerisms, causing sex-role confusion.

Question 58

Anthropologist Fisher has proposed that falling in love involves all of the primary emotion systems except

A)lust.
B)attraction.
C)friendship.
D)attachment.

Question 59

Which of the following groups of American teenagers is least likely to have an unforeseen pregnancy?

A)virginity pledgers
B)members of abstinence-only groups
C)teenagers who participate in curriculum-based sex and STD/HIV education programs
D)teenagers who learn about sex from their peers

Question 60

During the elementary school years, most peer interaction is done

A)in pairs.
B)in mixed groups.
C)in same-sex groups.
D)in large crowds.

Question 61

Some research indicates that the likelihood of being homosexual for a man is related to

A)the number of older brothers he has.
B)the number of older sisters he has.
C)whether or not he is an only child.
D)the number of younger siblings he has.

Question 62

Gender identity is the result of all of the following except

A)a preference for one gender identity over another.
B)biologic factors.
C)children's reactions to their bodies and other people's reactions to them.
C) environmental factors.

Question 63

Money compared the development of gender identity and sexual orientation to the development of

A)identity.
B)cognition.
C)language.
D)social relationships.

Question 64

What is the final stage in the progression of identity recognition in gays and lesbians?

A)an exploration stage
B)identity acceptance
C)identity integration
D)identity recognition

Question 65

Many homosexual men and women display signs of which of the following in childhood?

A)rebellion
B)parents who are emotionally distant
C)identity crises
D)gender unconformity

Question 66

When substantial sex differences are found between girls and boys,

A)boys and girls typically show different patterns of behaviors.
B)boys are usually found to be superior.c girls are usually fund to be superior.
C)different patterns are sometimes found but do not seem to be significant.

Question 67

Which of the following is the best predictor of male homosexuality?

A)being raised by homosexual parents
B)having extreme effeminate behavior in childhood
C)being rejected in childhood by popular boys
D)having friendships in childhood mostly with girls

Question 68

The finding of a reliable sex difference implies that

A)males and females are genetically destined to be different.
B)the two sexes develop different patterns under certain conditions.
C)changes in any aspect of developmental systems have little impact on the outcome of a given child.
D)behaviors have little to do with genetics.

Question 69

Females tend to perform navigational tasks

A)through the calculation of distances and directions.
B)by using landmarks.
C)by using the left hippocampus (involved in the processing of geometric cues).
D)by using maps.

Question 70

Social acceptance of sexual-minority orientation is least difficult for

A)Asian groups.
B)Hispanic groups.
C)conservative religious groups.
D)European American groups.

Question 71

Which of the following is true?

A)Females tend to score higher than males on standardized math tests.
B)Males tend to score higher than females on standardized math tests.
C)Males test to get better grades in math.
D)Males tend to get better grades in all subjects than females.

Question 72

For most characteristics,

A)males are more variable than females.
B)females are more variable than males.
C)there appears to be no significant difference between males and females.
D)males show more stability than females.

Question 73

The authors believe that

A)the differences in developmental psychology between the terms sex differences and gender differences has never been relevant.
B)the terms sex differences and gender differences perpetuates a false nature-nurture dichotomy.
C)the terms sex differences and gender differences should be used interchangeably.
D)the differences in developmental psychology between the terms sex differences and gender differences can be neatly separated and packaged.

Question 74

Many children, especially boys, become aware of same-sex attraction when they are

A)approximately 2 to 3 years old.
B)approximately 8 to 10 years old.
C)approximately 14 to 16 years old.
D)adults.

Question 75

In general, boys are more likely than girls to display all of the following except

A)speech and language problems.
B)mental disorders.
C)autism.
D)oppositional and conduct disorders.

Question 76

Research indicates that homosexuality

A)is a conscious choice.
B)is influenced by prenatal and postnatal experiences.
C)can be changed with appropriate behavioral adjustments.
D)is a preference that people develop.

Question 77

Which of the following seems most helpful for homosexual youth for developing a healthy sense of sexual and gender identity and psychological adjustment?

A)supportive parents
B)church groups
C)having friends with the same sexual-minority identity
D)counseling

Question 78

Which of the following is not true of sex differences and mortality rates?

A)Boys have higher mortality rates than girls in all cultures.
B)Boys have higher mortality rates than girls at all ages.
C)Boys have higher mortality rates than girls except prenatally
D)When infant mortality rates in a country are greater for females than for males, selective female infanticide must be considered as a plausible reason.

Question 79

In general, girls are more likely than boys to display all of the following except

A)depression.
B)specific phobias.
C)psychiatric disorders.
D)separation anxiety disorders

Question 80

Which of the following has been associated with an increased incidence of homosexuality and gender-atypical play patterns in girls?

A)having a twin brother
B)maternal stress
C)prenatal exposure to excessive female hormones
D)prenatal exposure to excessive male hormones