Deck 7: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to humans' concept that who we are is a reflection of how other people see and respond to us?

A)the mirror image
B)the looking-glass self
C)self-consciousness
D)the inner self

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The evaluative component of the self that refers to the judgments people make of their general worth as a person and the feelings associated with those judgments is ____

A)self-efficacy.
B)self-evaluation.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-concept.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Preschool children's self-esteem tends to be

A)overly positive.
B)overly negative.
C)quite accurate.
D)very unrealistic.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

All of the following indices of self-awareness can be observed in humans late in the second year except

A)the use of personal pronouns: I, me, my, and mine.
B)the display of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment.
C)the increasing differentiation of the sense of self.
D)the display of new symbolic abilities.

Question 5

How have researchers come to know that babies understand that the image looking back at them in a mirror is their own?

A)They smile at their reflection in a mirror
B)They touch a mark on their face rather than touching a mirror that reflects their face.
C)They touch the mirror where it reflects a mark on their face.
D)They keep touching the reflection of their face in a mirror.

Question 6

Which of the following is not true of self-esteem?

A)It may or may not correspond with actual competencies that other people perceive as real.
B)It is a product of the discrepancy between the perceived self and the ideal self.
C)It is a product of support from social others.
D)It is a product of one's goals.

Question 7

Which of the following is not true of infants from birth to about 15 to 18 months old?

A)They have an implicit self.
B)They have no self-awareness.
C)Their mentality is sometimes called the "I-self."
D)They do not realize that they can cause things to happen.

Question 8

The number of opposing attributes that adolescents use in describing themselves and the expression of dealing with this these opposing selves is partly a result of

A)a self-centered perspective.
B)the belief that no one else is concerned with their feelings.
C)a fractured sense of self.
D)an inability to fit into any specific peer group.

Question 9

The explicit self involves

A)a conscious awareness of the self.
B)a realization that "I can cause things to happen."
C)"the machinery of the self."
D)the ability to make a distinction between the self and others.

Question 10

All of the following are characteristic of the way in which children approaching adolescence describe themselves except

A)their thinking becomes more abstract.
B)their thinking is ties to specific experiences.
C)they define themselves in terms of psychological qualities.
D)they define themselves in terms of things they like and personality characteristics.

Question 11

Human intellect evolved mainly for which of the following purposes?

A)to establish civilizations
B)to make technological advances
C)to solve social problems
D)to preserve the species

Question 12

In addition to large brains, which of the following evolved alongside of social complexity?

A)an extended juvenile period
B)upright walking
C)a prehensile thumb
D)territorialism

Question 13

In most cases, feelings of low self-esteem during adolescence are

A)common.
B)uncommon.
C)transitory.
D)hard to overcome

Question 14

Preschool children generally describe themselves in terms of

A)their physical characteristics.
B)their emotional feelings.
C)their families.
D)their friendships.

Question 15

Which f the following tends not to be true of children whose parents repeatedly discourage or disapprove of their actions?

A)They feel inadequate.
B)They continue to exclusively seek approval from their parents.
C)They often turn to their peers for approval.
D)They have low levels of self-esteem.

Question 16

All of the following account for adolescent girls' slightly higher levels of low self-esteem except

A)girls are more likely than boys to be dissatisfied with their bodies.
B)girls perform more poorly academically than boys do.
C)Western culture emphasizes the physical appearance of young women more than young men.
D)girls mature faster than boys and experience more stressors of adolescence.

Question 17

Neuroscience research has discovered that early signs of self-awareness are related to maturation of

A)a portion of the hippocampus of the brain.
B)a portion of the brain stem.
C)a portion of the left hemisphere of the brain.
D)a portion of the right hemisphere of the brain.

Question 18

Which of the following animals tested so far do not show visual self-recognition?

A)magpies
B)dolphins
C)elephants
D)alligators

Question 19

Children who appropriately develop a high sense of scholastic self-esteem are most likely to

A)try harder in school.
B)try less harder in school.
C)take their success for granted.
D)make great strides in academic achievement.

Question 20

Researchers have identified all of the following as categories of self-esteem for children in the third or fourth grade except

A)behavioral conduct.
B)scholastic achievement.
C)social competence.
D)family status.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a good way to promote children's self-esteem?

A)praising them only when they accomplish difficult tasks
B)praising them for all their efforts, whether or not they succeed at tasks
C)encouraging them when they struggle with a tough problem
D)not becoming involved when they struggle with a tough problem

Question 22

Preschool children's generally optimistic belief in their own abilities often

A)is accurate.
B)is realistic.
C)is unrealistic.
D)is related to their interactions with peers.

Question 23

Attending college, joining the military for a short stint, and traveling for an extended time before settling down all

A)postpone adulthood.
B)allow one's identity to develop and then become fixed at adulthood.
C)lead to lower levels of college attendance.
D)require that one's identity crisis be resolved in the teenage years.

Question 24

Who was the first modern psychologist to emphasize the importance of identity formation in psychological development in general, and particularly during adolescence?

A)Piaget
B)Erikson
C)Bandura
D)Vygotsky

Question 25

All of the following seem to be the case for many affluent parents in the U.S. except

A)their children believe that they are extraordinary.
B)they like to let coaches and teachers know how special their children are.
C)they want to protect their children from feelings of failure.
D)their children are usually able to deal well with challenges

Question 26

The failure to resolve one's identity crisis is most likely to result in

A)low self-esteem.
B)a lack of self- concept.
C)the inability to form meaningful relationships.
D)role confusion.

Question 27

A time when a young person can put on hold the quest for a permanent identity and the taking on of adult responsibilities is

A)belief-desire reasoning.
B)adolescence.
C)a psychosocial moratorium.
D)scaffolding

Question 28

A person who is in an identity foreclosure status is characterized by which of the following?

A)no crisis; no commitment
B)no crisis; commitment
C)crisis; no commitment
D)crisis overcome; commitment

Question 29

A person's self-portrait of the different pieces of self in a coherent and integrated mode is the person's

A)self-esteem.
B)self-efficacy.
C)identity.
D)theory of mind.

Question 30

The increasing levels of self-esteem in most American adolescents over recent decades has been accompanied by ____

A)increases in academic achievement.
B)declines in academic achievement.
C)decreases in adjustment problems.
D)corresponding accomplishments in all areas of achievement.

Question 31

Self-efficacy is

A)the way a person defines himself or herself.
B)the way a person is viewed by peers.
C)the confidence one has in being able to control events in one's surroundings
D)the degree of independence that one has.

Question 32

James Marcia's identity status approach pays special attention to which aspects of identity?

A)psychological and social
B)sexual and physical
C)occupational and ideological
D)spiritual

Question 33

Which of the following is not an area that research has suggested young children tend to overestimate their abilities?

A)intelligence
B)social standing
C)physical appearance
D)problem-solving abilities

Question 34

It has been suggested that young children's overly optimistic self-perception is a result of

A)too much parental praise.
B)overly permissive parents.
C)a lack of punishment for misbehavior.
D)wishful thinking.

Question 35

Unlike self-esteem, self-efficacy relates to a person's

A)sense of global worth.
B)ability to reach goals.
C)acceptance by peers.
D)work ethic.

Question 36

Children with permissive parents, who demand little of their children but frequently indulge them, are most likely to have

A)low levels of self-esteem.
B)realistically high levels of self-esteem
C)unrealistically high levels of self esteem
D)a conflicted sense of self-esteem

Question 37

Which of the following is true of children, especially boys, who overestimated their physical abilities compared with their more accurate peers?

A)They were not as likely to be asked to engage in play.
B)They were disciplined for misbehavior more often.
C)They were more academically successful.
D)They made more trips to the emergency room.

Question 38

Research has demonstrated that 8- to 11-year-old children who overestimated their capabilities

A)had better school performance than did less-optimistic children
B)had worse school performance than did less-optimistic children
C)had generally the same school performance than did less-optimistic children
D)had more interest in school performance than did less-optimistic children

Question 39

Over time, self-esteem

A)varies among domains.
B)usually decreases into young adulthood.
C)is separate from personality characteristics.
D)have can some degree of heritability.

Question 40

Children who believe they are competent develop feelings of positive self-efficacy and behave effectually,

A)even if they are not competent.
B)only if they are really competent.
C)only if they also have high self-esteem
D)even when they have little motivation

Question 41

The ability to take the point of view of others is

A)belief-desire reasoning.
B)identity diffusion.
C)emulation.
D)perspective taking.

Question 42

The integration of one's ethnic identity with that of the majority culture is called

A)bicultural identity.
B)ethnic role-behavior.
C)ethnic assimilation.
D)identity confusion.

Question 43

Adolescents are more likely to resolve identity issues when they have a high level of

A)self-esteem.
B)family traditions.
C)economic stability
D)cognitive development.

Question 44

Minority adolescents from a variety of backgrounds (African American, Hispanic American, and Asian American), who have a strong sense of ethnic identity tend to

A)have low self-esteem.
B)have high self-esteem.
C)have conflicted feelings about their identity.
D)avoid people of other ethnicities.

Question 45

One negative consequences of adolescents' having a strong ethnic identity can be that doing well is school

A)is not viewed as being important to some ethnic groups.
B)is harder for them to achieve.
C)interferes with their responsibilities to their ethnic group.
D)is viewed as a capitulation to the majority culture.

Question 46

Which of the following groups of adolescents consistently scores highest on measures of self-esteem in the U.S.?

A)Caucasians
B)Asian-Americans
C)Native Americans
D)African Americans

Question 47

Henry Wellman believes that adults' theory of mind is based on

A)belief-desire reasoning.
B)identity status approach.
C)intentional agents.
D)their private selves.

Question 48

A central skill that it is the basis of most social interaction and develops over childhood is

A)instructed learning.
B)promiscuous teleology.
C)imitative learning.
D)mind reading.

Question 49

Perspective taking begins to develop in infancy with

A)an imaginary audience.
B)shared attention.
C)sociodramatic play.
D)perceptual centration.

Question 50

Which of the following aspects of ethnic identity involves people knowing that they will always be a member of their ethnic group?

A)ethnic knowledge
B)ethnic self-identification
C)ethnic constancy
D)ethnic feelings and preferences

Question 51

Research has shown that most movement across adolescence and young adulthood is in the direction from

A)identity diffusion to identity foreclosure.
B)identity diffusion to identity achievement.
C)identity foreclosure to identity moratorium.
D)identity moratorium to identity achievement.

Question 52

In general, the phrase theory of mind refers to

A)children's developing abstract reasoning.
B)children's developing concepts of mental activity.
C)children's developing sense of self.
D)children's developing understanding of the motivations of others.

Question 53

Ad adolescent who is highly anxious, unhappy, and rejects authority is in which of the following identity statuses?

A)identity diffusion status
B)identity foreclosure status
C)identity moratorium status
D)identity achievement status

Question 54

In one study, 18-month-olds could tell the difference between intentional and unintentional actions of another person because the infants

A)knew when adults needed help with a task.
B)looked at the same things that adults looked at.
C)showed empathy for adults' distress.
D)initiated play with adults.

Question 55

Intentional agents essentially

A)try to understand the reasoning of others.
B)help others with things that they can't do themselves.
C)do things on purpose and for a reason.
D)negotiate with others to achieve a good relationship.

Question 56

At about what age will infants point things out to an adult that the adult does not see or know about?

A)6 months
B)9 months
C)12 months
D)18 months

Question 57

The most elementary social-cognitive abilities required for theory of mind include all of the following except

A)self-awareness.
B)viewing self and others as intentional agents.
C)the ability to take the point of view of others.
D)a sense of egocentrism.

Question 58

All of the following are true of shared attention except

A)it is also called joint attention.
B)it requires some kind of object.
C)it is a dyadic experience.
D)it involves only two people.

Question 59

Which of the following is not one of the factors identified by Shaffer that influence an adolescent's identity formation?

A)athletic participation
B)education
C)relationship with parents
D)cultural-historical influences

Question 60

Adolescents in which of the following states tend to remain in this state into young adulthood?

A)identity diffusion status
B)identity foreclosure status
C)identity moratorium status
D)identity achievement status

Question 61

Studies conducted with children of difference ages and "Princess Alice" showed that children who believe that a fantasy character might act on their behalf

A)have immature cognition.
B)have mature cognition.
C)have not yet developed theory of mind.
D)have high self-esteem.

Question 62

Which of the following is considered "the gold standard" for mind reading tasks?

A)symbolic tasks
B)false-belief tasks
C)seriation
D)hidden-object tasks

Question 63

All of the following are true of chimpanzees except

A)they have well-defined social hierarchies.
B)they use tools from one generation to the next via social learning.
C)they possess culture in the form of greetings, grooming, and foraging.
D)mother chimps and their babies point out objects for the other to see.

Question 64

Which of the following is not a red flag of autism spectrum disorder?

A)an unwavering eye gaze
B)repetitive movements with objects
C)a lack of response to his or her name
D)a lack of showing gestures.

Question 65

Basically, false-belief tasks assess the extent to which children understand that someone else can

A)know that something is not true.
B)believe that something is not true.
C)believe in something that is not true.
D)believe in something that seems not to be true but actually is.

Question 66

All of the following have been found to predict children's performance on false-belief tasks except

A)parenting styles.
B)language skills.
C)maternal attachment.
D)learning styles.

Question 67

Baron-Cohen claims that the primary deficit of children with autism is what he calls

A)executive function.
B)finalism.
C)promiscuous teleology.
D)mindblindness.

Question 68

Children are usually able to pass standard false-belief tasks by about what age?

A)4 years
B)6 years
C)8 years
D)10 years

Question 69

At about what age do children recognize that their likes can be different from those of another person?

A)14 months
B)18 months
C)2 years
D)3 years

Question 70

There is some evidence that 2.5- and 3-year-old children can pass standard false-belief tasks, but only when the measures used are

A)implicit.
B)explicit.
C)available to conscious awareness.
D)verbalizable.

Question 71

Which of the following is likely to have better theory of mind?

A)an only child
B)an oldest sibling
C)a middle sibling
D)a youngest sibling

Question 72

About what percentage of American adults believe in the paranormal, such as faith healing, astrology, and demonic possession?

A)5%
B)10%
C)25%
D)50%

Question 73

Keleman refers to children as "intuitive theists" because

A)their symbolic system develops so that it is likely that they will acquire cultural beliefs God or gods.
B)they come into the world with a concept of God.
C)they do not believe that everything happens for a reason.
D)they attribute motivation unlike humans' motivations to fantasy characters.

Question 74

Which of the following is not related to promiscuous teleology?

A)Children learn that people do things for a reason.
B)Children learn that some things happen by chance.
C)Children extend their logic of intentional beings to natural phenomena.
D)Children believe that natural objects and events must have a specific cause.

Question 75

Much of human knowledge about the natural world comes from

A)experience.
B)formal education.
C)magical thinking.
D)intuition.

Question 76

Which of the following is true of children with autism?

A)they account for about 20% of all children in the U.S.
B)about 50% are boys and 50% are girls
C)about 80% are girls
D)about 80% are boys

Question 77

For children with autism, advanced forms of mind reading typically

A)are extremely high.
B)develop significantly early.
C)are significantly delayed or absent.
D)help them communicate with others.

Question 78

The basic cognitive abilities involved in planning, carrying out, and inhibiting actions is called

A)formal operations.
B)reflective abstraction.
C)executive function.
D)intellectual realism.

Question 79

Which part of the brain functions abnormally in adults and children with autism when they are processing social stimuli?

A)the temporal lobe
B)the superior temporal sulcus
C)the right hemisphere
D)the hippocampus

Question 80

Piaget referred to children's tendency to attribute human causes to natural events as

A)causism.
B)animism.
C)finalism.
D)personalization.