Deck 8: Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice

Question 1

Structural theorists consider it essential to demystify law and justice-that is, to unmask its true purpose.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Empirical research confirms that, as predicted by critical criminology, a suspect's race is an important factor in shaping justice system decision making.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Contemporary critical criminologists try to explain crime within economic and social contexts and to express the connection between social class, crime, and social control.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Instrumentalists view criminal law and the criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the poor, have-not members of society.

Question 5

Empirical research is considered incompatible with critical criminology.

Question 6

According to the conflict view, crime is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

Question 7

According to the text, unemployed racial minorities may be perceived as "social dynamite" who present a real threat to society and must be controlled and incapacitated.

Question 8

According to research in the text by Shelley, globalization consists of two elements; electronic and state organized.

Question 9

Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression and now presents, according to critical thinkers, a threat to the world economy.

Question 10

Critical criminologist who focuses on state (organized) crime contends that a government might go to war to support the capitalist classes who need the wealth and resources of other nations.

Question 11

Edward Snowden is most known for releasing information of the NSA's information collection program in which hundreds of millions of people worldwide fell victim to the U.S. illegal domestic and foreign surveillance activities.

Question 12

Left realists support a strict "law and order" philosophy, which has at its centerpiece a policy of punishing juveniles severely in adult court.

Question 13

State-corporate crime is committed by individuals who abuse their state authority or who fail to exercise it when working with people and organizations in the private sector.

Question 14

The CIA has been known to send terror suspects to foreign prisons where they can be subjected to harsh interrogation tactics that are forbidden by the United States.

Question 15

Left realists are conflict scholars who view the police and the courts as inherent evil tools of capitalism whose tough tactics alienate the lower classes.

Question 16

It is illegal for the police to monitor people in public places with cameras and secretly record their activities.

Question 17

An example of state organized crime would be Japan's attack of China in order to secure wealth and resources which helped escalate World War II.

Question 18

Preemptive deterrence refers to efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement.

Question 19

Critical criminologists believe that economic growth benefits all elements of the population by spurring job creation and surplus value.

Question 20

Dropout factories consist of high schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less.

Question 21

Research has shown that family group conferencing is the least effective form of restoration because it is the only restoration program set entirely in a formal criminal justice setting (i.e., a courtroom).

Question 22

Critical feminism views gender inequality as stemming from the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society.

Question 23

Hegemonic masculinity refers to belief that each culture creates its own ideal version of what male behavior should be.

Question 24

The social ferment of the ____ gave birth to critical criminology.

A) 1930s
B) 1940s
C) 1950s
D) 1960s

Question 25

Instrumental theorists consider it essential to __________ law and justice-that is, to unmask its true purpose.

A) decertify
B) demystify
C) debunk
D) decode

Question 26

According to this type of critical theory, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but the poor are certainly arrested and punished more often.

A) Left realism
B) Critical feminism
C) Instrumental
D) Structural

Question 27

John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy called "behavior reshaping" in which juveniles are displaced from the antisocial peers which increase their criminal offending.

Question 28

____________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity

A) ​Positivists
B) ​Classical
C) ​Critical
D) ​Social

Question 29

Which of the following is not a basic concern of critical criminologists?

A) The increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law
B) The role the government plays in creating a crimogenic environment
C) The relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
D) The prevalence of bias in justice system operations

Question 30

According to critical theorists, crime is a ______.

A) legal concept designed to protect the poor from oppression
B) an idealistic concept resulting from a legal system designed to mete out the severest punishments to those who inflict the most social harm
C) political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes
D) philosophical concept whereby laws are designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society

Question 31

In reference to masculinity and crime, crime is a vehicle for me to "do gender" because it separates the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.

Question 32

In paternalistic families, mothers assume the traditional role as breadwinners, which leads to interpersonal crimes such as domestic violence and simple assaults among family members.

Question 33

Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which type of crimes?

A) White-collar crimes
B) Environmental crimes
C) War crimes
D) Predatory street crimes

Question 34

What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?

A) Structural theorists view the criminal justice system as a capitalist instrument for controlling the lower class.
B) Structural theorists believe the law is unidirectional, always working for the rich against the poor.
C) Structural theorists oppose antitrust legislation.
D) Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.

Question 35

According to critical feminist theory, women are considered a commodity worth possessing, like land or money.

Question 36

According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by ______.

A) creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society
B) encouraging greater use of government resources by the poor
C) decreasing the value of corporate profits
D) decreasing the role of religion in shaping individual reality

Question 37

Most restorative justice programs are located within the juvenile justice system.

Question 38

Peacemaking criminologists seek nonviolent, humane alternatives to coercive punishment.

Question 39

The publication of Taylor, Walton, and Young's __________ in 1973 gave a powerful boost to the conflict view and created a tradition for critical criminologists to question the role criminology plays in supporting the status quo and aiding the oppression of the poor and powerless.

A) The New Criminology
B) Left Realism in the Seventies
C) Feminism and the Law
D) The Social Reality of Crime

Question 40

According to Hagan and his associates, within the paternalistic home, mothers are expected to control the behavior of their sons while granting greater freedom to daughters.

Question 41

John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend that ______.

A) the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class
B) the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality
C) the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class members to improve their economic status
D) critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society

Question 42

Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement are known as ______.

A) ​preemptive deterrence
B) ​general deterrence
C) ​specific deterrence
D) ​perspective deterrence

Question 43

John Hagan's critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of criminality. According to Hagan's power-control theory, what two factors account for female crime and delinquency?

A) Race/ethnicity and social status
B) Class position and economic ability
C) Education level and family status
D) Class position and family functions

Question 44

According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behavior mirrors that of their brothers?

A) Paternalistic families
B) Matriarchal families
C) Egalitarian families
D) Capitalist families

Question 45

Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these profits for reinvestment or to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed _______.

A) excess abundance
B) surplus value
C) profit distribution
D) differential wealth

Question 46

Lea and Young's left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream sociological theory and closely resembles the __________ approach.

A) social structure
B) relative deprivation
C) cultural deviance
D) social learning

Question 47

The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects is called ______.

A) ​extraordinary rendition
B) ​state compromised rendition
C) ​extraordinary extradition
D) ​state compromised extradition

Question 48

Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called __________, whereby groups of tribal elders, victims, and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused of breaking the law.

A) a sentencing circle
B) a tribal circle
C) a community circle
D) a resolution circle

Question 49

Displacement of workings by pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream is known as ______.

A) ​marginalization
B) ​double marginality
C) ​surplus value
D) ​ostracism

Question 50

Power-control theory is most credited to ______.

A) ​John Hagan
B) ​Robert Merton
C) ​Meda Chesney-Lind
D) ​Jake Gibbs

Question 51

Jackson and Olivia are high school sweethearts who married at the age of 21. Both graduated from college with degrees in pharmacy (Jackson) and nursing (Oliva) and work in their respected professions. They reside in near Philadelphia, PA and are currently 30 years old and have two children, Braden (7) and Brently (6). Using this information, answer the following questions. Given the educational background and salaries of both in their fields, if it is assumed Jackson and Olivia share duties in the home as well, this would be an example of a/an ________________.

A) ​paternalistic family
B) ​egalitarian family
C) ​democratic family
D) ​peacemaking family

Question 52

When a government or political authority makes use of death squads to kill political opponents, dissenters, or other undesirables, what type of crime has been committed?

A) Political corruption
B) Torture
C) State violence
D) Illegal domestic surveillance

Question 53

Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?

A) Restoration programs are relatively new having been developed only in the last decade.
B) Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American, and Native Canadian communities for centuries.
C) While used in Europe and Asia, restoration programs have yet to be implemented in the United States.
D) According to Howard Zehr, the core value of the restorative justice process can be translated as therapy for all.

Question 54

Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as ______.

A) an effective means of controlling the crimes of all social classes
B) encouraging crime rather than discouraging it
C) focusing on poverty rather than socioeconomic status
D) efforts to repair severed relationships in society

Question 55

High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less are known as ______.

A) ​dropout factories
B) ​field fiasco
C) ​college factories
D) ​delinquent factories

Question 56

Critical theorists question the altruism of multinational corporations and, therefore, take a very skeptical view of ______.

A) mechanization
B) globalization
C) immigration
D) technological communications

Question 57

Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in globalization do critical theorists find problematic?

A) Sexism
B) Industrialization
C) Mechanization
D) Surplus value

Question 58

__________ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women's criminality in terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.

A) Left realism
B) Critical feminism
C) Supranational criminology
D) Restorative justice

Question 59

Girls growing up in ______ are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.

A) paternalistic families
B) matriarchal families
C) egalitarian families
D) capitalist families

Question 60

____ describes the antisocial behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.

A) Power-control crime
B) State (organized) crime
C) Instrumental theory
D) Structural theory

Question 61

The ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others is known as _________________.

Question 62

_________________ deterrence refers to the efforts of preventing crime through community organization and youth involvement.

Question 63

_________________ is the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior.

Question 64

Comprising the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system, ____________________ criminology is believed by some to be its own specialization because of the special attention needed to be paid to such crimes.

Question 65

A ______________ society is one governed or controlled by men.

Question 66

Schools where the completion rate is consistently below 40 percent are known as _____________.

Question 67

Developed by Hagan, ___________________ theory maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate.

Question 68

The struggle for power in society is often referred to as _________________; better defined as human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups.

Question 69

________________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity.
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Question 70

The main goal of ______________________ is to formulate a plan about how best to deal with offending and involves a conference style setting made up of the criminal, members of his or her family, and victim and their representative, and usually a mediator and a member of the police department.

Question 71

The concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream is referred to as _________________________.

Question 72

Families in which couples share similar positions of power at home and at work are referred to as ________________ households.

Question 73

Criminal acts committed by government officials are known as _______________​.

Question 74

Paul and Amy have been married for seven years and have one small child. They share the duties and responsibilities of raising the child, discipline, finances, and work. Under power-control theory, this is most likely a/an __________________________ family.

Question 75

__________________ is the practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects.

Question 76

Jackson believes that he must work hard, be competitive, and show dominance, because culturally normative beliefs say so about male behavior. This is an example of ______.

A) ​hegemonic masculinity
B) ​aristocratic masculinity
C) ​hegemonic feminism
D) ​aristocratic feminism

Question 77

______________ theorists are critical criminologists who believe the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an efficient manner.

Question 78

To members of the __________________ movement, the main purpose of criminology is to promote a just society drawn from religious and philosophical readings.

Question 79

____________________ is a method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and members of the community.