Deck 11: Ethnicity And Race

Question 1

Preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another are defined as:

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) racism
D) situational ethnicity
E) symbolic racism

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Beatrice's mother is Choctaw (Native American),and her father is Puerto Rican and African American.At school,Beatrice refers to herself as African American and speaks English,and most of her school friends are also African American.After school,Beatrice goes to the American Indian Cultural center to learn Choctaw and to spend time with her American Indian friends.At home,Beatrice practices her Spanish with her father and her Choctaw with her maternal grandmother.Beatrice is practicing:

A) antiracism
B) symbolic ethnicity
C) racialization
D) minority group status
E) racial literacy

Answer 2

E

Question 3

_______________,consideration in terms of fixed and inflexible categories,often involves the psychological mechanism of _______________,directing hostility or anger toward objects that are not really the source of those feelings.

A) Institutional racism; situational ethnicity
B) Symbolic ethnicity; individual racism
C) Stereotypical thinking; displacement
D) Scapegoating; projection
E) Logic; rationality

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A specific form of prejudice based on socially significant,physically inherited characteristics is:

A) symbolic prejudice
B) discrimination
C) racism
D) situational ethnicity
E) symbolic racism

Question 5

The one of the following that is NOT an example of cultural racism is:

A) forbidding newly arrived Brazilian immigrants to speak Portuguese in public places
B) putting Christmas trees in company offices but forbidding Jewish workers to put a menorah or dreidel in their offices
C) moving to have a constitutional amendment proclaiming English as an official language of the United States
D) having government forms that do not allow the use of two surnames as is customary in many cultures
E) passing laws prohibiting African Americans from voting without proof of literacy

Question 6

As a sociological concept,ethnicity refers to:

A) a set of distinct physical characteristics that is the basis for a scientific classification of human beings
B) cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart
C) physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant
D) the four clearly defined groups into which humans are categorized based on physical phenotype
E) inborn physical, mental, and social differences that separate one group from others

Question 7

Arturo is a documented worker in the United States.He was injured while working and went to the hospital for treatment.While he was at the hospital,the doctors and nurses had difficulty communicating with Arturo because he speaks some English but not enough to understand medical terminology.The hospital does not have a translator on staff.This is an example of:

A) racism
B) institutional racism
C) assimilation
D) scapegoating
E) discrimination

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of antiracism?

A) Articles 330 and 332 of the Indian Constitution allow for lower castes and tribes to reserve a certain number of seats in their lower parliament.
B) Race/ethnicity may be considered when applying for admission to certain colleges and universities in the United States.
C) The Malaysian government's legislation reserves a certain number of jobs for Malaysian people.
D) The use of affirmative action programs in hiring preferences is allowed.
E) The consistent use of racial categories on census forms will be accepted over time.

Question 9

Behavior that disqualifies members of one group from opportunities available to others is:

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) racism
D) situational ethnicity
E) symbolic racism

Question 10

The riots that occurred in some of Boston's predominantly white housing projects in the 1970s because of bussing students to integrate schools are examples of:

A) displacement
B) stereotyping
C) antiracism
D) situational ethnicity
E) multiculturalism

Question 11

Tim is a construction worker who is unemployed.He blames the recent influx of Mexican immigrants for his inability to get a new job.This is an example of:

A) prejudice
B) pluralism
C) immigration
D) scapegoating
E) new racism

Question 12

Sociologists use the phrase "racial literacy" to refer to the fact that:

A) students should be required to read the works of African American authors along with other literature
B) all students need to read books by the classical British authors
C) black children should learn methods of dealing with white racism
D) a hierarchy of knowledge that is based on racial characteristics exists
E) children of multiracial parents are more academically successful than children of single-race parents

Question 13

People and programs that explicitly condemn prejudice and discrimination against minority groups such as french-speaking Canadians are referred to as:

A) communist subversives
B) antiracist
C) affirmative actors
D) francophiles
E) liberal Democrats

Question 14

Historically,Europeans classified the individuals with whom they came into contact in various parts of the world according to categories based on their physical attributes.These categories became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people's daily lives.This process is known as:

A) nationalization
B) racialization
C) classification
D) social colonization
E) systemization

Question 15

Racism is increasingly based on cultural differences as opposed to "scientific" racism; the example in the following that illustrates "new racism," or cultural racism is:

A) African Americans who do not value family because of the high rates of single-parent households
B) Hmong people's extended family structure that allows for their elders to play a significant role in decision making.
C) many Native American tribes in the United States that exercise their sovereignty through gaming and other enterprises
D) many Chicanos(as) who incorporate certain indigenous practices into their religion
E) higher interest rates on loans for Asian-owned businesses

Question 16

The Supreme Court decision that established the foundation for the civil rights struggles of the 1950s through the 1970s was:

A) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
B) Darwin v. Board of Education of the State of Kansas
C) Roe v. Wade
D) Clay v. Liston
E) King v. City of Montgomery, Alabama

Question 17

The 1964 Civil Rights Act:

A) banned discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and any agency receiving government funds
B) eliminated resistance to civil rights once and for all
C) eliminated discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity in the United States
D) ended racial prejudice against African Americans
E) ended institutional racism against all defined minority groups

Question 18

_______________ often involves _______________,the unconscious attribution to others of one's own desires or characteristics.

A) Institutional racism; situational ethnicity
B) Symbolic ethnicity; individual racism
C) Stereotypical thinking; displacement
D) Scapegoating; projection
E) Logic; rationality

Question 19

As a sociological concept,race refers to:

A) a set of distinct physical characteristics that are the basis for a scientific classification of human beings
B) cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that tend to set people apart
C) physical variations in human beings singled out by members of a community or society as socially significant
D) the four clearly defined groups into which humans are categorized based on physical phenotype
E) inborn physical, mental, and social difference that separate one group from others

Question 20

The notion that was prevalent in white society during the pre-civil rights era that African American males had very highly charged sexual urges that they could not control is an example of:

A) projection
B) antiracism
C) situational scapegoating
D) discrimination
E) institutional racism

Question 21

The physical separation of a racial or ethnic group is called:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) multiculturalism

Question 22

In the colonial model of migration:

A) preferences are granted to immigrants from former colonies
B) former colonial subjects are granted only limited citizenship
C) emigration but not immigration is allowed
D) racial and ethnic quotas are routinely applied
E) the United States is most representative

Question 23

The research of Stephen Castles and Mark Miller (1993)identified four tendencies that they claim will characterize migration patterns in the coming years.Which is NOT one of those four tendencies?

A) acceleration
B) diversification
C) homogenization
D) globalization
E) feminization

Question 24

All of the following describe the classic model of migration EXCEPT countries:

A) like the United States
B) involved in diaspora reception
C) that developed as nations of immigrants
D) that encouraged immigration
E) that promised citizenship, although with restriction and quotas

Question 25

Global migratory patterns are a result of the combination of _______________,the movement of people into a country to settle,and _______________,the process by which people leave a country to settle in another.

A) immigration; emigration
B) emigration; immigration
C) assimilation; segregation
D) segregation; assimilation
E) social movement; colonialism

Question 26

The country that best illustrates the classic model of immigration is:

A) Australia
B) france
C) England
D) Germany
E) Mexico

Question 27

The term minority group is potentially ambiguous and confusing,particularly for sociologists,because:

A) they use the term to mean disadvantaged, not necessarily a group of less than 50% of the population
B) they often disagree about the percentage of the population that is nonwhite
C) placement of nonwhites such as athletes Shaquille O'Neal, James Taylor, and Sammy Sosa in a minority group is difficult
D) sociology is a dynamic discipline that has difficulty with a static concept such as minority group
E) the relative proportions of minority and majority groups change over time

Question 28

In the preceding 350 years or so,there have been at least four massive population shifts.The following example that most closely represents these massive shifts is:

A) the forced migration of American Indians from the eastern to the western United States
B) the diaspora of Jewish people from Israel to eastern Europe
C) the movement of Europeans to other parts of the world
D) the immigration of thousands of Cubans to Miami
E) the African diaspora to the Americas

Question 29

The systematic,planned destruction of a racial,political,or cultural group is called:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) multiculturalism

Question 30

An example of a Native American family encouraging its children to select a partner from the same tribe is an example of:

A) symbolic ethnicity
B) marital endogamy
C) prejudice toward other ethnic groups
D) white antiracism
E) antiracism

Question 31

The sociologically defined characteristic of minority group is:

A) any group that is less than 50% of the population
B) any ethnic or "racial" group
C) a disadvantaged group
D) any immigrant group
E) a group that physically and culturally deviates from the dominant group

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true regarding countries with the guest worker model of migration?

A) The country admits immigrants on a temporary basis.
B) Immigration is related to the labor market demand.
C) The country usually confers citizenship rights quickly to new immigrants.
D) Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium have followed the guest workers model.
E) Immigrants do not receive citizenship rights even after long periods of residence

Question 33

A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence whereas their members participate in the economic and political life of the larger society is known as:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) multiculturalism

Question 34

When ethnic groups have achieved a distinct but equal status,the society is said to exhibit:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) multiculturalism

Question 35

Croatia has become a monoethnic state because of the racialized policies of mass expulsion during the 1990s.This is an example of:

A) ethnocide
B) ethnic cleansing
C) antiracism
D) pluralism
E) symbolic ethnicity

Question 36

When a group takes over the attitudes and language of the dominant community,it has engaged in:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) multiculturalism

Question 37

Because of tightened immigration laws,it is increasingly common to find that many industrialized countries have:

A) neo-classical models of immigration
B) neo-globalized models of immigration
C) colonial models of immigration
D) illegal models of immigration
E) diaspora models of immigration

Question 38

Of the following,the most characteristic of the colonial model of migration is the:

A) American Indian Trail of Tears march in 1838
B) special immigration status france grants to Algerians
C) illegal movement of large numbers of Mexicans across the Texas border
D) movement of large numbers of Turkish people into Germany
E) African migration to the United States

Question 39

The feminization of migration patterns refers to the fact that:

A) as more women are elected to leadership positions, countries loosen their immigration rules
B) women business owners are more likely than businessmen to employ women immigrants
C) women are more willing to take economic, political, and social risks
D) the number of women migrants has increased in part because of the demand for "mail-order brides"
E) female migrants tend to be healthier and more attractive than male migrants

Question 40

Amy Chua's seminal piece World on fire: How Exporting free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability argues that small ethnic minority groups often have more power than larger,poorer ethnic groups and that many times ethnic tension is a result of:

A) the lack of cultural knowledge each group has about the other
B) the economic advantage enjoyed by these groups
C) the inability of other ethnic groups to assimilate
D) segregation
E) the lack of social awareness within the free market

Question 41

Most Americans would agree that education is the key vehicle for economic success.The statement that accurately describes the relationship between race and educational achievement is:

A) white Americans and Latin immigrants have widened the educational gap between themselves and black Americans
B) regardless of the advances from the civil rights movement, the educational level of black Americans continues to decline
C) white Americans have a higher educational level than African Americans and Latinos combined
D) the educational level of Hispanics continues to lag behind that of whites and blacks in the United States
E) more Hispanics than other minority group members graduate from college

Question 42

During the twentieth century,industrial development in the North and the mechanization of agriculture in the South resulted in a substantial migration to northern urban areas by:

A) Europeans
B) African Americans
C) Latin Americans
D) Native Americans
E) Asians

Question 43

The one of the following that is NOT a fact regarding racial and ethnic inequality in the United States today is that:

A) since the civil rights movement of the 1960s, increasing numbers of African Americans have joined the middle class by attaining a college education, professional occupations, and new homes
B) blacks are much more likely than whites to live in poverty
C) immigrants from Mexico seek economic opportunity but have among the lowest levels of educational attainment of all groups, and many live in extreme poverty
D) de jure segregation ended about two decades before the end of de facto segregation
E) blacks are more likely than whites to be socially isolated from good schools and economic opportunity.

Question 44

Robin Cohen has identified six criteria for a diaspora.Which is NOT a way in which Jewish immigration to the United States conforms to these criteria?

A) Jewish families emigrated from eastern Europe where they were subjected to harsh and restrictive government policies.
B) Jewish families are concentrated in large urban areas, such as New York, Miami, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
C) Many Jewish families still fear that a latent anti-Semitism will become active.
D) Jewish men and women have made valuable contributions in the fields of science, medicine, law, entertainment, and politics, among others.
E) Jewish men immigrated well in advance of Jewish women, establishing diaspora-specific trade ghettos.

Question 45

The National Immigration forum has estimated that immigrant workers contribute significantly to the national economy.They estimate that the dollar amount of gross domestic product without them would be less by approximately:

A) 10 billion
B) 1 trillion
C) 100 billion
D) 7 million
E) 100 million

Question 46

Dispersal of an ethnic population from an original homeland into foreign areas often in a forced way or under traumatic circumstances is known as:

A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) pluralism
D) diaspora
E) emigration

Question 47

The majority of immigrants to the United States prior to 1965 was from _______________; since 1965,the majority has been from _______________.

A) Asia; Asia
B) Europe; Europe
C) Latin America; Europe and Asia
D) Europe; Latin America and Asia
E) Asia; Haiti

Question 48

The following immigrants that were NOT subjected to prejudice and discrimination by those who were already established in the United States were the:

A) Irish
B) Italians
C) Chinese
D) Jews
E) Native Americans

Question 49

A micro-level factor that might be part of a systems approach to explaining migration patterns between Mexico and the United States is the:

A) U.S. policy that encourages "guest workers" from Mexico to work in American service industries
B) economic condition in Mexico that makes it very difficult for many people to earn an adequate income
C) informal networking among family and friends that provides support for newly arrived immigrants
D) strength of individual-level "push factors" that exceeds that of social-level "pull factors"
E) presence of economic advantages that outweigh political constraints

Question 50

The ethnic group that was forcibly removed to "relocation centers" in World War II is:

A) German American
B) Italian American
C) Japanese American
D) Chinese American
E) Vietnamese American

Question 51

Which of the following groups saw the most significant INCREASE in household family income in the 1990s?

A) European Americans
B) African Americans
C) Hispanic Americans
D) Asian Americans
E) Native Americans

Question 52

The largest group of Latinos that resides in the United States is described as:

A) Mexican American
B) Puerto Rican
C) Cuban
D) El Salvadoran
E) Guatemalan

Question 53

The first large wave of immigrants to the United States from the time of independence until the 1880s was mostly from:

A) Britain and northwestern Europe
B) eastern Europe
C) southern Europe
D) Asia
E) Latin America

Question 54

Robin Cohen adopts a historical approach and identifies five categories of diasporas,which does NOT include:

A) victim
B) imperial
C) labor
D) political
E) cultural

Question 55

The debate about the economic effect of new immigrants to the United States is best characterized by whether:

A) the new immigrants will edge out current Americans for jobs in the high-tech sector of the economy
B) the new immigrants will cost too much in government welfare programs or provide a financial lift to the economy by paying taxes
C) the new immigrants will erode the mainstream American culture by demanding that days such as Cinco de Mayo be made a national holiday
D) the number of immigrants to the United States has increased or decreased in the past 50 years
E) immigrants' atypical sex ratio will have negative effects on population growth in the United States in the next 50 years

Question 56

According to Robin Cohen,despite the diversity of forms,all diasporas share certain key features,which do NOT include:

A) forced or voluntary movement from a homeland to a new region or regions
B) shared memory about the homeland
C) commitment to the preservation of the homeland
D) belief in the possibility of eventual return to the homeland
E) abandonment of original ethnic and national identity with time and distance

Question 57

The large migration to the United States in the 1880s and 1890s came from:

A) Britain
B) southern and eastern Europe
C) northwestern Europe
D) Asia
E) Latin America

Question 58

Which category has the highest median household income?

A) whites
B) blacks
C) Asians and Pacific Islanders
D) Hispanics
E) Native Americans

Question 59

An example of the interaction between micro and macro factors that influence migration is a family that moves from:

A) Liberia to escape the civil war to Minneapolis, Minnesota, because they can work at a family business
B) England moves to New York City because of the mother's job transfer
C) Texas to Miami to be closer to Cuban culture
D) California, to Texas, and then to Oklahoma for work
E) California to Canada for political reasons

Question 60

The group that has the highest income among Latinos is composed of:

A) Puerto Ricans
B) Mexican Americans
C) Guatemalans
D) Hondurans
E) Cubans

Question 61

Ethnic differences are learned behaviors.

Question 62

Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton argued that _______________ is responsible for the continuation of black poverty in the urban ghettos of the United States.

A) the history of racial residential segregation
B) the genetic makeup of whites and blacks
C) the culture of poverty
D) welfare dependency
E) lack of individual motivation

Question 63

The unemployment rate of Hispanic and black men outstrips that of whites by the same degree today as in the early 1960s.

Question 64

Both individual racism and institutional racism seem to be declining in the United States,and the differences between white and nonwhite ethnic groups are now almost non-existent.

Question 65

The percentage of African Americans in the U.S.population is close to 47%.

Question 66

"English-only" laws would be an example of old racism,also known as colonial racism.

Question 67

An individual must be prejudiced in order to discriminate.

Question 68

Hispanics now outnumber blacks in the United States.

Question 69

Although more African Americans are now attending college,a smaller proportion of whites than blacks graduate.

Question 70

There are no clear-cut biological races of human beings.

Question 71

Residential segregation is based on personal decisions,not on racism.

Question 72

The fraction of all families who live in poverty headed by African American or Latino women is:

A) one-tenth
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) three-fourths
E) nine-tenths

Question 73

Genetic diversity within populations is as great as the diversity among populations.

Question 74

The number of congressional politicians who are Latino and African American is not proportionate to their percentage of the population in the United States.

Question 75

According to Jake Najman's (1993)research,the rate of infant mortality for the poorest 20% of the population was four times higher than for the wealthiest 20% of the population.

Question 76

The unemployment rate of black and Hispanic men has shrunk since the 1960s,so it is now about the same as the unemployment rate for white men.

Question 77

Real median household income for Asian Americans is slightly lower than for white Americans but about four times that of Hispanic Americans.

Question 78

Which category of full-time workers has the lowest weekly earnings?

A) black women
B) white women
C) black men
D) white men
E) Asian American men

Question 79

Race is socially constructed.

Question 80

The percentage of black and Hispanic congresspersons is equal to their percentage in the population.