Deck 2: Measuring and Explaining Crime

Question 1

Self-report surveys are designed to gather crime data from:

A)Victims
B)Participants' their own involvement in crime
C)People with knowledge of other people's criminal activity
D)Law enforcement officers' involvement with their own illegal activity while on the job

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The number of women in prisons and jails is ____ over time.

A)Remaining stable
B)Decreasing steadily
C)Increasing rapidly
D)Slowly increasing

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The UCR is comprised of agency data which represents __________ of the American population.

A)95%
B)88%
C)76%
D)65%

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) reports on three measurements.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)The number of persons arrested
B)The number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or the police themselves
C)The number of officers and support law enforcement specialists
D)The number of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that compile the UCR

Question 5

Crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency are recorded by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to give a general idea of the "crime picture" in the United States in any given year, are known as:

A)Part I offenses
B)Part II offenses
C)Part III offenses
D)Part IV offenses

Question 6

In what form of data collection are persons asked directly, through personal interviews or questionnaires or over the telephone, about specific criminal activity to which they may have been a party?

A)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
B)National Victimization Survey (NCVS)
C)Self-report surveys
D)Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Question 7

The study of crime is referred to as ____.

A)Criminal justice
B)Criminology
C)Psychology
D)Sociology

Question 8

____ is a phrase used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place.

A)"Hidden figure of crime"
B)"Dark prediction of crime"
C)"Dark figure of crime"
D)"Hidden prediction of crime"

Question 9

Which of the following is a Part II offense?

A)Driving under the influence
B)Burglary
C)Arson
D)Motor vehicle theft

Question 10

In the 1980s, the Department of Justice began seeking ways to improve its data system.The result was the ____.

A)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
B)National Crime Victimization (NCVS)
C)Self-report surveys
D)Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Question 11

Supporters report that ____ gives victims a voice in the criminal justice process.

A)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
B)Victim surveys
C)Self-report surveys
D)The Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Question 12

The "dark figure of crime" appears to be:

A)Much higher than suggested by the UCR
B)Much lower than suggested by the UCR
C)Slightly lower than suggested by the UCR
D)Consistent with the UCR

Question 13

Which of the following is a Part I offense?

A)Driving under the influence
B)Embezzlement
C)Drug abuse violations
D)Larceny/theft

Question 14

Researchers who study the causes of crime are:

A)Victimologists
B)Criminologists
C)Psychologists
D)Sociologists

Question 15

While traditionally overlooked in criminological research, __________________ are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S.prison population.

A)African Americans
B)Asians
C)Hispanics
D)American Indians

Question 16

When the UCR presents crime data as a rate, they are reporting:

A)The amount of crime per 100,000 people
B)The amount of change that has occurred since the previous year
C)The total number of crimes
D)The frequency with which a particular crime is committed within a 24 hour period

Question 17

In the twentieth century crime declined most between ______.

A)1930-1940
B)1990-2000
C)1950-1960
D)1970-1980

Question 18

The UCR is prepared annually by:

A)The United States Census Bureau
B)The Department of Homeland Security
C)The Federal Bureau of Investigation
D)The United States Secret Service

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the relationship between class and crime?

A)The highest crime rates in the United States are consistently recorded in the low-income, urban neighborhoods
B)Poverty causes crime
C)The majority of residents in low-income neighborhoods are criminals
D)Lower-income citizens are more likely to commit white-collar crimes

Question 20

Since its inception in 1930, the ____ has attempted to measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing "crimes known to the police."

A)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
B)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
C)Self-report surveys
D)Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Question 21

A theory is:

A)A relationship between two variables in which they vary together
B)An educated guess by a criminologist about the relationship between two variables
C)A statement in which a variable is denoted as the cause of change in another variable
D)An explanation for a phenomenon based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning

Question 22

A theory that contends that if someone is labeled "delinquent" or "criminal" by authority figures, there is a better chance that the person will consider himself or herself as such and continue the criminal behavior is:

A)Labeling theory
B)Learning theory
C)Social process theory
D)Trait theory

Question 23

Social conflict theory focuses on ____ as a key component in explaining crime.

A)Choice
B)The community
C)Learning
D)Power

Question 24

Choice theorists believe the best way to deter crime is to:

A)Increase the severity of the punishment for offending
B)Provide counseling and treatment for those individuals at risk for offending
C)Establish programs to strengthen communities
D)Divert juvenile offenders from the criminal justice system

Question 25

According to ________________crime occurs when three factors are present: a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.

A)Choice theory
B)Social disorganization
C)Social process theory
D)Routine activity theory

Question 26

A theory that sees crime as a form of learned behavior is ____.

A)Labeling theory
B)Learning theory
C)Social process theory
D)Trait theory

Question 27

What are criminological theories primarily concerned with?

A)Assisting the criminal justice professional
B)Constructing grounds to explain the behavior of criminal justice professionals
C)Determining the reasons behind criminal behavior
D)Providing support to criminal psychologists

Question 28

What is the school of criminology that is often associated with a critique of our capitalist economic system?

A)Labeling
B)Social conflict
C)Social disorganization
D)Social process

Question 29

A theory of crime in which offenders weigh the possible benefits of criminal activity against the costs of being apprehended is:

A)Choice theory
B)Social disorganization theory
C)Social process theory
D)Trait theory

Question 30

According to Jack Katz, the emotional or sensual rush a criminal experiences upon the successful completion of a crime is referred to as:

A)"Crime adrenalin"
B)"Criminal benefit"
C)"Rush sensation"
D)"Seduction of crime"

Question 31

Which theory suggests that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances?

A)Choice theory
B)Social process theory
C)Social structure theory
D)Trait theory

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the three neurotransmitters that seem particularly related to aggressive behavior?

A)Serotonin
B)Norepinephrine
C)Dopamine
D)Testosterone

Question 33

Learning theory was popularized by:

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Clifford Shaw
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Henry McKay

Question 34

Shaw and McKay studied high-crime neighborhoods and discovered that these "zones" were characterized by ____, or a breakdown in schools, families, and community groups.

A)Chaos
B)Conflict
C)Disorganization
D)Disruption

Question 35

Epidemiologist Paul Goldstein has devised three models to explain the relationship between drugs and crime. Which of the below is NOT one of them?

A)Chronic offender model
B)Psychopharmacological model
C)Economically impulsive model
D)Systemic model

Question 36

Because adult criminals are seen as too "hardened" to unlearn their criminal behavior, crime prevention policies associated with ____ theory focus on juvenile offenders.

A)Choice
B)Social disorganization
C)Social process
D)Social conflict

Question 37

Which theory believes that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population?

A)Choice theory
B)Social disorganization theory
C)Social process theory
D)Trait theory

Question 38

The theory that certain people are more likely to be victims of crime, and therefore part victimization is a strong predictor of future victimization is ___________________.

A)Repeat victimization
B)System revictimization
C)Victim profiling
D)Routine activities theory

Question 39

According to ____, criminal offending is the result of interactions with parents, friends and peer groups.

A)Choice theory
B)Social disorganization theory
C)Social process theory
D)Trait theory

Question 40

A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a(n):

A)Hypothesis
B)Scientific method
C)Theory
D)Correlation

Question 41

A delinquent or criminal who commits multiple offenses and is considered part of a small group of wrongdoers who are responsible for a majority of the antisocial activity in any given community is a:

A)Constant criminal
B)Chronic offender
C)Career offender
D)Persistent perpetrator

Question 42

Social conflict theories say that the "labeling" of someone as a delinquent increases the chance that the person will see himself or herself as a delinquent and continue with criminal behaviors.

Question 43

To understand the basics of addiction and physical dependence, you must understand the role of _ ____________ in the brain.

A)Serotonin
B)Norepinephrine
C)Dopamine
D)Histamine

Question 44

Part I offenses are recorded by the FBI to give a general idea of the "crime picture" in the United States.

Question 45

The crime rate is expressed per 10,000 people.

Question 46

According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin, what percent of juvenile offenders has been shown to be responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime?

A)6%
B)10%
C)14%
D)80%

Question 47

A model that holds that drug abusers commit crimes as a direct result of the drugs they have ingested is _________________.

A)The psychopharmacological model
B)The economically impulsive model
C)The physical addiction model
D)The systemic model

Question 48

Trait theorists believe that crime is best addressed by punishing criminal offenders.

Question 49

The National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an annual measure of victimization in the United States.

Question 50

The UCR presents crime data collected annually from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.

Question 51

As a reaction to the research of the "chronic 6%," law enforcement agencies and district attorneys' offices have devised specific strategies to apprehend and prosecute repeat offenders.

Question 52

All individuals are at equal risk of being victimized by crime.

Question 53

A correlation between variables means that one variable causes change in another variable.

Question 54

There are seven Part II offenses listed in the UCR.

Question 55

There are currently no theories that associate physical characteristics with criminality.

Question 56

The dark figure of crime refers to those offenses that are committed, but are unknown to the police.

Question 57

Victim surveys are used to collect data from criminals and victims of crime.

Question 58

Victimology is a school of criminology that studies why certain people are the victims of crimes and the optimal role for victims in the criminal justice system.

Question 59

Crime is an overwhelmingly male activity.

Question 60

A chronic offender is also referred to as a ____.

A)Career criminal
B)Constant criminal
C)Chronic victim
D)Persistent perpetrator

Question 61

The ___________________________ refers to the actual amount of crime that takes place.

Question 62

Discuss Social Process theories.Include descriptions of two particular theories found within this school of criminology.

Question 63

____________ denotes national or cultural background.

Question 64

Discuss Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, as published by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin, including reference to the policy implications that have followed this research.

Question 65

A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a(n) ____________________.

Question 66

The theory that certain people are more likely to be subject to criminal activity because of past victimization is ___________________.

Question 67

What is meant by "the dark figure of crime?" Are there sources that help to reveal this "dark figure?"

Question 68

Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the context of criminology. Why is the scientific method an important part of criminology?

Question 69

Describe the Uniform Crime Report (UCR).Who compiles this crime measurement source, when was it created, and what does it include?

Question 70

The hormone _______________________ has been associated with aggression.