Deck 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Which statement concerning the timing of puberty in males and females is true?

A)The onset of menarche in females typically occurs a few years prior to the typical onset of spermarche in males.
B)The onset of menarche in females typically occurs a few years after to the typical onset of spermarche in males.
C)The onset of menarche in females typically occurs around the same time as the onset of spermarche in males.
D)The onset of menarche in females typically occurs almost a decade after the typical onset of spermarche in males.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Primary sex characteristic changes are those directly impacting

A)reproduction.
B)height.
C)intelligence.
D)personality.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Menarche is to spermarche as _____ is to _____.

A)onset of menstruation; ejaculation
B)egg production; sperm production
C)ovulation; testes growth
D)fertilisation; conception

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A sex difference during puberty involves the fact that ____ is greater for girls than boys.

A)muscle development
B)body fat
C)lung capacity
D)heart capacity

Question 5

During adolescence

A)both brain myelination and synaptic pruning first begin.
B)brain myelination first begins and synaptic pruning nears completion.
C)brain myelination nears completion and synaptic pruning first begins.
D)both brain myelination and synaptic pruning near completion.

Question 6

Menarche is best described as the onset of

A)puberty.
B)pubic hair.
C)menstruation.
D)body growth.

Question 7

____ is best defined as physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood.

A)Puberty
B)Menopause
C)Primary circular reactions
D)Secondary circular reactions

Question 8

Who would be most likely to have just achieved close to her full adult stature?

A)Thando, who is 12 years old
B)Thembi, who is 15 years old
C)Thandiswe, who is 18 years old
D)Tumi, who is 21 years old

Question 9

Who is experiencing the first indicator of the onset of puberty in a typical female?

A)Bonolo, whose pubic hair has started to grow
B)Neli, who has just begun to menstruate
C)Gugu, whose breasts have started to grow
D)Tumi, who has just begun to ovulate

Question 10

Which event defines spermarche?

A)The production of sperm
B)The ejaculation of sperm
C)The original meiosis of sperm
D)The implantation of sperm into an egg

Question 11

Who is experiencing the first indicator of the onset of puberty in males?

A)Bandile, whose testes have started to grow
B)Blessing, whose pubic hair has started to grow
C)Bandile, who is experiencing a growth spurt
D)Boipelo, whose penis has started to grow

Question 12

During puberty, changes in physical maturity that are not directly linked to reproduction are referred to as ____ sex characteristics.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)instrumental

Question 13

The two general types of physical development associated with puberty include

A)lower self-esteem and bodily changes.
B)physical changes and sexual maturation.
C)sexual maturation and formal-operational thinking.
D)formal-operational thinking and lower self-esteem.

Question 14

From whom would you expect the biggest gains in height and weight over the next three years?

A)Gugu, who is 2 years old
B)Thabo, who is 6 years old
C)Thando, who is 11 years old
D)Lindiwe, who is 14 years old

Question 15

The maturation of the ____ during adolescence lags behind the maturation of _____.

A)systems that are sensitive to reward; systems responsible for self-control
B)systems responsible for self-control; systems that are sensitive to reward
C)systems responsible for synaptic pruning; systems for myelination
D)systems for myelination; systems responsible for synaptic pruning

Question 16

A key physical component of puberty is the ____ gland, which regulates pubertal changes by signaling other glands to secrete hormones.

A)thyroid
B)adrenal
C)pituitary
D)pineal

Question 17

In a typically developing adolescent experiencing puberty, you would expect that his or her ____ would be the last body area to grow.

A)head
B)feet
C)legs
D)trunk

Question 18

How many of the following are considered secondary sex characteristics: growth of facial hair in boys, development of a functional uterus in girls, voice change in boys, and broadening of shoulders in girls?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 19

Estrogen is directly released by the

A)pituitary gland.
B)ovaries.
C)adrenal gland.
D)testes.

Question 20

Which adolescent is experiencing a change in his primary sex characteristics?

A)Katleho, who now has facial hair
B)Kgatello, who has begun to produce sperm
C)Kagiso, who has begun to talk in a deeper voice
D)Kgosi, who now has broader shoulders

Question 21

Which statement is true?

A)Estrogen is found only in females, and androgens are found only in males.
B)Estrogen is found only in males, and androgens are found only in females.
C)During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at the same levels in adolescent males and females.
D)During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at different levels in adolescent males and females.

Question 22

Early-maturing boys are more at risk for

A)being pressured into sex.
B)requiring hormone replacement therapy.
C)attention deficit disorder.
D)depression.

Question 23

A typical teenage girl should consume approximately ____ calories each day.

A)1 200
B)1 700
C)2 200
D)2 700

Question 24

Who is most likely to suffer the most negative psychological consequences as a result of the timing of maturation?

A)Jabu, an early-maturing male
B)Lesedi, an early-maturing female
C)Portia, a late-maturing female
D)Andile, a late-maturing male

Question 25

Concerning weight, the abbreviation BMI stands for

A)base metabolic indices.
B)body metabolic indices.
C)base mass index.
D)body mass index.

Question 26

The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by

A)hormone replacement therapy.
B)having supportive parents.
C)possessing a strong personal fable.
D)hanging around with older males.

Question 27

Early maturation has been shown to increase ____ in females.

A)smoking and drinking
B)popularity
C)happiness
D)self-confidence

Question 28

Rendani is a 13-year-old boy who is currently experiencing puberty. During the past few months, his testes have released a small amount of estrogen. What is the most likely outcome of this hormonal activity?

A)Rendani will begin to ovulate.
B)Rendani will begin to have enlarged testicles.
C)Rendani will begin to experience some breast development.
D)Rendani will show no impact because testes are incapable of producing estrogen.

Question 29

Concerning hemoglobin levels, during the teen years

A)boys need more and girls need less.
B)girls need more and boys need less.
C)both boys and girls need more.
D)both boys and girls need less.

Question 30

Which factor seems to be strongly involved in the timing of menarche?

A)Parenting skills
B)Nutrition
C)Education
D)Birth order

Question 31

Onkgopotse is 13 years old and classified as overweight. Which statement is most likely to be true?

A)Onkgopotse is unpopular with his peers.
B)Onkgopotse has high self-esteem.
C)Onkgopotse has little risk for medical problems.
D)Onkgopotse has a faster-than-normal basal metabolic rate.

Question 32

If asked to identify where the hormone that causes the maturation of the genitals in females comes from, you should say

A)'the pituitary gland'.
B)'the ovaries'.
C)'the fallopian tube'.
D)'the adrenal gland'.

Question 33

Obesity is generally most prevalent among

A)younger adolescent girls
B)older adolescent girls
C)younger adolescent boys
D)older adolescent boys

Question 34

Which best describes the typical response to body image during puberty?

A)Females worry more about appearance, but males are more dissatisfied with their appearance.
B)Males worry more about appearance, but females are more dissatisfied with their appearance.
C)Males worry more about appearance and are more dissatisfied with their appearance.
D)Females worry more about appearance and are more dissatisfied with their appearance.

Question 35

Upon experiencing spermarche, most boys

A)rarely tell parents or friends about this new development.
B)usually tell their mothers.
C)usually tell their friends.
D)are unaware of what a spontaneous ejaculation means.

Question 36

Teenagers need _____ to make extra haemoglobin.

A)calories
B)iron
C)calcium
D)red blood cells

Question 37

Overweight teens are most at risk for developing ____ later in life.

A)osteoporosis
B)sickle-cell disease
C)Huntington's disease
D)diabetes

Question 38

Which statement best describes the connection between environmental stress and maturation in girls?

A)Puberty occurs earlier in girls who have experienced chronic stress.
B)Puberty occurs later in girls who have experienced chronic stress.
C)The onset of puberty in girls is determined genetically, thus stress has no effect on the timing of puberty.
D)The effects of stress on maturation in girls are unknown.

Question 39

Estrogen is to androgen as _____ is to _____.

A)sperm; egg
B)ovary; testis
C)male; female
D)ejaculation; menarche.

Question 40

Dumi is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to:

A)raging hormone levels.
B)changes in social settings and activities.
C)negative verbal interactions with his parents.
D)concern over his changing body.

Question 41

Genetic influence on obesity can cause some adolescents to be

A)more influenced by television ads
B)less able to convert fat to fuel.
C)far thinner than their parents.
D)estrogen deficient.

Question 42

Fifteen-year-old Neliswe was adopted when she was an infant. Her adult weight is best predicted by the

A)weight of her adoptive parents.
B)average weight of individuals in her age-cohort group.
C)weight of her biological parents.
D)average weight of her adoptive siblings.

Question 43

In order to enhance his soccer performance, Mpho has been taking steroids. In recent months, he has begun to experience some medical problems. Which of his problems would be least likely to be the result of steroid use?

A)Cancer
B)Cardiovascular disease
C)Mental health problems
D)Osteoporosis

Question 44

Parents may contribute to the likelihood of their children becoming obese by

A)encouraging them to get 9-10 hours of sleep each night.
B)encouraging them to be more physically active.
C)encouraging them to rely on external eating signals.
D)encouraging them to rely on internal cues to eat.

Question 45

Anabolic steroids are most chemically similar to

A)cocaine.
B)estrogen.
C)testosterone.
D)Ritalin.

Question 46

You are asked to develop an effective prevention programme concerning eating disorders in teens. What approach should you take?

A)Use psychoactive medication.
B)Avoid teaching about specific diets.
C)Create a highly structured environment in which the teens have little personal input.
D)Teach the importance of resisting the social pressure to be thin.

Question 47

How many of these are risk factors for teenagers developing either bulimia or anorexia: being overly concerned about body image, heredity, adverse life experiences, high self-esteem, frequently watching television shows with overweight characters?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 48

Ayanda exhibits anorexia nervosa. When she looks in a mirror, she is most likely thinking

A)'I'm really starting to get thin!'
B)'I'm so fat!'
C)'I'm beautiful compared to those ugly women on television!'
D)'I'm going to have to start eating a little more!'

Question 49

The defining characteristic of bulimia nervosa involves

A)a binge-purge eating pattern.
B)weight loss.
C)a distorted body image.
D)an irrational fear of obesity.

Question 50

What is a defining characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

A)Binge eating
B)Increased body mass index
C)Purging through vomiting
D)An irrational fear of being overweight

Question 51

Which characteristic is least associated with child and adolescent obesity?

A)High blood pressure
B)Diabetes
C)Popularity
D)Having overweight parents

Question 52

Based on statistics, which of these is most common cause of death to a teenager in South Africa?

A)An accident involving a motor vehicle
B)Tuberculosis
C)Incidents involving suicide
D)A cancer diagnosis

Question 53

Lindi is hesitant about letting her teenage daughter Thando participate in sports because she has heard that most youth who participate in sports end up injured. What is the most accurate assessment of Lindi's thoughts?

A)She is absolutely right, because about 70% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention.
B)She is kind of correct, because about 40% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention.
C)She is fairly incorrect, because about 15% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention.
D)She is totally wrong, because only about 1% of young athletes are injured and require medical attention.

Question 54

____ is one of the defining characteristics of anorexia nervosa.

A)The persistent refusal to eat
B)A cyclic binge-and-purge pattern
C)A rational fear of obesity
D)An inhibited basal metabolic rate

Question 55

Which parental action would be the most effective to discourage obesity in his or her children?

A)Teach them the importance of avoiding meat
B)Downplay the taste of food
C)Encourage them to lose weight quickly
D)Help them set realistic goals

Question 56

In South Africa, the top 10 causes of death include

A)TB, HIV and other viral diseases
B)Taxi accidents
C)Suicide
D)Crime

Question 57

Programmes that effectively assist obese children in losing weight tend to

A)emphasise the need to follow external cues when deciding when to eat.
B)encourage children to become more sedentary.
C)totally eliminate meat from their diets.
D)focus on changing children's eating habits and encouraging them to become more active.

Question 58

Which teenager is at the greatest risk for developing anorexia or bulimia?

A)Ivy, who has internalised the thin body image that is often thought to be ideal in Western cultures
B)Mbali, who is intellectually gifted and enjoys outdoor activities like hiking and rock climbing
C)Daisy, who never worried about dieting when she was young
D)Petunia, who has a grandmother with bipolar disorder

Question 59

About 1 in ____ individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder is male.

A)3
B)5
C)10
D)20

Question 60

One way to reduce the incidence of obesity in adolescence is to have teens engage in 'regular activity'. Which of these defines such activity?

A)Exercise must last for at least 60 minutes, two times per week.
B)Exercise must occur at least five times a week.
C)Exercise must burn at least 250 calories.
D)Exercise must last for 30 minutes, three times per week.

Question 61

In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables, a character named Jean Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed a starving child. How would psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg describe this act?

A)Kohlberg would not be surprised because he saw humans as morally corrupt.
B)Kohlberg would argue that the act of theft is not in and of itself immoral, depending on the rationale for the theft.
C)Kohlberg would have expected the theft if the child were Valjean's, but not if the child belonged to someone else.
D)Kohlberg would have expected the theft, but only if Valjean were operating at the lowest level of moral reasoning.

Question 62

Heuristics tend to be very

A)sophisticated.
B)fast.
C)accurate.
D)analytical.

Question 63

Fourteen-year-old Siay, an avid video game player, reads a flawed study showing that video game players are smarter than most people. Then he reads a second study with similar flaws proposing that video game players are poor leaders. What would you predict will happen?

A)He would overlook the flaws in the first study and dismiss the findings of the second study.
B)He would now believe that video game players are poor leaders.
C)He would now believe that video game players are both smarter and poor leaders.
D)He would dismiss the findings of the first study and overlook the flaws in the second study.

Question 64

What would you predict would happen when Alan, a white teen who is a racist, reads a scientific study indicating that black people are more intelligent than white people?

A)He would begin to reconsider his anti-black stance.
B)He would dismiss the study as being flawed.
C)He would now view black people as more intelligent.
D)He would now view black people as even less intelligent.

Question 65

According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are ____ levels of moral reasoning, each containing ____ stages.

A)two; two
B)three; two
C)two; three
D)three; three

Question 66

As a typical young teen, Mpho would be best at detecting ____ flaws in arguments.

A)heuristic
B)logical
C)post operational
D)egocentric

Question 67

Adolescents develop ____ reasoning, which allows them to find weaknesses in arguments.

A)heuristic
B)logical
C)egocentric
D)inflative

Question 68

The illusion of invulnerability is best demonstrated by

A)post-conventional thinking about sex.
B)unprotected sex by teens.
C)a girl's first menstrual cycle.
D)male masturbation.

Question 69

Which concept describes the development of processing speed between ages 8 and 18?

A)Time needed to respond decreases at a consistent rate.
B)Time needed to respond decreases for the first years and then levels off.
C)Time needed to respond is constant for the first years and then decreases significantly.
D)Time needed to respond increases at a consistent rate.

Question 70

What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma?

A)Are humans naturally violent or passive?
B)Can stealing be justified?
C)Is there a God?
D)Is there a basis for the concept of race?

Question 71

The illusion of invulnerability is best defined by the phrase

A)'it won't happen to me'.
B)'slow and steady wins the race'.
C)'once bitten, twice shy'.
D)'nothing is worth the risk of dying'.

Question 72

Which concept is best associated with increased content knowledge?

A)Increased ability to identify strategies appropriate for a specific task
B)Increased memory capacity
C)Increased processing speed
D)Increased metacognitive skills

Question 73

What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking?

A)He presented participants with moral dilemmas.
B)He observed moral behaviour in laboratory experiments.
C)He observed moral behaviour in real-life experiments.
D)He reviewed newspaper accounts on acts of bravery and acts of violence.

Question 74

In ____ reasoning, adolescents recognise the hazards in making generalisations from extremely small samples.

A)scientific
B)heuristic
C)logical
D)formal operations

Question 75

Chris is 17 and his brother Tendai is 10. When trying to pick the winner of a violent competition

A)Chris will be more analytic, and Tendai will be likely to use a heuristic.
B)Tendai will be more analytic, and Chris will be likely to use a heuristic.
C)Chris will be more likely to use post-conventional thinking, and Tendai will be likely to use a universal ethical principle.
D)Tendai will be more likely to use post-conventional thinking, and Chris will be likely to use a universal ethical principle.

Question 76

According to Kohlberg

A)there is only one correct response to any moral dilemma.
B)religious arguments concerning moral issues are the strongest.
C)the reason underlying a moral decision is more important than the action taken.
D)moral reasoning is too complex to be accurately assessed.

Question 77

Which statement best describes the neurological explanation for risk-taking behaviour in teens?

A)Myelination of the temporal lobe results in poor decision-making.
B)Due to neurotic pruning, the pleasure centres of the brain become 'super-charged'.
C)Estrogen and testosterone act like 'cocaine' in the brain.
D)The pleasure areas develop prior to the areas that control behaviour.

Question 78

Which statement concerning cognitive development in adolescence is true?

A)Working memory and processing speed are more childlike than adultlike.
B)Working memory becomes adultlike, but processing speed remains childlike.
C)Processing speed becomes adultlike, but working memory remains childlike.
D)Working memory and processing speed are more adultlike than childlike.

Question 79

While spending a day at a local swimming pool with their family, Paballo (age 5) and her sister Karabo (age 15) met one of the lifeguards, who gave them both a hug and waited patiently for both girls to take selfies with him. When drawing conclusions about lifeguards:

A)both Paballo and Karabo will conclude that all lifeguards are friendly.
B)both Paballo and Karabo will be wary of concluding that all lifeguards are friendly.
C)Karabo will conclude that all lifeguards are friendly, and Paballo will be wary of concluding that all lifeguards are friendly.
D)Paballo will conclude that all lifeguards are friendly, and Karabo will be wary of concluding that all lifeguards are friendly.

Question 80

Typical teenagers tend to

A)underestimate the danger of most risky behaviours and overestimate the likelihood that they will experience these consequences.
B)overestimate the danger of most risky behaviours and underestimate the likelihood that they will experience these consequences.
C)underestimate the danger of most risky behaviours as well as the likelihood that they will experience these consequences.
D)overestimate the danger of most risky behaviours as well as the likelihood that they will experience these consequences.