Deck 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Rather than simply ordering his son to mow the lawn, Ahmed says, 'Son, mow the lawn now. It's really long and we're having people over tomorrow, so I'll need help getting the lawn ready.' Ahmed's statement is an example of

A)direct instruction.
B)counterimitation.
C)disinhibition.
D)negative reinforcement trap.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Families and parenting are _____ that evolved to provide for children until they mature.

A)economic systems
B)cultural institutions
C)adaptations
D)support systems

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Today most theorists view families from a __________ perspective.

A)contextual
B)parenting
C)narrow
D)genetic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The two main dimensions of parental behaviour are

A)dominance and counterimitation.
B)counterimitation and warmth.
C)warmth and control.
D)control and dominance.

Question 5

Research on identical twins as parents shows that they are more similar than fraternal twins in the amount of _____ their children.

A)nutritional resource they provide for
B)direction they give to
C)warmth they express toward
D)self-directed choice they allow

Question 6

Lucia and Mlungisi want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Lucia and Mlungisi are most likely ____ parents.

A)uninvolved
B)authoritarian
C)authoritative
D)permissive

Question 7

Vuyo is learning the values, behaviours, and roles of his culture. In other words, Vuyo is experiencing:

A)direct instruction.
B)counterimitation.
C)authoritative parenting.
D)socialisation.

Question 8

Which parenting style tends to be most common for parents of lower socioeconomic status?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 9

As a typical parent in China, Yu Fen would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of ____ in her children.

A)self-reliance
B)family ties
C)emotional restraint
D)free-thinking

Question 10

Children who are aggressive tend to come from families with ____ or _____ parenting styles.

A)authoritarian; authoritative
B)uninvolved; authoritarian
C)authoritative; permissive
D)permissive; uninvolved

Question 11

_____ occurs when a parent tells a child what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done.

A)Counterimitation
B)Punishment
C)Infant-directed language
D)Direct instruction

Question 12

Because they have a permissive parenting style, you would predict that Ahmed and Shamima's son would:

A)get good marks in school.
B)have limited self-control.
C)be self-reliant.
D)have control over his behaviour.

Question 13

What basic premise underlies Chinese parenting?

A)Love is more important than control.
B)Scream but never hit.
C)Keep your emotions in check.
D)Children are not responsible for their actions.

Question 14

Economic stress may lead to a more ______ style of parenting.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Question 15

When all of his friends call home to tell their parents they will be getting home late from an event, Bandile doesn't bother, saying, 'My mom and dad are too busy to care about me. They don't care how late I'm out - in fact, they never even ask where I'm going.' If Bandile is right, his parents are most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ parenting style.

A)uninvolved
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)authoritative

Question 16

Jabu is a researcher who believes that to understand childrearing, you must get beyond looking solely at how parents treat their children and look at the behaviour of the children, the behaviour of their siblings, the behaviour of the parents toward each other, and the neighbourhood in which the child lives. It is most likely that Jabu supports a ____ view of childrearing.

A)psychodynamic
B)blended family
C)systems
D)counter-imitation

Question 17

When 13-year-old Thapelo asks his parents if he can go to an R-rated movie, his parents say no, but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style BEST describes Thapelo's parents?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Uninvolved
D)Authoritative

Question 18

Which technique is always based on modelling?

A)Negative reinforcement trap
B)Counterimitation
C)Instrumental aggression
D)Direct instruction

Question 19

Dumi and Maria are quick to express affection toward their son, Andile, and accept most of his behaviour. In fact, Andile has never once been punished. Dumi and Maria are exhibiting a(n) ____ style of parenting.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)uninvolved
D)permissive

Question 20

According to the systems view of families, how many of these factors influence a child's development: neighbourhood, school, work, religious organisations, and extended family?

A)five
B)three
C)one
D)none of these are correct

Question 21

Which statement about time-out is true?

A)It is based on modelling.
B)It is a reinforcement technique.
C)It bypasses many of the pitfalls of punishment.
D)It produces disinhibition.

Question 22

After his mother hears him swear, Kgosi gets a time-out. If this led to reduction in Kgosi's swearing, his mom's strategy would be described as a form of:

A)counterimitation.
B)reinforcement.
C)punishment.
D)negative reinforcement trap.

Question 23

Whenever Roger says 'please', his father gives Roger what he asks for. This in turn increases Roger's use of the word 'please'. Giving in to Roger's requests appears to be a form of:

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)counterimitation.
D)inhibition.

Question 24

Parental conflict

A)usually has no negative effects on children.
B)can make a child feel that the family is unstable.
C)often has positive effects on a child's development.
D)is not a normal part of most marriages.

Question 25

As the third child born in his family, Boipelo should expect that his parents will ____ than they did with his oldest sibling.

A)use stiffer disciplinary methods
B)set higher academic goals
C)be more affectionate
D)be more relaxed in their discipline

Question 26

Which child is most likely to succeed academically and go to college?

A)Thandi, who is firstborn
B)Hlengiwe, who is second born
C)Rethabile, who is third born
D)Keitumetsi, who is the youngest child

Question 27

Research on sibling relationships in African American families indicates that these relationships are most positive when children have:

A)many siblings.
B)high IQs.
C)sisters.
D)a strong sense of ethnic identity.

Question 28

Once the youngest sibling gets to be about ____, they will start talking more to older siblings than to mom.

A)six months old
B)one year old
C)two years old
D)four years old

Question 29

Which statement about marital issues and child development is true?

A)Chronic parental conflict seldom spills over into child-parent relationships.
B)Parental conflict cannot positively impact a child.
C)Children's self-esteem typically increases when a parent becomes unemployed.
D)Parents who lead stressful work lives parent less successfully..

Question 30

Njabulo watches her sister squirt dish soap all over the kitchen floor and sees her get punished by her granny for that behaviour. Consequently, Njabulo learns not to squirt dish soap all over the kitchen floor. Which term best describes this scenario?

A)A negative reinforcement trap
B)Counterimitation
C)Indulgent parenting
D)Direct instruction

Question 31

Buhle's mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Buhle's whining behaviour increases in frequency. This sequence is best described as:

A)punishment.
B)counterimitation.
C)direct instruction.
D)a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 32

Sophie watches her older sister Sadie getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Sophie is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be best described as:

A)time-out.
B)direct instruction.
C)counterimitation.
D)a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 33

Which advice should be given to parents who are trying to reduce their children's sibling conflict?

A)'Admit that you have a "favourite".'
B)'Try to keep your marital problems to yourself.'
C)'Next time try to not have your children so close together in age.'
D)'It would be helpful if you didn't have all girls.'

Question 34

Which pair of siblings is most likely to get along very well?

A)Wandi (a boy) and Zanele (a girl)
B)Annamarie (who is temperamentally emotional) and Lize (who is not temperamentally emotional)
C)Miriam (a girl) and Shamima (a girl)
D)Kgosi (who is temperamentally emotional) and Kgatello (who is also temperamentally emotional)

Question 35

Which statement best describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments?

A)Parenting styles cause temperaments.
B)Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
C)Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles.
D)Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated.

Question 36

Which six-year-old is most likely to be distressed by the fact that she has a new baby brother?

A)Thando, whose parents pay less attention to her
B)Thandi, who has two older sisters
C)Nandi, who has one older brother
D)Portia, whose dad has become more involved in parenting

Question 37

Priscilla is pregnant. She and her husband Blessing have very high expectations for this child and will be more affectionate, but also more punitive, toward this child than they will toward any other. This is most likely this couple's ____ baby.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 38

Sipho spanks his son Thabo in order to get him to stop acting aggressively. Which outcome is least likely in the long term?

A)Thabo will become fearful of Sipho.
B)Thabo will become more aggressive.
C)Thabo will stop being aggressive.
D)Thabo will not internalise the social rules concerning aggressive behaviour.

Question 39

When Lesedi misbehaves, her mother makes her go sit by herself in a small, quiet, unstimulating area of the house. Lesedi's mother is probably using

A)direct instruction.
B)socialisation.
C)time-out.
D)an indifferent parenting style.

Question 40

Which pairing is most likely to fall victim to the 'negative reinforcement trap'?

A)Mother and daughter
B)Mother and son
C)Father and daughter
D)Father and son

Question 41

Concerning blended families,

A)children in blended families tend to experience fewer incidences of depression, but more of anxiety.
B)the likelihood of divorce is slightly lower than for first marriages.
C)children often fear that the stepparent will disturb their relationship with the biological parent.
D)noncustodial fathers tend to maintain closer contact with their children.

Question 42

Which best exemplifies a 'blended family'?

A)A family with two parents and one child, where one parent is white and the other is black
B)A family with two adopted children, where one child is white and the other is black
C)A family in which parents have joint custody of at least one child
D)A family in which a divorced mom with three daughters marries a widowed dad with three sons

Question 43

Which aspect of friendship tends to be new to children aged 8-11?

A)Sharing activities
B)Trust
C)Sharing toys
D)Mutual liking

Question 44

Authorities will sometimes find children near death due to the fact that their parents have not fed them or protected them from environmental conditions such as the weather. These children are most accurately labelled as victims of:

A)physical abuse.
B)neglect.
C)psychological abuse.
D)negative reinforcement trap.

Question 45

What has research shown to be useful in preventing child abuse?

A)Jail time and censure of abusive parents
B)Early childhood intervention programmes
C)Encouragement of parents to use more physical punishment
D)Removal of the father from the lives of the children

Question 46

Andile's parents are divorced. Andile spends weekends with his father and the rest of the week with his mother. In legal terms, this arrangement is an aspect of what is known as

A)an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style.
B)direct instruction.
C)a blended family.
D)joint custody.

Question 47

As a new stepfather, Jacob should

A)show interest, but not get too involved in the lives of his new stepchildren.
B)establish clear boundaries with both his step- and biological children.
C)establish himself as the authority with both his step- and biological children.
D)show affection first toward his children, then his new spouse.

Question 48

How many of these children would be at risk for child abuse: a stepchild, a sick child, and a child with a parent deployed in a combat zone?

A)None
B)One
C)Two
D)Three

Question 49

The impact of being a child of divorced parents often persists into adulthood and includes the greater likelihood of

A)never marrying.
B)marrying at a young age.
C)being depressed.
D)being more optimistic about marriage.

Question 50

Keshia was divorced three years ago and has custody of her preadolescent children (one boy and one girl). Keshia is now planning to remarry. Who will have the most difficulty adjusting to this new blended family?

A)Keshia's son
B)Keshia's daughter
C)Keshia
D)The new stepfather

Question 51

In China, only children are most accurately described as

A)'rejected'.
B)'little emperors'.
C)'great wall flowers'.
D)'similar to kids with siblings'.

Question 52

Mira's parents frequently tell her she is 'an idiot' and often make her look foolish in front of her friends. This sort of abuse would best be described as

A)psychological.
B)physical.
C)socialisation.
D)neglect.

Question 53

Which statement best exemplifies ego resilience?

A)'I am a good person.'
B)'Parents should be able to discipline their children any way they see fit.'
C)'Even though I have never been in this situation before, I can handle it.'
D)'It is hard for me to take the point of view of someone who thinks differently than I do.'

Question 54

Which is true of only children relative to children with siblings?

A)They are more likely to be 'spoiled brats'.
B)They are more selfish.
C)They are more egotistical.
D)They are smarter and more mature.

Question 55

Bonolo's family consists of her biological mother, biological sister, and stepfather. This kind of unit is known as

A)a clique.
B)a negative reinforcement trap.
C)a blended family.
D)joint custody.

Question 56

By far the most frequent sort of child abuse would be categorised as:

A)neglect.
B)sexual.
C)physical.
D)psychological

Question 57

Dikeledi is a single, divorced mother of a five-year-old boy. Will remarrying be good for her son?

A)No, as he will more likely feel rejected by his mother
B)No, as stepfathers are typically a burden for the boy
C)Yes, if the stepfather is warm and involved
D)Yes, no matter what the stepfather is like

Question 58

The chances of ____ increase in a person who has been abused as a child.

A)divorce
B)attempting suicide
C)being an authoritative parent
D)high academic performance

Question 59

Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

A)Reinforce the idea that in life you cannot control what happens to you.
B)Make sure that only one parent is actively involved with the child's life.
C)Ask the child to help mediate disputes between them.
D)Don't view the child's love as a competition between them.

Question 60

Which social condition appears to foster maltreatment of children?

A)Fragile-X syndrome
B)Poverty
C)Alcoholism
D)ADHD

Question 61

Five-year-old Bongi's parents are not taking care of his medical needs. Bongi is suffering from

A)physical abuse.
B)psychological abuse.
C)neglect
D)hostile aggression.

Question 62

Which action would probably lead to a significant drop in the incidence of physical child abuse?

A)Having the entire world adopt an attitude toward childrearing like that seen in the U.S.A.
B)Wiping out poverty
C)Eliminating government intervention into parenting issues
D)Encouraging parents to adopt an authoritarian style

Question 63

Spanking children is likely to lead to ????______ on the part of the child.

A)obedience
B)aggressive behavior
C)compliance and then obedience
D)improved relationships

Question 64

Which statement indicates that co-rumination is occurring?

A)'I like ice cream.'
B)'I think that being by myself and drinking this malt is about the best thing I can do for me.'
C)'I know that you are also having trouble staying slim.'
D)'When I go out to dinner and order a salad, I always ask for cottage cheese.'

Question 65

The statement 'we share our feelings' is most likely to be made by a

A)3-year-old.
B)5-year-old.
C)10-year-old.
D)15-year-old.

Question 66

A child who is able to respond resourcefully in a new situation is said to have high levels of

A)ego resilience.
B)instrumental aggression.
C)counterimitation.
D)co-rumination.

Question 67

Philani is a troubled eight-year-old. He is very upset about the fact that he lost his cap. Philani is most likely to seek support from:

A)his teacher.
B)his close friends
C)his mother.
D)a police officer.

Question 68

Gugu hangs around two other friends who are the same sex and have similar attitudes and interests. This group of friends would most accurately be described as a

A)group.
B)crowd.
C)gang.
D)clique.

Question 69

The fact that friends spend a lot of time discussing personal problems is referred to as

A)co-rumination.
B)ego resilience.
C)dominance hierarchy.
D)the negative reinforcement trap.

Question 70

Katleho says that Thabo is his best friend because 'we like to play with each other, and Thabo always lets me use his soccer ball'. It is most likely that Katleho is ____ years old.

A)2
B)5
C)12
D)16

Question 71

Who possesses a characteristic that makes them less likely to be a friend with 12-year-old Isabella, who is Angolan?

A)Dumi, who is also 12 years old
B)Lindiwe, who is also a female
C)Angie, who is also Angolan
D)Bonolo, who views school differently

Question 72

Girls are more likely to be concerned about the faithfulness of their friends because their friendships are more likely based on

A)socialisation.
B)helping each other.
C)intimacy.
D)common interests.

Question 73

Zola is 14 years old, and is extremely upset about the fact that someone made fun of her in class. Zola is most likely to seek support from

A)her teacher
B)her close friends.
C)her mother.
D)her father.

Question 74

Who is most likely to abuse his child?

A)Lindo, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children
B)Dumi, who was never abused when he was a child
C)Tumi, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives
D)Siya, who is wealthy

Question 75

Sixteen-year-old Zinzi is a member of the 'Maths-elites', the highest status crowd at school. It is most likely that Zinzi has:

A)low self-esteem.
B)average self-esteem.
C)high self-esteem.
D)no friends.

Question 76

Crowd is to clique as _____ is to _____.

A)set; subset
B)friend; rival
C)black; white
D)attitude; behaviour

Question 77

Tito would be more likely to have friends of a different race if:

A)he lived in a diverse neighbourhood.
B)he attended a segregated school.
C)his friends were older.
D)his friends had different attitudes than his own.

Question 78

When Thabang gets angry with his children, he cannot control his emotions and he often strikes them, causing bruises and even broken bones. Thabang is guilty of ____ his children.

A)sexually abusing
B)neglecting
C)psychologically abusing
D)physically abusing

Question 79

A friendship is both

A)mandatory and independent.
B)mandatory and mutual.
C)voluntary and independent.
D)voluntary and mutual.

Question 80

In a group based on a dominance hierarchy, you can expect

A)increased internal conflict.
B)equal status for all members.
C)a single leader.
D)few active members.