Deck 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood

Question 1

The desire to live life more fully by experiencing physically and emotionally threatening situations is known as

A)multidimensionality.
B)a rite of passage.
C)edgework.
D)plasticity.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In what way do men differ from women in edgework?

A)Men use less rehearsal
B)Women use less rehearsal
C)Men are less confident
D)Women have fewer qualms

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Research on Erikson's theory of identity and intimacy produced which conclusion?

A)There are set pathways to achieving both identity and intimacy.
B)There are several ways to achieve identity, but only one way to achieve intimacy.
C)There is only one way to achieve identity, but there are several ways to achieve intimacy.
D)There are multiple pathways to achieving identity and intimacy.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Khetiwe considers herself more than an adolescent but not yet fully an adult. This would qualify her as being in the state known as ____ adulthood.

A)tween
B)passage
C)emerging
D)formal

Question 5

Which individual has likely resolved intimacy issues before identity issues?

A)A high school learner who is picking out a university at 17
B)A man who joined the work force at 18, and got married at 25
C)A woman who married at 22, had children, and went to university at 30
D)A woman who joined the army at 20

Question 6

Role transitions always

A)occur at the same age for individuals within a given cultural population.
B)involve family relationships.
C)lead to significant increases in stress.
D)involve the acquisition of new responsibilities.

Question 7

Yacub suddenly finds himself newly married and out of school with a new job. Yacub is experiencing

A)role transition.
B)reflective judgment.
C)possible selves.
D)fluid intelligence.

Question 8

The _____ is not fully developed until the mid-20s.

A)hippocampus
B)thalamus
C)prefrontal cortex
D)amygdala

Question 9

Naledi is 18 years old and engages in many risky behaviours. For example, she drives very fast and recklessly, and does not use any protection when having sex. If Naledi is a typical adolescent, these behaviours will ____ when she gets older.

A)significantly increase in frequency
B)slightly increase in frequency
C)remain at the same frequency level
D)decrease in frequency

Question 10

Who is most likely experiencing a 'quarter-life crisis?'

A)82-year-old Dikeledi, whose spouse just died
B)62-year-old Lesedi, who just retired
C)42-year-old Lucia, who just had a baby
D)22-year-old Sadie, who just graduated from college

Question 11

Which markers best describe the transition into adulthood in most Western societies?

A)Markers that are loosely defined and can consist of any number of events
B)No markers, as adulthood is not viewed as unique time of life in most Western cultures
C)Markers that are specific and tied to marriage and/or having children
D)Markers that are differ by sex, with female transition clearly defined and male transition loosely defined

Question 12

The youngest age at which most universities in South Africa label an individual as a returning adult student is ____.

A)24
B)35
C)45
D)55

Question 13

Which of these is not documented as evidence of student development while in university?

A)Advances in intellectual development
B)Advances in social identity
C)Advances in emotional concerns
D)Advances in personal development

Question 14

One of the most common markers of adulthood in South Africa is

A)customary initiation.
B)getting a driver's license.
C)confirmation.
D)completing one's education.

Question 15

Who would Erikson say is most capable of true intimacy?

A)Cindy, who is overdependent on her boyfriend
B)Bandile, who will go out with different people but finds it scary to go out with someone more than a couple of times
C)Anele, who has a clear sense of identity
D)Hlengiwe, who is 16 years old

Question 16

A rite of passage is best classified as a(n)

A)implicit stereotype.
B)biological event.
C)reflective judgment.
D)ritual.

Question 17

In most non-Western developing cultures, ____ is the most important determinant of adult status.

A)completing college
B)marriage
C)getting a job
D)having a child

Question 18

Which of 26-year-old Thandeka's characteristics would qualify her as being a 'mature student?'

A)The fact that she is leaving a job
B)Her age
C)The fact that she is the first in her family to go to school
D)Her sex

Question 19

Which of these statements is false?

A)Many formal rites of passage are associated with religion.
B)Shedding of formal rites of passage leaves less clarity to the point at which a young person becomes an adult.
C)Defining oneself as an adult rests on one's perception of whether personally relevant key criteria have been met.
D)Achieving adulthood is faster today than in the past.

Question 20

As a female growing up in a Latino culture, Luanna will likely experience _____ on her 15^th birthday.

A)quinceanera
B)confirmation
C)marriage
D)legal adulthood

Question 21

Jabu goes to a party with his friends and has six beers in a row. Jabu's behaviour would be best classified as

A)alcoholism.
B)light drinking.
C)binge drinking.
D)purge drinking.

Question 22

Rhulani has just been told by his physician that he should cut back on the amount of fat in his diet. His physician is most likely concerned about the high amount of ____ in Rhulani's blood.

A)vitamin D
B)high-density lipoproteins
C)low-density lipoproteins
D)carbohydrates

Question 23

All four of these people successfully stopped smoking. Which person's method was most typical of successful quitters?

A)Musa, who went to a treatment centre
B)Dumi, who went to a psychologist
C)Philani, who went to his minister
D)Stella, who quit on her own

Question 24

Which statement by 25-year-old Fikile, who is typical for a person of her age, is most likely false?

A)'I am as strong as I will ever be.'
B)'I am a lot less coordinated than I used to be.'
C)'My reflexes are as fast as they will ever be.'
D)'My height has likely reached its peak.'

Question 25

Which of these people could be classified as being a binge drinker?

A)Stella, who drank three shots of tequila in a row within the past two weeks
B)Saleema, who drank four beers in a row within the past two weeks
C)Sipho, who drank four shots of scotch in a row within the past two weeks
D)Stella, Saleema, and Sipho all reach the criterion for binge drinking.

Question 26

At a chemical level, alcohol addiction results in chemical changes that

A)cause the body to crave alcohol.
B)destroy all GABA receptors.
C)reduce levels of serotonin and dopamine within the brain.
D)increase cellular development in the medulla oblongata.

Question 27

People who stop smoking after smoking for a long time

A)may not get worse, but their overall health will remain bad.
B)show significant improvements in their health.
C)will continue to deteriorate but at a slower rate.
D)will remain at risk for heart attack but not for cancer.

Question 28

In the United States, about ____ per cent of young adults ages 25 to 44 consume alcohol occasionally.

A)90
B)65
C)30
D)15

Question 29

The most likely sensory change between ages 25 and 50 would involve

A)the loss of ability to taste sour foods.
B)a diminished ability to experience pain.
C)having trouble seeing things that are near.
D)the inability to hear high-pitched sounds.

Question 30

Which of these is not among the three main treatment options for alcohol abuse?

A)Mutual-support groups
B)Incarceration
C)Behavioural treatments
D)Medications

Question 31

Who is most likely to be a binge drinker?

A)Jamaal, who is very emotionally expressive
B)Bandile, who is a member of a social club at university
C)Lesedi, who works part-time
D)Emily, who studies approximately five hours per day

Question 32

Smoking represents a major medical problem in the United States, with about ____ people each year dying from smoking-related disorders.

A)4 000
B)40 000
C)400 000
D)4 000 000

Question 33

Sixty-year-old Kgosi says, 'When I was a teenager, I could eat five big meals a day and still feel hungry. Now a couple of snacks can get me through the day.' What best accounts for this age-related change?

A)Lower metabolic rate
B)Higher blood sugar
C)Drop in thiamine level
D)Addition of muscle mass

Question 34

Which approach to diminishing binge drinking on university campuses is not considered among the most effective strategies?

A)Student involvement in designing the intervention programme
B)Programmes that focus on social norms
C)Changing the campus climate concerning alcohol consumption
D)Efforts based on limiting access to alcohol

Question 35

Based on statistics, which of these 30-year-old adults is most likely to die within a year?

A)Bonolo, who has diabetes and smokes
B)Zinzi, who has a cough
C)Ayanda, who has diabetes
D)Lesedi, who has diabetes

Question 36

Boitumelo is very interested in studying how the energy needs of the human body change through the life span. In other words, Boitumelo is interested in studying

A)cholesterol.
B)metabolism.
C)lipoproteins.
D)addiction.

Question 37

Karabo drinks exactly two glasses of wine per day. As a result, Karabo can expect to

A)end up in a treatment centre for alcoholism.
B)be at risk for cardiovascular disease.
C)be labelled a binge drinker.
D)experience some health-related benefits from her actions.

Question 38

Young adult men aged 25 to 34 are

A)2.5 times as likely to die as women of the same age.
B)5 times as likely to die as women of the same age.
C)half as likely to die as women of the same age.
D)just as likely to die as women of the same age.

Question 39

Ayanda is physically dependent on alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms when she doesn't drink. Ayanda's experience with alcohol would be best described as

A)alcohol use disorder.
B)a rite of passage.
C)binge drinking.
D)healthy behaviour.

Question 40

Which statement concerning secondhand smoke is true?

A)There is no evidence that secondhand smoke leads to any health problems.
B)Secondhand smoke exposure can lead to death.
C)Less than one-fifth of South Africans have been exposed to secondhand smoke.
D)Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from lung cancer than from cardiovascular disease.

Question 41

Who has the lowest risk of dying from a chronic disease?

A)Gugu, who is a high school dropout
B)Lekeshia, who is a high school graduate
C)Wandile, who is a university dropout
D)Fikile, who is a university graduate

Question 42

Intellectual multidirectionality is based on the premise that

A)no two people develop the same way intellectually.
B)there is more than one kind of intelligence.
C)most aspects of intelligence cannot be modified.
D)with age, some aspects of intelligence improve while others may decline.

Question 43

Kali has a theory of intelligence that views it as being a combination of several factors such as fine motor skills, cognitive ability, and emotional control. Kali's theory is

A)multidirectional.
B)multidimensional.
C)conventional.
D)a life-span construct.

Question 44

An individual with a BMI of ____ or less is considered healthy.

A)24
B)34
C)44
D)54

Question 45

A doctor is most likely to recommend that a patient consume higher levels of ____ to increase their HDL level.

A)fiber
B)fat
C)sodium
D)yogurt

Question 46

A doctor is attempting to determine how healthy her patient is. She uses a formula that contains information regarding the patient's height and weight. What is she most likely measuring?

A)LDL
B)BMI
C)HDL
D)ADA

Question 47

The fact that a specific aspect of intelligence can be modified at any time during the life span exemplifies the concept of

A)interindividual variability.
B)plasticity.
C)multidimensionality.
D)primary mental abilities.

Question 48

In South Africa, about _____ per cent of the population seeks health care at public facilities.

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 49

Socioeconomic status and ____ are the two most important social influences on health.

A)education
B)occupation
C)marital status
D)religious status

Question 50

Who is at the greatest risk of a heart attack?

A)Roscoe, who has high levels of LDLs and low levels of HDLs
B)Roger, who has low level of LDLs and high levels of HDLs
C)Rendani, who has low levels of both LDLs and HDLs
D)Rhulani, who has high levels of both LDLs and HDLs

Question 51

Which statement best describes the relationship between LDLs and HDLs?

A)LDLs break down HDLs.
B)HDLs break down LDLs.
C)LDLs transform into HDLs.
D)HDLs transform into LDLs.

Question 52

Keshia's doctor Dr Rogers has just indicated that she needs to begin to take statins. If Dr Rogers is competent, she would know that Keshia

A)suffers from clinically depression.
B)has just been diagnosed with ADHD.
C)suffers from alcoholism.
D)has a high level of LDL.

Question 53

The biggest point of contention among theories who view intelligence as multidimensional concerns the debate over

A)the number of abilities that underlie intelligence.
B)the degree to which race determines intelligence.
C)which single aspect of intellect specifically defines intelligence.
D)whether an individual's level of intelligence can be measured.

Question 54

Based solely on their BMI, how many of these individuals are at risk for health-related diseases: Tendai, BMI = 20; Tumi, BMI = 40; Thando, BMI = 60; Thabo, BMI = 80?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 55

____ help keep arteries clear.

A)Trans fats
B)Serotonin
C)High-density lipoproteins
D)Steroids

Question 56

The fact that Mpho's spatial performance has declined while her verbal abilities have improved is support for the notion that intelligence is

A)conventional.
B)multidimensional.
C)multidirectional.
D)a life-span construct.

Question 57

Lindi and Nandi are sisters. As they have gotten older, Lindi's cognitive skills have improved while Nandi's have declined. This is evidence for the ____ of abilities.

A)multidimensionality
B)multidirectionality
C)interindividual variability
D)Plasticity

Question 58

Evidence for interindividual variability in intelligence is best demonstrated when

A)a single test of intelligence is based on assessing many different abilities.
B)the same individual shows improvement in language skills while showing declines in math skills.
C)an individual's singing improves after taking singing lessons.
D)one individual's reasoning skills improve with age while another's decline with age.

Question 59

Who is likely to be the least healthy?

A)Buhle, who lives in poverty
B)Bongani, who is a university graduate
C)Bonolo, who lives in a small rural village
D)Zola, who is very wealthy

Question 60

Low-density lipoproteins

A)clear fat deposits from arteries.
B)create sickle-shaped blood cells.
C)cause fatty deposits that can lead to blocked arteries.
D)are found in high concentrations in many green vegetables.

Question 61

Crystallised intelligence is

A)acquired across one's life.
B)best exemplified by sensory integration.
C)not very useful in solving real-life tasks.
D)best assessed on timed, standardised IQ tests.

Question 62

The _____ approach studies how interrelationships among intellectual abilities are organised.

A)psychometric
B)organic
C)emergent
D)reflective

Question 63

Dr Sithole has organised her lecture on intellectual ability around different skills that she has placed into meaningful groups. What would be the best title for Dr Sithole lecture?

A)Plasticity forever
B)You and your primary mental abilities
C)Rites of passage around the world
D)Avoiding Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 64

According to Schaie's research, the fact that most 60-year-olds today would score higher on an intelligence test than a group of 60-year-olds would have in 1940 is best explained by a cohort effect involving

A)age.
B)educational experience.
C)heredity.
D)drop-out rate.

Question 65

Fluid intelligence consists of abilities that

A)allow for more flexible and adaptive thinking.
B)are acquired throughout the life span.
C)are considered primary mental abilities but not secondary mental abilities.
D)include verbal skills but not inductive or abstract thinking.

Question 66

Even though Jabu is only 22 years old, he is already the 'king of trivia'. If Jabu is typical, his ability to do well in trivia games will most likely

A)decline with age.
B)remain the same throughout his life.
C)increase with age.
D)increase until he is about 40, then decline dramatically.

Question 67

Mr Khumalo's talents as an architect are mostly due to his ability to visualise buildings in three dimensions as they are being designed. This suggests that Mr Khumalo has outstanding ____ abilities.

A)inductive reasoning
B)spatial orientation
C)word fluency
D)number

Question 68

Dr Mkhize points to a picture of elephants and asks a patient to describe what they see in the picture. Dr Mkhize is probably assessing

A)verbal meaning.
B)number.
C)word fluency.
D)inductive reasoning.

Question 69

Which statement is true?

A)Secondary mental abilities are measured indirectly.
B)Primary mental abilities subsume secondary mental ability.
C)Secondary mental abilities develop in childhood, and primary mental abilities develop in adulthood.
D)Primary mental abilities develop in childhood, and secondary mental abilities develop in adulthood.

Question 70

Estelle has never seen a rugby game. After watching for 20 minutes, however, she is able to accurately describe the general premise of the game. This ability suggests that Estelle is skilled at

A)inductive reasoning.
B)number interpretation.
C)verbal meaning.
D)spatial orientation.

Question 71

Someone who knows the answers to all the questions on a quiz show would be exhibiting

A)fluid intelligence.
B)crystallised intelligence.
C)postformal thought.
D)reflective judgment.

Question 72

Which type of task is best suited to assessing fluid intelligence?

A)A trivial contest
B)A timed maze completion
C)A test of cultural norms
D)A vocabulary test

Question 73

Wandile loves playing any game in which he can show off the large vocabulary that he has acquired. A competent psychologist would suggest that this skill provides the best example of

A)crystallised intelligence.
B)post-conventional thought.
C)fluid intelligence.
D)pre-conventional thought.

Question 74

Schaie's influential study on intellectual change over time uses the ____ research design he invented.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)sequential
D)postformal

Question 75

The ability to extrapolate from particular facts to general concepts is called

A)deductive reasoning.
B)inductive reasoning.
C)word meaning.
D)factual knowledge.

Question 76

A cricket coach tells a bowler, 'With a little training, I think that you could become a spin bowler.' This provides a good example of a belief in the ____ of an ability.

A)multidimensionality
B)plasticity
C)multidirectionality
D)fluid nature

Question 77

Crystallised intelligence is to fluid intelligence as _____ is to _____.

A)vocabulary size; assembling a puzzle
B)a quiz; an exam
C)genius; smart
D)math; language

Question 78

Primary mental ability is to secondary mental ability as _____ is to _____.

A)crystallised intelligence; fluid intelligence
B)child; adult
C)specific; general
D)conventional; post-conventional

Question 79

Which is not a 'primary mental ability?'

A)Number
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Spatial orientation
D)Fluid intelligence

Question 80

If you wanted to show that age decreases a certain type of intelligence, you should focus on testing participants'

A)general intelligence.
B)fluid intelligence.
C)crystallised intelligence.
D)primary intelligence.