Deck 9: Moving Into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

When asked, 'What do you want to be when you grow up?' 10-year-old Abdul says, 'My dad says I should be a doctor, so I guess that's what I'll be'. According to Marcia, Abdul is best thought of as being in a state of identity

A)diffusion.
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure.
D)achievement.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Adolescent egocentrism is characterised by excessive

A)convergence.
B)achievement.
C)self-absorption.
D)depression.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The belief that misfortunes only happen to others is referred to as the illusion of

A)foreclosure.
B)helplessness.
C)crystallisation.
D)invulnerability.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Aaron is upset because his best friend, Siya, has just moved to another school. When his mother attempts to console Aaron, he tells her, 'It's no use - you couldn't possibly know how I feel. No one knows how I feel!' Aaron's statement is an example of

A)an imaginary audience.
B)a personal fable.
C)moratorium.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 5

Erikson hypothesised that adolescents achieve an identity by

A)doing only what their parents tell them to do.
B)testing a few identities to see which one fits them best.
C)unconsciously relying on their genetic makeup.
D)simply progressing naturally from their preteen years.

Question 6

Anele is 16, and Andile is 5. Both exhibit egocentrism. How is this egocentrism most likely to differ between them?

A)Andile is going to exhibit more self-interest.
B)Anele has reached achievement in most areas.
C)Anele knows that other people have different perspectives than her own.
D)Andile is more likely to exhibit the illusion of vulnerability.

Question 7

Mpho wants to learn more about identity formation in adolescents. Given this interest, he would be best advised to read the works of

A)Erikson.
B)Ainsworth.
C)Piaget.
D)Gibson.

Question 8

According to Erikson, a teenager is most likely to achieve their identity by

A)becoming more egocentric.
B)using learned helplessness.
C)becoming crystallised.
D)using hypothetical reasoning skills.

Question 9

According to Erikson, the key adolescent crisis involves

A)generativity versus stagnation.
B)intimacy versus isolation.
C)identity versus role confusion.
D)integrity versus despair.

Question 10

The phenomenon whereby an individual believes that he or she is like an actor on a stage, who is under constant watch by others, is referred to as

A)the personal fable.
B)the imaginary audience.
C)learned helplessness.
D)diffusion status.

Question 11

Sixteen-year-old Vuyo is learning to climb using ropes and other equipment on a climbing wall in a local gym. He thinks to himself, 'Only dummies have problems with their equipment, and I am no dummy, so I will climb even though I am not sure it's safe.' Vuyo's thoughts best exemplify the concept of

A)an imaginary audience.
B)a personal fable.
C)an illusion of invulnerability.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 12

The defining feature of the personal fable is a feeling of

A)superiority.
B)uniqueness.
C)helplessness.
D)diffusion.

Question 13

The attitudes, behaviours, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our

A)self-esteem.
B)self-recognition.
C)self-efficacy.
D)self-concept.

Question 14

In the ____ stage of identity status, an individual is overwhelmed yet does little to accomplish the task of identity formation.

A)diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)achievement

Question 15

Which individual is exhibiting a moratorium in the process of developing an identity?

A)Gugu, who refuses to consider different career paths
B)Njabulo, who is doing what her parents want her to do
C)Cindy, who has changed careers several times
D)Boipelo, who has been in the same career for 25 years

Question 16

While in the ____ identity status stage, a person is examining numerous alternatives but finds none totally satisfactory.

A)diffusion
B)moratorium
C)foreclosure
D)achievement

Question 17

Rethabile's decision to stay home from school because she thinks everyone will notice a pimple she recently discovered on her chin serves as an excellent example of

A)an imaginary audience.
B)role confusion.
C)a personal fable.
D)hypothetical-deductive thinking.

Question 18

After exploring a number of career options, Andile chooses to become an accountant. According to Marcia, what level of identity status is Andile exhibiting?

A)Diffusion
B)Moratorium
C)Foreclosure
D)Achievement

Question 19

Which statement best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?

A)Adolescents cannot believe that others have different perspectives than them.
B)Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.
C)Adolescents believe that everyone is ignoring them.
D)Adolescents tend to do whatever their parents say.

Question 20

Sixteen-year-old Lethabo's motto is, 'It's all about me!' This belief fits well with the concept of adolescent

A)egocentrism.
B)learned helplessness.
C)secular growth.
D)foreclosure.

Question 21

Jabu is a typical adolescent. You would expect that he

A)does not feel loved by his parents.
B)relies on his parents for advice.
C)has low self-esteem.
D)is conflicted with regard to gender identity.

Question 22

At which point in Grade 8 is a child likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)The first day of the year
B)The first day of Term 2
C)The last day of Term 1
D)The last day of the year

Question 23

When Mpho hears that several people in her maths class think she's great, it is likely to

A)increase her self-esteem.
B)decrease her self-esteem.
C)have no effect on her self-esteem.
D)alter her ethnic identity.

Question 24

The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter senior primary school to be due to

A)the acquisition of concrete operational thinking.
B)peer comparisons.
C)changes in ethnic identity.
D)the illusion of invulnerability.

Question 25

Teenagers are less likely to engage in sexual activity when parents

A)actively encourage sexual activity.
B)monitor their activities.
C)remain emotionally detached.
D)encourage independence.

Question 26

Siyabonga and Anele are typical teenagers. How would their descriptions concerning their first sexual experience most likely differ?

A)Siyabonga would be more likely to describe his first partner as someone whom he loves.
B)Siyabonga would be more likely to feel guilty about his first sexual experience.
C)Anele's peers would be more likely to express some disapproval concerning her behaviour.
D)Anele would be more likely to view the experience in terms of recreation rather than romance.

Question 27

Hlengiwe sets random rules for her children to follow and enforces them without explanation. This parenting style will most likely result in Hlengiwe's teenage children displaying a(n) ____ identity status.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 28

A typical teenage male is most likely to describe his first sex partner as

A)his love.
B)a casual date.
C)a stranger.
D)his steady girlfriend.

Question 29

Cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-perception indicate that

A)most teenagers feel good about themselves.
B)teenagers in industrialised nations have the highest rate of self-dissatisfaction.
C)females feel significantly better about themselves than males.
D)most teenagers feel bad about themselves.

Question 30

Apartheid affected the ______ period of many black people, as it limited their career opportunities.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 31

Consider the following factors: doing well in school, having parents who discipline, and being liked by one's peers. How many contribute to an adolescent's level of self-esteem?

A)none
B)one
C)two
D)three

Question 32

Who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)A 4-year-old
B)An 8-year-old
C)A 12-year-old
D)A 16-year-old

Question 33

Which group of adolescents report that they are usually happy?

A)None
B)Only those adolescents in Western nations
C)Only those adolescents in African nations
D)Most adolescents around the world

Question 34

Which statement concerning self-esteem is true?

A)Adolescents' levels of self-esteem do not vary by context.
B)Parental rules lead to lower levels of self-esteem in adolescents.
C)Levels of parental affection are inversely related to self-esteem levels in adolescents.
D)A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self- esteem in adolescents.

Question 35

Which best summarises research findings about the development of self-esteem?

A)Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls.
B)School transitions appear to have little impact on self-esteem.
C)Developmental changes in self-esteem vary by domain.
D)Boys have higher levels of self-esteem than girls across all domains.

Question 36

The text characterised the notion of adolescence's being a time of great 'storm and stress' as a

A)trend.
B)fact.
C)myth.
D)certainty.

Question 37

Political activism allowed for many young black people to

A)develop a common social identity.
B)become more individualised in their identities.
C)feel directionless and uncertain.
D)find an interest in gangsterism.

Question 38

A child who believes that they are good at science will most likely

A)perform well at science.
B)have a positive academic self-concept concerning science.
C)hold a positive academic self-concept toward all academic domains.
D)have an extremely differentiated self-concept.

Question 39

In South Africa, many ______ adolescents show a stronger identity than their ______ counterparts.

A)white; black
B)black; white
C)male; female
D)female; male

Question 40

Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager with strong identity achievement status?

A)Bonolo and Bongani, who encourage autonomy in their children
B)Karabo and Katlego, who encourage conformity in their children
C)Thando and Thabo, who discourage experimentation in their children
D)Mpho and Musa, who continue to strictly enforce childhood rules

Question 41

Crystallisation involves using one's emerging identity as the basis for assessing

A)intelligence.
B)risk for mental illness.
C)self-esteem.
D)possible careers.

Question 42

Transgender youth were once thought to be confused about their gender identity and they received treatment to

A)strengthen their transgendered sexual identity.
B)neutralise their sexual identity.
C)change their biochemistry to align with their gender identity.
D)align their gender identity with their biological sex.

Question 43

Which statement is true?

A)HIV typically leads to AIDS.
B)AIDS typically leads to HIV.
C)HIV and AIDS are the same disorder.
D)AIDS and HIV are unrelated.

Question 44

Which of these is not a contributing factor in teen dating violence?

A)Antisocial behaviour
B)Aggressive behaviour
C)Success at school
D)Drug use

Question 45

While counselling a friend who is having trouble with his girlfriend, 13-year-old Fikile decides that he has a talent for helping people deal with their problems and decides that he should pursue a career as a clinical psychologist. Fikile's response matches Super's ____ stage of career development.

A)implementation
B)specification
C)realistic
D)crystallisation

Question 46

Which sexually transmitted disease is caused by a viral infection?

A)Herpes
B)Chlamydia
C)Syphilis
D)Gonorrhea

Question 47

Which statement concerning the origins of sexual orientation is true?

A)A 'lesbian gene' has been found.
B)Lesbian attraction to other females tends to occur later than gay male same-sex attraction.
C)Gay males tend to reject anything that they classify as 'feminine'.
D)Interest in the same sex tends to occur much later in males.

Question 48

Which of these increases the risk of teenage pregnancy?

A)Unequal gender relations
B)A stable financial situation
C)Insisting on condom use
D)Using more than one form of contraception

Question 49

Which theorist proposes that identity is a primary force in an adolescent's choice of a career?

A)Erikson
B)Marcia
C)Super
D)Holland

Question 50

About ____ adolescent South African girls becomes pregnant each year.

A)5%
B)7%
C)9%
D)11%

Question 51

Young adults are especially susceptible to acquiring AIDS because compared to older adults, they are

A)more likely to be homosexual.
B)more likely to use intravenous drugs.
C)less likely to engage in unprotected sex.
D)less likely to possess functional immune systems.

Question 52

Who has the least effective plan for decreasing the probability of teenage pregnancy in a school population?

A)Junior, who says, 'We need to convince our young people that teenage pregnancy can happen to them.'
B)Ayanda, who says, 'Teenage women should be more informed about how difficult it is to be a teenage parent.'
C)Rhulani, who says, 'We must do a better job of informing our students about contraception.'
D)Katlego, who says, 'To eliminate teenage pregnancy, we must limit access to contraceptives.'

Question 53

Sixteen-year-old Wandile has recently identified himself as gay. Which statement is most likely to be true?

A)Wandile had a domineering mother.
B)Wandile was the eldest child who took responsibility for his siblings.
C)Wandile had a weak father.
D)Wandile may begin to show interest in gender-atypical behaviours.

Question 54

Which of these STDs is caused by bacteria?

A)Genital herpes
B)HIV
C)Hepatitis B
D)Gonorrhea

Question 55

The most effective pregnancy prevention programmes focus

A)exclusively on abstinence.
B)exclusively on teaching about biological reproduction.
C)exclusively on teaching about responsible sexual behaviour.
D)on the biological aspects of sex and sexual responsibility.

Question 56

Which STD may be associated with genital warts?

A)HIV
B)HPV
C)Gonorrhea
D)Chlamydia

Question 57

Twenty-one-year-old Naledi lists her sexual orientation as 'lesbian'. Given the current state of research on the origins of sexual orientation, which statement is most likely to be true?

A)Naledi probably had a close female relative (for example, aunt, mother) who was also a lesbian.
B)Naledi's brothers are 'at risk' for being homosexual.
C)Naledi is likely attracted to several women.
D)The origin of Naledi's, and all sexual minority youth's, sexual orientation is poorly understood.

Question 58

Newer dating violence prevention programmes take a

A)male teen-based approach.
B)community-based approach.
C)female teen-based approach.
D)parent-based approach.

Question 59

While there are different types of dating violence, threats are an example of ____ violence.

A)emotional
B)physical
C)sexual
D)spiritual

Question 60

Which factor is thought to increase the risk of a male or female perpetrating dating violence?

A)Having a brother
B)Being exposed to violence at home
C)Being in depression
D)Being popular among same-age peers

Question 61

According to Holland, who is best matched with their career type?

A)Scientist Jabu, who has a realistic personality
B)Poet Karabo, who has an investigative personality
C)Real estate agent Maxine, who has an enterprising personality
D)Social worker Nekisha, who has an artistic personality

Question 62

According to Holland, who is most poorly matched with their career type?

A)Teacher Thando, who has a social personality
B)Nuclear scientist Neo, who has an investigative personality
C)Accountant Andile, who has a conventional personality
D)Plumber Philani, who has an enterprising personality

Question 63

Which statement concerning unemployment is true?

A)The negative impacts of unemployment are more severe in males.
B)Unemployed teens have a worse relationship with their parents.
C)Seasonal work is easy to come by and pays well.
D)Unemployment has a severe impact on mental health, and also increases suicide risk.

Question 64

According to Super, a key element of the specification phase of career development involves

A)starting to obtain required training.
B)taking the job.
C)setting no limits.
D)a feeling of uniqueness.

Question 65

Sibongile is an individual who enjoys working outside, taking care of natural areas, planting trees, and planting vegetable gardens. Which of Holland's types best describes Sibongile's interests?

A)Investigative
B)Conventional
C)Social
D)Realistic

Question 66

After carefully examining which careers might be best for him, Barney takes a job with a plumbing company. Though he likes the money, he is not ready for the kinds of responsibilities often asked of regular employees. Barney is probably in Super's ____ stage of career development.

A)specification
B)implementation
C)crystallisation
D)investigative

Question 67

When an individual's personality type and job match, they tend to be

A)more productive in the short run and have more stable career paths in the long run.
B)less productive in the short run but have more stable career paths in the long run.
C)more productive in the short run but have less stable career paths in the long run.
D)less productive in the short run and have less stable career paths in the long run.

Question 68

How many of the following factors prevent employment: historical inequalities, the current economic situation, a high cost of transport to get to interviews and jobs, too few recruitment agencies, poor access to the internet, the role of young women taking on responsibilities for relatives?

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 69

Yasmine has excellent verbal skills and relates well on an interpersonal level. According to Holland, Yasmine likely has a(n) ____ personality type.

A)investigative
B)conventional
C)social
D)realistic

Question 70

About _____ of South African youth are unemployed and not in school or studying.

A)12%
B)22%
C)32%
D)42%

Question 71

Seventeen-year-old Naledi develops an interest in astronomy. If she is in Super's specification stage of career development, her next step would most likely involve

A)taking a full-time job at an observatory.
B)signing up for a course in basic astronomy.
C)determining whether she has a personality type suited for work as an astronomer.
D)trying to get a handle on other aspects of her life (for example, relationships).

Question 72

A person with a(n) ____ personality type would be described as someone who is highly task-oriented and who enjoys abstract thinking.

A)investigative
B)conventional
C)social
D)realistic

Question 73

Neli can't decide if she should pursue a career as a bank teller or as an accountant. Holland would suggest that Neli will find these career choices most fulfilling if she has a(n) ____ personality type.

A)conventional
B)investigative
C)enterprising
D)social

Question 74

Which drug do high school seniors use most?

A)Marijuana
B)Cocaine
C)Alcohol
D)LSD

Question 75

Which statement best describes the basic premise of Super's implementation phase of career development?

A)'I'll take the job and see what happens.'
B)'I am going to go to a career advisor for help.'
C)'I might make a good accountant.'
D)'Who cares about work?'

Question 76

According to social cognitive career theory, progress toward a vocation rests on

A)self-efficacy.
B)personal interests.
C)individual levels of motivation.
D)parental and peer influences.

Question 77

The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people

A)develop career goals at different rates.
B)will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.c.should take tests to determine which career is best for them.d.should choose a career based on economic needs and not in order to fulfill their lifelong goals.

Question 78

Zakes enjoys expressing himself on unstructured tasks. This description indicates that Zakes most likely has a(n) ____ personality type.

A)investigative
B)conventional
C)realistic
D)artistic

Question 79

During the implementation phase of career development, a person

A)first begins to think about career options.
B)selects the career of their parents.
C)becomes more educated about career options.
D)takes a job and learns firsthand about a career.

Question 80

According to Holland's ____ theory, the key factor in determining whether a job will be fulfilling is how the important features of the job fit your personal characteristics.

A)personality-type
B)Piagetian
C)sociocultural
D)cognitive-developmental