Deck 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development

Question 1

Junior slips his little finger into the hand of his newborn infant, who immediately grasps onto it. The infant is exhibiting the ____ reflex.

A)Moro
B)stepping
C)rooting
D)Palmar

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Dr Sithole has completed an Apgar assessment of newborn baby boy Neo. Neo's father is informed by Dr Sithole that the Apgar assessment score is a 7. As a person who understands the scoring system, he would most probably

A)panic, as this may indicate that his son is in a life-threatening state and needs immediate medical attention.
B)be somewhat concerned, as this score would indicate at least some minor distress.
C)be very happy, as a 7 indicates a baby in good physical condition.
D)be confused, as Apgar scores must fall between -1.0 and +1.0.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Pain cries can usually be differentiated from basic or mad cries by their

A)intensity.
B)sudden onset.
C)time of occurrence.
D)relationship to REM.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Experts define a mad cry as a

A)less intense version of a pain cry.
B)more intense version of a pain cry.
C)less intense version of a basic cry.
D)more intense version of a basic cry.

Question 5

What differentiates a basic cry from a mad cry?

A)Mad cries are more intense.
B)Basic cries are more intense.
C)Mad cries have a more sudden onset.
D)Basic cries have a more sudden onset.

Question 6

A friend hears that you are in a developmental psychology course and asks you how long his newborn daughter is supposed to sleep. Being a very bright student, you would give the correct answer of

A)'8-10 hours a day.'
B)'16-18 hours a day.'
C)'12-14 hours a day.'
D)'20-22 hours a day.'

Question 7

Five-day-old Ahmed has his eyes closed and a breathing pattern that alternates between regularity and irregularity. This indicates that he is currently in the ____ newborn state.

A)alert inactivity
B)waking activity
C)crying
D)sleeping

Question 8

Lucia swaddles her baby in a blanket. Lucia is probably trying to

A)stimulate the intellectual skills of her baby.
B)prevent alert inactivity.
C)prevent waking activity.
D)get her baby to stop crying.

Question 9

If you were going to check for the Babinski reflex in a newborn, which part of the newborn's body would you be observing?

A)Eyes
B)Arms
C)Mouth
D)Toes

Question 10

Anele's baby is awake and squirming around, oblivious to anything happening around her. Anele's baby is most likely in the ____ state.

A)alert inactivity
B)crying
C)waking activity
D)REM

Question 11

Two-month-old Melanie is lying quietly with her eyes wide open and appears very interested in a toy dangling in front of her face. Melanie is exhibiting

A)alert inactivity.
B)crying.
C)waking activity.
D)nonREM sleep.

Question 12

Newborn crying typically involves

A)agitation and coordinated movements.
B)calm and coordinated movement.
C)agitation and uncoordinated movements.
D)calm and uncoordinated movement.

Question 13

Dr Govender is determining how long newborn Dikeledi stays awake for. Which system is Dr Lee assessing?

A)Social
B)State
C)Motor
D)Autonomic

Question 14

A ____ is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation.

A)reflex
B)thought
C)theory of mind
D)memory

Question 15

Which statement concerning co-sleeping is accurate?

A)It is most effective in cultures that value child self-reliance.
B)It can facilitate breastfeeding.
C)It seems to negatively affect child-parent bonding.
D)It is done exclusively with mom.

Question 16

Two-month-old Blessing does not exhibit the Moro reflex. What kind of problem will he most likely exhibit?

A)He will be less able to grasp objects.
B)He will be less able to eat.
C)He will be less able to cling to his mother.
D)His eyes will not be well protected.

Question 17

Who is at greatest risk of falling victim to sudden infant death syndrome?

A)Someone who is three months old
B)Someone who is nine months old
C)Someone who is two years old
D)Someone who is five years old

Question 18

Three-week-old Lindi is in a sleep state characterised by arm movements and grimaces. This would suggest that Lindi is in ____ sleep.

A)rapid-eye-movement (REM)
B)regular
C)nonREM
D)alert inactivity

Question 19

Benji is a four-year-old who has a very difficult time falling asleep at night. According to the textbook, what is the best remedy for this problem?

A)Make sure that Benji eats something soothing before going to bed.
B)Keep Benji up later to make sure he's tired before going to bed.
C)Engage Benji in rigorous exercise immediately before bedtime to make sure he's tired before going to bed.
D)Develop a regular bedtime routine.

Question 20

Wandile notices that every time he touches his newborn son's cheek, the infant turns his head and tries to suck. This behaviour demonstrates the ____ reflex.

A)withdrawal
B)Moro
C)rooting
D)Babinski

Question 21

Junior and Kgosi are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Junior has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kgosi is very easily distracted. Junior and Kgosi differ on which dimension of temperament?

A)Activity
B)Negative affect
C)Effortful control
D)Surgency

Question 22

Bonolo is a malnourished child. If her parents are typical, they will probably

A)become upset with Bonolo's hyperactivity.
B)interact less with Bonolo because she is so lethargic.
C)take more responsibility for making sure Bonolo grows socially and psychologically.
D)stop trying to feed Bonolo.

Question 23

Which person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth?

A)Boipelo, who is 18 months old
B)Siya, who is 6 years old
C)Bandile, who is just reaching puberty
D)Dumi, who is 19 years old

Question 24

Which child is most likely to be the shortest?

A)Rethabile, who has a tall father and a short mother
B)Ayanda, who has a short father and a tall mother
C)Hlengiwe, who has a tall mother and a tall father
D)Lesedi, who has a short father and a short mother

Question 25

UNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) collectively estimate that about one in ____ children under age five suffers from malnutrition.

A)four
B)six
C)eight
D)ten

Question 26

If Zane is shy when he is two years old, he is likely to be ____ when he is four years old.

A)highly sociable
B)happy
C)argumentative
D)shy

Question 27

Maria is a typical healthy one-year-old who weighs 11 kilograms. Which is the best estimate of her birth weight?

A)1.8 kilograms
B)3.6 kilograms
C)5.4 kilograms
D)7.2 kilograms

Question 28

Dr Ngcobo is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behaviour toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. It is most likely that Dr Ngcobo is studying

A)SIDS.
B)temperament.
C)theory of mind.
D)waking activity.

Question 29

Lesedi is informed that both of her one-year-old twin daughters are of 'normal' weight. She is then informed that one weighs 7 kilograms and the other weighs 11 kilograms pounds. How is this possible?

A)One of the twins probably has Down syndrome.
B)The daughters were probably misweighed.
C)The 'normal' weight range of one-year-olds is very wide.
D)The initial 'normal' information was incorrect.

Question 30

Which factor is not a possible contributor for infants to die of SIDS?

A)Having parents who smoke
B)Sleeping on their backs
C)Sleeping on their stomachs
D)Co-sleeping

Question 31

Along with an improved diet, research indicates that ____ is also necessary to foster a malnourished child's development.

A)surgery
B)parent training
C)behaviour modification
D)medication

Question 32

What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age five?

A)Mental retardation
B)Lack of motor skills
C)Small size
D)Large head

Question 33

Malnutrition seems to be most damaging if it occurs during

A)adulthood.
B)childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)infancy.

Question 34

If a baby is breastfed, it is more likely to

A)transition to solid food more easily.
B)be constipated.
C)be ill.
D)be exposed to contaminants.

Question 35

Stella is researching temperament by determining the extent to which different babies can focus attention and not be distracted. Which dimension of temperament is Stella assessing?

A)Negative affect
B)Effortful control
C)Inhibition
D)Persistence

Question 36

Which statement regarding temperament is false?

A)Toddlers in Asia often have lower levels of positive emotion.
B)Toddlers in Asia often have more effortful control.
C)Toddlers in Asia often have less effortful control.
D)The confidence level of mothers is related to temperament.

Question 37

Even though he is only 20 days old, Buhle appears to be very happy and vocal around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behaviour?

A)A temperament theorist would argue that Buhle is high in activity level.
B)A temperament theorist would argue that Buhle is high in negative affect.
C)A temperament theorist would argue that Buhle is high in surgency/extraversion.
D)Temperament theory cannot explain his behaviour.

Question 38

Parents are encouraged to let infants sleep on their back to reduce

A)SIDS.
B)nightmares.
C)co-sleeping.
D)malnutrition.

Question 39

Which piece of advice is most appropriate for individuals in developing nations who are considering bottle-feeding?

A)Be careful, as the water used to prepare formula is often contaminated.
B)Go for it, as there are very few risks associated with bottle-feeding.
C)Great choice, as bottle-feeding is associated with less malnutrition.
D)It doesn't matter whether you breastfeed or bottle-feed, as each technique impacts the child in an identical manner.

Question 40

While doing a study of temperament, Dr Dlamini is studying how toddlers react when toys they are playing with are removed from their reach and placed on a high shelf. What dimension of temperament is Dr Dlamini most likely assessing?

A)Activity level
B)Persistence
C)Inhibition
D)Negative affect

Question 41

Transmitter is to receiver as

A)dendrite is to cell body.
B)axon is to dendrite.
C)dendrite is to axon.
D)cell body is to axon.

Question 42

While observing brain activity, Dr Rasool proclaims, 'This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons.' This indicates that the brain Dr Rasool is studying is undergoing

A)synaptic pruning.
B)motion parallax.
C)cephalocaudal development.
D)dendritic expansion.

Question 43

While viewing a picture of a three-week-old embryo, Dr Khumalo points to something and says, 'This flat structure will soon become a tube from which the brain and spinal cord will develop.' Dr Khumalo is pointing at

A)the neural plate.
B)the corpus callosum.
C)the frontal cortex.
D)an axon.

Question 44

Which phenomenon is the best argument against the notion that the organisation of the brain is predetermined genetically?

A)Synaptic pruning
B)Development of the neural plate
C)The left hemisphere specialising in language processing
D)Brain plasticity

Question 45

Your psychology professor asks you to assist her in her experiment. She is studying brain activity by monitoring blood flow to different areas of the brain. This indicates that your professor is most probably using ____ in her study.

A)an electroencephalogram
B)functional magnetic resonance imaging
C)a visual cliff
D)a neural plate

Question 46

The neural plate ultimately forms the

A)brain and spinal cord.
B)spinal cord and the nervous system.
C)nervous system and the skull.
D)skull and the brain.

Question 47

Saleema is studying how blood flows through the brain when people listen to different kinds of music. Which sort of research tool is she most probably using in her study?

A)Electroencephalography
B)Positron emission tomography
C)Functional magnetic resonance imaging
D)Synaptic pruning

Question 48

Prior to birth, all ____ layers of the major brain are formed.

A)6
B)60
C)600
D)6 000

Question 49

____ is (are) a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron.

A)The corpus callosum
B)The neural plate
C)Cones
D)Myelin

Question 50

During an experiment, you record the brain activity of a child using an EEG. As a result of reading your text, you would predict that the left hemisphere would exhibit the most electrical activity when the child is

A)looking at different faces.
B)listening to someone talk.
C)recognising that her mother is angry.
D)pushing a toy over her bed.

Question 51

Which item is least associated with the frontal cortex?

A)Sadness
B)Vision
C)Happiness
D)Planning

Question 52

Terminal buttons are located on which part of a neuron?

A)The end of the dendrite
B)Cell body
C)Neurotransmitter
D)The end of the axon

Question 53

As a result of surgery, Tendai's left and right cerebral hemispheres are no longer connected. Which part of Tendai's brain was most probably the focus of the surgery?

A)The cerebral cortex
B)The dendrites
C)The frontal cortex
D)The corpus callosum

Question 54

If Sister Mokoena indicates that the procedure that is about to be performed on infant Abdul involves the use of metal electrodes, you would expect that the procedure is a(n)

A)amniocentesis.
B)functional magnetic resonance imaging.
C)Apgar.
D)electroencephalogram.

Question 55

Lethabo works with people who have suffered brain damage, helping them as they try to use different areas of the brain to perform the functions previously performed by the now-damaged areas. Lethabo's specialty would be best described as

A)brain plasticity.
B)synaptic pruning.
C)neural plate studies.
D)motor skills.

Question 56

Which best describes the impact of myelin on a neuron?

A)It increases the number of dendrites it produces.
B)It helps speed neural transmission.
C)It prevents synaptic pruning.
D)It enhances action in the terminal buttons.

Question 57

Naledi is recovering from a serious stroke that damaged her frontal cortex. Which outcome is most likely?

A)Naledi's left hemisphere will no longer be able to communicate with her right hemisphere.
B)Naledi will have a difficult time breathing and seeing.
C)Naledi's personality will be different.
D)Naledi will have no more axons.

Question 58

Where are neurotransmitters stored until they are released?

A)Terminal buttons
B)Cell bodies
C)Myelin
D)The neural plate

Question 59

Whose brain is most likely to have the most synapses?

A)Jerry, who is a newborn
B)Shamima, who is 1 year old
C)Bongani, who is 7 years old
D)Thando, who is 14 years old

Question 60

Each neuron contains many ____ but only one ____.

A)dendrites; terminal button
B)dendrites; cell body
C)terminal buttons; dendrite
D)cell bodies; dendrite

Question 61

Twelve-month-old Thinus is barely able to walk a few steps before losing his balance and falling down. What is the term that best describes Thinus's current ability to move around?

A)Neuroplasticity
B)Fine motor skills
C)Differentiation
D)Toddling

Question 62

What would be the best example of a fine motor skill?

A)Crawling
B)Feeding yourself with a spoon
C)Running in a race
D)Climbing to the top of a large hill

Question 63

Which best exemplifies experience-expectant growth?

A)The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development
B)The fact that eating high-fat foods leads to obesity
C)The fact that abused children often experience depression
D)The fact that by age two, most children are about 90 centimetres tall

Question 64

Which statement concerning culture and crawling is true?

A)Most North American children are crawling at much younger ages than in past decades.
B)There are no known cultures that discourage motor development.
C)Because it is genetically programmed, experience does not impact the rate of the acquisition of crawling.
D)In some traditional African cultures, children receive training to sit and walk at younger ages than in Europe and North America.

Question 65

If Thandi is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in

A)the cerebral cortex.
B)crawling and stepping.
C)language development.
D)temperament.

Question 66

How would 12-month-old Sadie locomote?

A)She would say her first word.
B)She would crawl around the room.
C)She would cry when touching something hot.
D)She would display eye movement while sleeping.

Question 67

Although they are often unsuccessful in getting the food into their mouths, many children first begin to experiment with finger foods around age

A)2 months.
B)6 months.
C)10 months.
D)14 months.

Question 68

In an effort to lower the age at which his infant son will begin to walk, Mr Mhlangu puts eight-month-old Kgatello on a programme that emphasises leg strength. What is the most likely outcome of this intervention?

A)It will have no impact.
B)Kgatello will have superior leg strength but will not walk any earlier.
C)Kgatello will have average leg strength but will not walk any earlier.
D)Kgatello will have superior leg strength and will walk earlier.

Question 69

Studies of infant stepping behaviour on a treadmill demonstrated that

A)the pattern of alternating of steps on each leg precedes the ability to walk.
B)even very young infants can walk without assistance.
C)infants cannot judge the speed of movement of a moving object (for example, the treadmill).
D)infants will refuse to attempt to walk if held upright.

Question 70

Which is the best example of differentiation?

A)Junior's legs have matured to the point where he is capable of walking.
B)Dumi learns how to grasp a spoon before he can successfully use it to eat.
C)Lindi combines reaching, grasping, and wrist rotation and successfully uses a spoon to eat.
D)Rethabile learns how to swim before she learns to walk.

Question 71

Thandi has mastered balancing, stepping, and the perceptual skills necessary to negotiate her way around. Putting all these skills together to enable her to walk is a process called

A)integration.
B)differentiation.
C)retinal disparity.
D)perception.

Question 72

Stewart is a 10-year-old boy growing up in England, and Mpho is a 10-year-old boy growing up South Africa. What difference in handedness would you expect?

A)It is most likely that Stewart is right-handed and Mpho is left-handed.
B)It is most likely that Stewart is left-handed and Mpho is right-handed.
C)Both are likely to be right-handed.
D)Both are likely to be left-handed.

Question 73

Naledi, who has not seen her niece Winnie since she was born, is surprised to see the 12-month-old standing upright and taking a few steps. In view of this accomplishment, Naledi realises that Winnie is now considered a(n)

A)neonate.
B)infant.
C)toddler.
D)preschooler.

Question 74

Roger is a typical seven-month-old. In terms of locomotion, the best he is able to do is to

A)creep.
B)walk.
C)sit alone.
D)roll from back to front.

Question 75

What response would you expect if you attempted to hand a toy to a typical 13-month-old infant?

A)They would kick at the object before attempting to grasp it.
B)They would first grasp the object with their left hand.
C)They would first grasp the object with their right hand.
D)They would make no attempt to grasp the object.

Question 76

Because Thembi is a typical nine-month-old, she is most likely to use

A)her right hand.
B)her left hand.
C)her right and left hands interchangeably.
D)her feet rather than her hands.

Question 77

The fact that brain wiring is organised by experiences common to humans is referred to as

A)altered inactivity.
B)experience-dependent growth.
C)experience-expectant growth.
D)waking activity.

Question 78

Padma is excellent at walking, running, climbing, and kicking balls. This would suggest that Padma has good

A)neuroplasticity.
B)motor skills.
C)temperament.
D)sociability.

Question 79

Katleho is 4 months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with

A)his fingers and thumb.
B)his thumb only.
C)his fingers only.
D)one finger from each hand.

Question 80

Infants are more likely to cross a bridge when it is wide and has a rigid handrail than when it is narrow and has a wobbly handrail. Which statement best explains this behaviour?

A)Infants use cues in the environment to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking.
B)Infants use integration to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking.
C)Infants use differentiation to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking.
D)Infants use retinal disparity to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking.