Deck 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

Question 1

Baby Kgosi has singled out his mother as someone different from all others. When his mother takes him to a new place, Kgosi is able to explore but looks back to his mother every once in a while for reassurance. According to Bowlby, Kgosi is most probably in the ____ phase of attachment.

A)attachment in the making
B)reciprocal relationships
C)preattachment
D)true attachment

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Who would Erikson predict to have the greatest sense of will?

A)Fikile, who has developed autonomy but experiences some shame and doubt
B)Thembi, who has developed autonomy and experiences no shame or doubt
C)Bonolo, who has developed autonomy and doubt but experiences no shame
D)Miriam, who has not developed autonomy

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How could a parent best encourage attachment in a four-month-old?

A)Show continuous interest whenever he or she is around the child
B)Respond predictably and appropriately to the baby's needs.
C)Let the child initiate all social interactions.
D)There are no parental behaviours that would influence an infant that young.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Erikson, how would parents establish trust in their six-month-old?

A)Consistently responding to the child's needs
B)Use an authoritarian parenting style
C)Encourage the immediate resolution of the Oedipal complex
D)Avoid excessive displays of affection

Question 5

According to Erikson, what is the foundation of human development?

A)Autonomy
B)Trust in self and others
C)Initiative
D)Identity

Question 6

Lindi has begun to play 'teacher', 'mommy', 'doctor', and 'pilot'. Lindi is probably in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Initiative versus guilt
C)Intimacy versus isolation
D)Basic trust versus mistrust

Question 7

Dr Sithole's lecture on attachment concludes that babies express behaviour that makes it more likely they will form attachments to adults because, in the past, infants that expressed these behaviours were the infants who survived. Dr Sithole is presenting a(n) ____ approach to attachment.

A)sociocultural
B)psychological
C)anthropological
D)evolutionary

Question 8

As an evolutionary theorist, Dr Govender is most likely to believe that

A)adaptive behaviours have a hereditary basis.
B)cognitive issues are more important than social issues.
C)an infant can only attach to its biological mother.
D)trust underlies almost all human emotions.

Question 9

Dr Ngcobo studies how children form lasting social-emotional relationships with adults. Dr Ngcobo is most likely interested in studying

A)gender roles.
B)basic emotions.
C)parallel play.
D)attachment.

Question 10

Which child has most successfully resolved the 'basic trust versus mistrust' stage of psychosocial development?

A)Cindy, who trusts everyone and everything completely
B)Mlungisi, who mistrusts everyone, including himself
C)Lindi, who trusts himself but nobody else
D)Hlengiwe, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of others

Question 11

After reading a book on Eriksonian theory, Luthando would most likely describe her trusting one-year-old daughter as possessing

A)will.
B)generativity.
C)hope.
D)purpose.

Question 12

You typically spend more time playing with your daughter than doing the care taking, you prefer physical play over sitting and reading together with your daughter, and you are less skilful at parenting your daughter than your partner. You are probably the child's

A)mother.
B)teacher.
C)father.
D)next-door neighbour.

Question 13

Khetiwe is struggling in the 'autonomy versus shame and doubt' stage of psychosocial development. What aspect of her psychosocial development will result from her successful resolution of this conflict?

A)Hope
B)Wariness
C)Will
D)Purpose

Question 14

Which statement on parent-infant early relationships is true?

A)Mothers tend to spend more time reading to infants.
B)Infants are biologically programmed to attach to mothers.
C)Mothers provide better early child care than fathers.
D)When in distress, infants prefer to interact with fathers.

Question 15

Eight-month-old Sadie is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. This indicates that Sadie

A)is not attached to her mother.
B)has 'purpose'.
C)is in the 'initiative versus guilt' stage.
D)trusts her mother.

Question 16

Although Jabu has an enormous amount of initiative, he does not possess 'purpose'. According to Erikson, this is probably because Jabu

A)has not learned to cooperate with others.
B)was never wary of other people.
C)has no 'will'.
D)trusts too much.

Question 17

Which individual is most responsible for today's evolutionary view of attachment?

A)Erikson
B)Bowlby
C)Skinner
D)Piaget

Question 18

Which normally maturing infant would be most likely to have just formed first true attachment?

A)Jacob, who is 1 day old
B)Thabo, who is 4 months old
C)Nelson, who is 8 months old
D)Cyril, who is 18 months old

Question 19

Who would be most likely to argue that smiling is a common social response because over the history of humanity, individuals who smiled were liked more and allowed to have children?

A)A cognitive psychologist
B)A behavioural psychologist
C)An evolutionary psychologist
D)A humanist psychologist

Question 20

Thando and Mandla are the parents of a new baby named Lesedi and are wondering whether Lesedi will attach to them. A developmental psychologist explains to them that if Lesedi is a typical baby, she will

A)attach to both Thando and Mandla.
B)attach only to Mandla.
C)attach only to Thando.
D)not attach to either Thando or Mandla.

Question 21

Which aspect of a local day care's advertisement would be inconsistent with your text's description of quality day care?

A)Low child-to-caregiver ratios
B)Day care workers are well trained
C)New, energetic staff each day
D)High level of communication between day care workers and parents

Question 22

Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

A)Autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)Trust versus mistrust
C)Intimacy versus isolation
D)Initiative versus guilt

Question 23

Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality day care has ____ effects on a toddler's attachment to their mother and/or father.

A)slightly negative
B)devastating
C)first adverse and then positive
D)no

Question 24

A secure infant attachment predicts ____ during later childhood.

A)greater intelligence
B)more capable peer interactions
C)greater independence
D)nothing

Question 25

What is not an element of a basic emotion?

A)A subjective feeling
B)A thoughtful consideration
C)A physiological change
D)An overt behaviour

Question 26

Neo's father sat her on her blanket in front of the TV in the living room and left the room to answer a text message from work on his phone. Neo has been playing alone for a while on her blanket and has become upset. When her father returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her father. Neo is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disoriented

Question 27

Which statement is true regarding basic emotions?

A)They are experienced by people in all cultures.
B)They have a self-evaluative component.
C)Most of them begin to develop after 12 months.
D)They are not reflected in facial expressions.

Question 28

That twins Siya and Bongi have come to expect their mother, to be available when they need her means that they have both developed

A)temperament.
B)parallel play.
C)an internal working model.
D)autonomy.

Question 29

Which type of attachment is characterised by confusion in the infant when the mother leaves and when she returns?

A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Resistant
D)Disorganised

Question 30

What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her two-month-old to form a secure attachment?

A)'Be responsive and caring.'
B)'Avoid discipline.'
C)'Just be yourself.'
D)'Don't bottle-feed.'

Question 31

Securely attached infants tend to show ____ when reunited with a caregiver.

A)fear
B)rejection
C)a need for a brief interaction
D)a need for an extended interaction

Question 32

Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached?

A)Jabu, whose parents play with him frequently
B)Saleema, whose parents are very affectionate toward her
C)Precious, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying
D)Andile, whose parents often express happiness toward him

Question 33

Lethabo is feeling guilty about sending his 18-month-old off to day care. Assuming Lethabo is sending his daughter to a quality day care centre, should he be worried?

A)Yes. Children younger than two who are in day care experience far more negative effects than positive effects.
B)Yes, but only because his child is female.
C)No, as long as Lethabo provides 'good fathering' when he's with the child at home.
D)No, because day care makes children more cooperative.

Question 34

In the Strange Situation test, a(n) ____ remains alone in a room with an infant.

A)mother
B)observer
C)stranger
D)second infant

Question 35

Which combination best predicts an insecure attachment?

A)Insensitive mother and any day care
B)Insensitive mother and low-quality day care
C)Sensitive mother and any day care
D)Sensitive mother and low-quality day care

Question 36

Luthando was insecurely attached as an infant. Which behaviour is least likely to occur?

A)Luthando is usually calm when interacting with other children.
B)Luthando does not have as many friends as most children.
C)Luthando does not display adequate social skills with her peers.
D)Luthando has a difficult time resolving conflicts with others.

Question 37

When Faith's mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

A)secure
B)avoidant
C)resistant
D)disorganised

Question 38

One-year-old Rethabile is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Rethabile turns away from her. Rethabile is exhibiting ____ attachment.

A)avoidant
B)disorganised
C)secure
D)resistant

Question 39

From an infant's perspective, what is the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment?

A)Having no congenital birth defects
B)Having a dependable caregiver
C)Having few sibling rivals
D)Having a caregiver who loves him or her

Question 40

If two-year-old Khetiwe had an internal working model, she would

A)believe that inanimate objects have the ability to move and breathe.
B)expect her mom to respond when she is upset.
C)talk to herself out loud.
D)form an insecure attachment to her parents.

Question 41

After playing by himself for a while, young Buhle smiles when he sees the face of his father. What term best describes this response?

A)Social smile
B)Cooperative play
C)Parallel play
D)Social referencing

Question 42

When Adam walks into a dark room, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, 'Don't be afraid. There's nothing here that can hurt you.' Apparently, Adam is successfully

A)engaging in solitary play.
B)expressing complex emotions.
C)regulating his emotions.
D)utilising social referencing.

Question 43

Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger?

A)Andile, who is 5 days old
B)Blessing, who is 5 months old
C)Tom, who is 15 months old
D)Bongani, who is 5 years old

Question 44

According to your text, which action would be the most likely cause of anger in a six-month-old?

A)Showing them a picture of a stranger
B)Introducing them to a new loud sound
C)Having them smell a rotten egg
D)Restraining them from picking up a toy

Question 45

Who has most probably just developed stranger wariness?

A)Dikeledi, who just learned to roll over
B)Tendai, who just learned to crawl
C)Katleho, who just learned to walk
D)Lindi, who just started school

Question 46

Njabulo is a typical six-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object?

A)She will look away from the object.
B)She will make a sad face.
C)She will stare back and try to frighten the object away.
D)She will make no attempt to regulate her emotions.

Question 47

One-year-old Khetiwe looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Khetiwe proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of

A)a social smile.
B)a complex emotion.
C)social referencing.
D)stranger wariness.

Question 48

We would know that two-month-old Bonolo is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to

A)waking up from a nap.
B)seeing her mother's face.
C)finishing a meal.
D)a cat's tail brushing up against her.

Question 49

Dumi and Buhle are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Dumi and Buhle are involved in

A)cooperative play.
B)parallel play.
C)simple social play.
D)prosocial behaviour.

Question 50

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of

A)insecure attachment.
B)complex emotions.
C)constricting actions.
D)basic emotions.

Question 51

Prakesh is playing with his ball, and Keshia is playing with her doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Prakesh and Keshia are most likely involved in

A)cooperative play.
B)parallel play.
C)simple social play.
D)prosocial behaviour.

Question 52

One-year-old Mondli is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mondli is afraid?

A)Stranger wariness
B)Social referencing
C)Complex emotions
D)Avoidant attachment

Question 53

You are studying the basic emotions of 11-month-olds from the U.S.A. and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed?

A)Chinese infants will cry and smile less than American infants.
B)American infants will be less expressive than Chinese infants.
C)Chinese infants will be more expressive of pain; American infants will be more expressive of 'joy'.
D)Chinese infants are more likely to express disgust.

Question 54

Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of

A)self.
B)biology.
C)waking states.
D)purpose.

Question 55

An increase in heart rate is a ____ manifestation of an emotion.

A)sociocultural
B)subjective
C)behavioural
D)physiological

Question 56

Research results have provided evidence that the ability to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions first develops as early as ____ of age.

A)two weeks
B)one month
C)four months
D)eight months

Question 57

According to the textbook, by age nine reasons for fear typically shift from fear of the dark and fear of imaginary monsters to

A)fears related to animals and insects.
B)fears related to a stranger entering the room.
C)fears related to a parent leaving the room.
D)fears related to school, health, and personal harm.

Question 58

Who is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion?

A)Boitelo, who expresses joy when being held by his mother
B)Anele, who is angry at her mother
C)Tumi, who is afraid of the neighbour's pet dog
D)Stella, who is proud of her art project

Question 59

Seven-month-old Mpho seems very content being held by his mother. When the new neighbour from across the street comes over to greet Mpho, he turns his head away from the neighbour and starts to cry. What term best explains Mpho's response to the neighbour?

A)Social smile
B)Resistant attachment
C)Social referencing
D)Stranger wariness

Question 60

Children who do not regulate their emotions well

A)have less frequent conflicts with peers.
B)have more satisfying peer relationships.
C)tend to have problems interacting with peers.
D)make more adaptive adjustments to school.

Question 61

Five-year-old Zama has a vivid imagination and an imaginary friend. How might this cognitively affect Zama?

A)He is more likely than other children his age to believe that cartoon characters are 'real'.
B)He is more likely than other children his age to be unsociable.
C)He is more likely to have difficulty making adjustments during adolescence.
D)He is likely to have a more advanced theory of mind.

Question 62

Which is true of childhood play?

A)Both boys and girls tend to favour enabling over constricting.
B)Both boys and girls tend to favour constricting over enabling.
C)Boys tend to favour enabling and girls tend to favour constricting.
D)Boys tend to favour constricting and girls tend to favour enabling.

Question 63

Which sort of solitary play would most likely be unhealthy?

A)Watching other children play without joining them
B)Sitting in a room, building an imaginary city out of plastic building blocks
C)Drawing and colouring
D)Completing a series of puzzles in a puzzle book

Question 64

Ongkopotse is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend. Which best describes Ongkopotse relative to his peers without imaginary friends?

A)Emotionally disturbed
B)Sociable
C)Few friends
D)Low intelligence

Question 65

Using scaffolding would be most beneficial for a preschool parent acting as a ____ during play.

A)playmate
B)social director
C)mediator
D)constrictor

Question 66

Which statement best describes parental influence on play?

A)All coaching is beneficial.
B)Good coaching is never that good.
C)Bad coaching is worse than no coaching at all.
D)Avoiding coaching is the best option.

Question 67

Which word would least likely be found in a description of 'boys play?'

A)Competitive
B)Cooperative
C)Rough
D)Intimidation

Question 68

Philani is competing with Andile in a game and attempts to win by saying, 'If you try to do well, I will smack you!' What term best describes this statement?

A)Parallel play
B)Social referencing
C)Constricting action
D)Enabling action

Question 69

Meera and Wandi are building a playhouse. Meera says to Wandi, 'How about I help you with your part, then you help me with mine?' This offer would be an example of

A)an enabling action.
B)parallel play.
C)a constricting action.
D)altruism.

Question 70

Thinus and Siya are pretending to be transformers. Thinus is pretending to be Optimus, and Siya is pretending to be Megatron. What sort of interaction does this exemplify?

A)Parallel play
B)Cooperative play
C)Simple social play
D)Constricting actions

Question 71

Tumi often has to step in and solve disagreements between his son Buhle and his daughter Naledi. This action best reflects the idea of a parent as a

A)playmate.
B)social director.
C)coach.
D)mediator.

Question 72

What benefits does pretend play provide children?

A)It promotes success in business and sports.
B)It reinforces their development.
C)It enhances creativity.
D)It entertains children.

Question 73

Which term does not fit with the notion of 'constricting' during play?

A)Exaggeration
B)Threats
C)Contradiction
D)Support

Question 74

Concerning play, which statement best exemplifies enabling?

A)'You are doing well, keep going.'
B)'You are in for a world of hurt if you win.'
C)'I am so much better than you.'
D)'I have never played that before.'

Question 75

Children typically begin to exhibit simple social play around ____ months of age.

A)18
B)28
C)38
D)48

Question 76

All acts of altruistic behaviour are also

A)prosocial behaviours.
B)basic emotions.
C)examples of dispositional praise.
D)social roles.

Question 77

Anele is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend named Gru. According to recent research, it is most likely that Anele

A)is insecurely attached.
B)has not received enough dispositional praise.
C)has few 'real' friends relative to other preschoolers.
D)is a typical preschooler.

Question 78

Philani and Sandy are taking turns playing a memory game on Philani's computer tablet. This is an example of ____ play.

A)parallel
B)prosocial
C)cooperative
D)simple social

Question 79

Which exemplifies the notion of parent as social director during play?

A)A parent who likes to play directly with his or her child
B)A parent who actively encourages his or her child to play with others
C)A parent who steps in to resolve disputes between his or her child and other children
D)A parent who teaches his or her child skills that will make the child better at a game

Question 80

As a typical prepubescent female, Retha will prefer to

A)play with boys regardless of the game.
B)play with girls regardless of the game.
C)play 'house' with girls and football with boys.
D)play 'house' with boys and football with girls.