Deck 1: What Is Victimology

Question 1

According to the individualist rationale, a citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the rationale of necessity, using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries that the aggressor sustains are deserved.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Gun ownership is generally higher among women than men and people over 50.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The lowest level of household gun ownership was registered in 2013 at 43 percent.

Question 5

The highest level of household gun ownership was registered in 1977 at 54 percent.

Question 6

The terms "retaliatory justice" and "vigilantism" each refer to distinctly different phenomena.

Question 7

Restorative justice seeks recovery of the victim and rehabilitation of the offender.

Question 8

According to the 2010 National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), about 2 percent of victims involved in violent confrontations claimed that they had counterattacked by drawing their own weapons (other than firearms).

Question 9

Restorative justice uses mediation, negotiation, frank discussion, consensus, and restitution.

Question 10

During 2011, fewer than 100 people perished from accidental discharges of firearms.

Question 11

Retributive justice resulted from an injury-centered, victim-focused, and reparations-oriented approach.

Question 12

The restorative justice approach known as peacemaking circles is derived from Native American culture.

Question 13

Though perpetrators of domestic violence are generally supposed to lose the right to own firearms, many offenders remain a threat because frequently their guns are not confiscated by law enforcement agencies.

Question 14

Advocates of arming for self-protection believe self-reliance is necessary to supplement the basic protections provided by the police.

Question 15

Peacemaking circles involve discussions among the victim, the offender, their support systems, and the community.

Question 16

Retributive justice is oriented toward prevention via fear of consequences.

Question 17

Informal restorative justice refers to an approach in which harmed parties can be central figures who play hands-on roles and take charge of how their cases are resolved.

Question 18

In restorative justice, the offender must accept blame and suffer consequences.

Question 19

The goal of retributive justice is conviction and punishment.

Question 20

Justifiable homicides may take place when private citizens kill their attackers during the commission of a felony.

Question 21

When police officers are compelled to shoot and kill dangerous felons in the line of duty, this is classified as:

A) justifiable homicide.
B) involuntary homicide.
C) voluntary manslaughter.
D) involuntary manslaughter.

Question 22

The possibility that firearms can enable law-breakers to gain powerful advantages over their intended targets makes them:

A) facilitators.
B) equalizers.
C) pernicious.
D) mediators.

Question 23

What is an approach to resolving criminal cases called that rejects inflicting punishment and pursuing retribution in favor of seeking restitution followed by victim-offender reconciliation?

A) victims' justice
B) restorative justice
C) retaliatory justice
D) rehabilitative justice

Question 24

The person asserting the right to self-defense must have a reasonable belief that harm is imminent.On what can this belief be based?

A) the size of the adversary
B) the time of day and the setting
C) the presence or absence of a weapon
D) it can be based on all of these factors

Question 25

Which of the following is an outlawed alternative to formal case processing within the criminal justice system that embodies a do-it-yourself approach to settling disputes?

A) rehabilitative justice
B) informal justice
C) victim justice
D) vigilantism

Question 26

Currently, what is the status of vigilantism in America?

A) It occurs much more often than it is actually discussed.
B) It is discussed much more often than it actually occurs.
C) It occurs at about the same rate as it is being discussed.
D) It is rarely every discussed anymore, and rarely occurs.

Question 27

Resistance to attack using self-defense is justified as a way of preserving law and order under the:

A) punitive rationale.
B) rationale of necessity.
C) social rationale.
D) all of these rationales.

Question 28

Which of these embraces themes important to the victims' rights movement, especially empowerment, notification, direct involvement, offender accountability, and receiving restitution?

A) Informal justice
B) Victims' justice
C) Restorative justice
D) Rehabilitative justice

Question 29

People who support expanding gun ownership often consider these weapons to be:

A) facilitators.
B) equalizers.
C) pernicious.
D) mediators.

Question 30

A citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy under the:

A) Victim's Bill of Rights.
B) individualist rationale.
C) rationale of necessity.
D) Victim-Offender Reconciliation Act.

Question 31

In general, the permissible use of appropriate force to protect one's life from an adversary whom one reasonably believes is threatening harm is known as the right to:

A) self-defense.
B) a concealed weapon.
C) free speech.
D) a proactive defense.

Question 32

When people were polled in 2013 about whether they or close personal friend or relative had been a victim of a crime involving a gun, how many answered yes?

A) Almost a quarter
B) Almost one third
C) Almost one half
D) About two thirds

Question 33

What does the legal use of self-defense require?

A) The threat posed by the aggressor must be imminent.
B) The aggressor must be armed with a deadly weapon.
C) The victim must shoot with an intent of only injuring.
D) The victim must announce intent to use deadly force.

Question 34

What is a mode of conflict resolution called that relies on the use of force rather than negotiation and compromise, has a long and bloody history, and has as its goal revenge rather than reconciliation?

A) Rehabilitative justice
B) Restorative justice
C) Retaliatory justice
D) Victims' justice

Question 35

Which concept involves taking troublemakers out of circulation to protect the public?

A) restoration
B) restitution
C) incapacitation
D) arbitration

Question 36

Using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries that the aggressor suffers are deserved, according to:

A) the punitive rationale.
B) the rationale of necessity.
C) the social rationale.
D) all of these rationales.

Question 37

According to your text, the situations of victims in the future will be shaped by:

A) relying on the formal justice system.
B) relying on weapons when under attack.
C) seeking peacemaking opportunities.
D) the interactions among all these things.

Question 38

The use of violence is excused when a victim fearing great harm has no choice but to resort to force as a means of self-protection under the:

A) punitive rationale.
B) rationale of necessity.
C) social rationale.
D) all of these rationales.

Question 39

In 2001, 75 million Americans owned an estimated _____ guns.

A) 75 - 100 million
B) 100 - 150 million
C) 150 - 200 million
D) 200 - 250 million

Question 40

With which of these is retributive justice most associated?

A) resolution via the criminal justice system
B) actions that injure specific individuals
C) mediation, negotiation, and consensus
D) taking responsibility and making amends

Question 41

Identify and discuss several possible drawbacks that could occur when using extrajudicial, informal alternatives to traditional criminal justice procedures.

Question 42

What is the most common type of approach to restorative justice?

A) victim-offender mediation
B) peacemaking circles
C) family group conferencing
D) a community board

Question 43

Which of these involves a neutral individual called in to break a deadlock?

A) Conciliation
B) Arbitration
C) Restoration
D) Retaliation

Question 44

Mediation is a type of:

A) official and retributive justice.
B) alternative dispute resolution.
C) psychotherapeutic technique.
D) rehabilitation of an offender.

Question 45

Discuss the concept of restorative justice, including its goals, purpose, and records of success or failure.

Question 46

A go-between is necessary to facilitate the flow of information from one disputant to another in which process?

A) Conciliation
B) Arbitration
C) Restoration
D) Retaliation

Question 47

Explain the legal concept of self-defense, including the four perspectives that shape self-defense laws.

Question 48

Summarize some points in the history and current status of vigilantism or retaliatory justice.Identify two ideologies and their proponents that help to constrain vigilantism and explain their respective reasoning.

Question 49

What is informal justice and what does the future hold for its growing interest in criminal justice?

Question 50

A means of conflict resolution that begins with the wrongdoer's undergoing reintegrative shaming by describing the criminal incident to an assemblage of relatives, friends, and neighbors is called:

A) family group conferencing.
B) victim allocution.
C) the peacemaking circle.
D) the community justice center.