Deck 4: Violent Crimes: Murders and Robberies

Question 1

The term "rape" implies that the target reasonably fears bodily harm if she (or he) refuses to acquiesce.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Sexual violence among prison inmates was rediscovered and documented as a serious problem by 1980.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The only punishable act covered by laws against sexual assault is sexual intercourse.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Sociologists may refer to readily identifiable rapes that raise few legal questions or moral doubts as "ideal types."

Question 5

Generally, rape shield laws stipulate that the defense cannot introduce evidence about the accuser's past sexual conduct unless the woman has previously been convicted of prostitution, has had consensual sex before with the defendant, or has an obvious incentive to lie.

Question 6

The U.S.Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment is permissible in the case of the forcible and aggravated rape of a child.

Question 7

If a rape victim develops a substance abuse disorder, it is not a consequence of the rape.

Question 8

Centuries-old macho norms of traditional military culture have affected only women in the military.

Question 9

Rape is typically motivated by a desire for sexual gratification.

Question 10

As of the early twenty-first century, females with the most risk for being raped were between the ages of 12 and 17.

Question 11

By English common law definition, rape could only be committed by a male against a female who was not his wife.

Question 12

In Coker v.Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment was an acceptable penalty for rape.

Question 13

A judge might hand down a harsher sentence in view of mitigating circumstances such as implied consent.

Question 14

In the United States, the crime of rape is still not gender-neutral.

Question 15

As the term is used by some, "real" rapes involve cases wherein the injured party was completely virtuous and the assailant was a complete stranger.

Question 16

Rape is one of the most underreported violent crimes.

Question 17

Corroboration in a rape case can take the form of forensic evidence but not of obvious physical injuries.

Question 18

Congress passed a bill in 1986 revising federal rape statutes to include males and females as victims and perpetrators.

Question 19

A reasonableness standard stipulates that the degree of resistance that expresses nonconsent is universal and is not affected by the specific circumstances.

Question 20

Like others who are stunned by an unexpected, life-threatening ordeal, survivors of rape can suffer from a condition called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 21

What the crime of rape was called in English common law?

A) Unlawful carnal knowledge
B) Unlawful imprisonment
C) Battery
D) Assault

Question 22

According to analysis of National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) data from 2005 to 2010, about what percentage of female sexual assault victims were so severely injured that they sought medical care?

A) About 15 percent
B) About 25 percent
C) About 35 percent
D) About 45 percent

Question 23

In the United States, the crime of rape is now described as which of the following?

A) Male-on-female
B) Gender-neutral
C) Adult-on-child
D) Gender-specific

Question 24

Arguments in favor of disclosing victims' names in the media include which of the following?

A) The public has a right to know.
B) The prosecutor has a right to know.
C) All crimes are made public.
D) Rape victims should not be favored.

Question 25

Regarding recent research into sexual assaults in the military, which of the following is true?

A) Despite encouragement from the Department of Defense, victim reporting has not increased.
B) Women are only 15 percent of service members, yet nearly half of those saying they were assaulted.
C) Bullying or hazing with unwanted male-on-male sexual contact happens rarely in the military.
D) Females are more likely to file complaints, but retaliation affected one-third of those who did.

Question 26

By English common law definition, rape could only be committed by a male against whom?

A) A female, either his wife or not
B) A female who was not his wife
C) A child who was of either sex
D) A female who was not of age.

Question 27

Until the late 1980s, most prosecutors were reluctant to pursue which kind of rape cases?

A) Male-on-male
B) Statutory rapes
C) Female-on-male
D) Date rape cases

Question 28

What remains the key factor that distinguishes a sexual assault from an unpleasant sexual experience with an overly aggressive partner?

A) Injury
B) Fear
C) Lack of consent
D) Difference in age

Question 29

The word "rape" comes from the Latin word rapere.What does rapere mean?

A) To have sex with
B) To victimize
C) To take by force
D) None of these

Question 30

According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), the lowest annual reporting rates for rape as of 2016 have been about what percent, while the highest was what percent?

A) 15 percent; 45 percent
B) 25 percent; 55 percent
C) 35 percent; 65 percent
D) 45 percent; 75 percent

Question 31

Those who reexperience their attacks over and over again in nightmares and flashbacks have symptoms of which disorder?

A) Post-traumatic stress disorder
B) False-memory syndrome
C) Intimate violence syndrome
D) Separation anxiety disorder

Question 32

The belief that the woman's word alone should not be enough to secure a conviction in a rape case is based on which of these concerns?

A) Defendants charged with rape are socially stigmatized.
B) Some females might gain by making false accusations.
C) The accused is entitled to the presumption of innocence.
D) This belief is based upon any and all of these concerns.

Question 33

Which of the following statements regarding reporting rates is true?

A) Fewer than a quarter of victims reporting rape to the NCVS also report to police.
B) Nearly all female rape victims report the crime to the police.
C) Almost no male victims of rape report the crime to the police.
D) Approximately one out of every ten rape victims reports the crime to the police.

Question 34

Generally, what kind of laws stipulate that the defense cannot introduce evidence about the accuser's past sexual conduct unless the woman has previously been convicted of prostitution, has had consensual sex before with the defendant, or has an obvious incentive to lie?

A) Rape shield laws
B) Statutory rape laws
C) Sexual battery laws
D) Victim advocacy laws

Question 35

What did the Supreme Court rule in the Coker v.Georgia case?

A) Involuntary castration of recidivist rapists was permissible.
B) Capital punishment was an excessive punishment for rape.
C) Marital rape was a legitimate crime deserving punishment.
D) Children under age 12 could not consent to sexual activity.

Question 36

Which sociological concept can be applied to rapes perpetrated by armed complete strangers against unsuspecting females who are ambushed in darkness via blitz attacks?

A) Prototype
B) Exemplar
C) Ideal type
D) Primary construct

Question 37

Among measures implemented that were designed to address sexual assaults and other sexual misconduct on college campuses, which of the following was chronologically LAST (most recent)?

A) The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was established to coordinate federal efforts to identify best practices on campuses nationwide.
B) Congress passed the Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act, requiring incidents of dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking to be included in annual campus crime statistics reports.
C) The U.S.Department of Education's Civil Rights Office issued guidelines to adopt zero-tolerance policies toward sexual assaults on campus.
D) All of these measures designed to address sexual misconduct on college campuses actually took place during different months or time periods within the same year.

Question 38

Which issue is central to any rape complaint?

A) Consent
B) Forensic evidence
C) Physical injuries
D) All of these are correct

Question 39

In which case did the Supreme Court establish the right of persons accused of capital crimes to be represented by competent counsel provided by the government?

A) Coker v.Georgia
B) Powell v.Alabama
C) Mapp v.Ohio
D) Kennedy v.Louisiana

Question 40

Which of these is defined as suffering repeated rapes, generally by an intimate or acquaintance?

A) Aggravated battery
B) Cycle of violence
C) Series victimization
D) Aggravated assault

Question 41

Describe how different types of rape are treated differently by both the public and the criminal justice system.

Question 42

Discuss how perspectives have changed in cases of wives raped by their husbands and male rape victims.

Question 43

Outline and discuss the fears about intrusive press coverage, unwanted publicity, and victim-blaming accusations that discourage some sexual assault victims from turning to the criminal justice system for help.

Question 44

Explain three approaches to addressing the crime of sexual assault through history.

Question 45

Among sexual assault victims, what is the status of wives whose husbands force them to submit to unwanted, degrading sexual acts?

A) They are most likely to report incidents, be believed by authorities, have their cases adjudicated, and secure convictions.
B) They are least likely to report incidents, be believed by authorities, have their cases adjudicated, and secure convictions.
C) They are about equally likely as others to report incidents, be believed, have their cases adjudicated, and secure convictions.
D) They are equally likely to report but less likely to be believed by authorities, have their cases adjudicated, and secure convictions.

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding marital rape?

A) There is no such crime at this time, though several groups are attempting to have it recognized as a crime.
B) Marital rape was outlawed long ago, even in English Common Law.
C) Marital rape was not specified as a crime in any of the states until the mid-1970s.
D) Marital rape is illegal today but only if the partners are no longer cohabitating.

Question 47

Describe "rape shield" laws and their purposes.Explain how these laws support either the "victim-blaming" or "victim-defending" perspective.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of findings about sexual violence among prison inmates?

A) Sexual violence among inmates was just rediscovered a few years ago.
B) Females are more often assaulted in the first 24 hours after admission.
C) Prison is the only place where rape jokes are not found "politically incorrect."
D) Teens in juvenile institutions are less vulnerable than adults in prisons.

Question 49

Which of the following is accurate about the Prison Rape Elimination Act?

A) Congress passed this law to help enforce prisoners' Eighth Amendment rights.
B) It was unrelated to the first national survey of the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
C) Accountability for reducing sexual assaults was taken away from the wardens.
D) This law applies only to federal but not state or local correctional institutions.

Question 50

A meta-analysis of multiple research studies about male-on-male sexual assaults concluded that offenders and their victims tend to be which of the following?

A) Away from home
B) Homosexuals
C) Strangers
D) Young