Deck 3: Victimization in the United States: an Overview

Question 1

Stun guns and SWAT teams have made police officers' jobs safer, but gun control has not.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Most physical attacks on college campuses are by acquaintances, not strangers.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Nine out of ten students who experienced hazing in college did not consider it abuse.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to clinical studies, most stalkers are motivated by vengeance and hatred of the victim.

Question 5

Domestic terrorism encompasses activities that include acts dangerous to human life such as assassination, kidnapping, or unleashing weapons of mass destruction within the United States and Puerto Rico.

Question 6

The 2013 state prison inmate homicide rate was the highest recorded since monitoring began in 2000.

Question 7

Bias crime is motivated by the offender's hatred for another person's perceived race, ethnicity, or religion.

Question 8

Unlawful use of force against persons or property in order to intimidate a government or coerce some segment of the public into surrendering to political or social demands is called terrorism.

Question 9

Fortunately, most police officers have sufficient state-of-the-art technology to pursue cyber-stalkers.

Question 10

Risk factors for work-related homicides include working at establishments where cash transactions take place.

Question 11

The most common type of stalking is when the target knows and is repeatedly contacted by the aggressor in a frightening way.

Question 12

Improvements in the criminal justice system related to bias crime include police departments' vigorously investigating and solving these types of crimes.

Question 13

Incidents that involve constitutionally protected speech, no matter how offensive, don't qualify as criminal activity.

Question 14

During the 1990s, the rates of violence at work decreased.

Question 15

Burning a cross on the lawn of a black family's home is considered simple criminal mischief.

Question 16

Recognizing bias crime or hate crime as a distinct category implies that its impact on the victim and on the community at large goes far beyond the specific harm inflicted.

Question 17

Many more law enforcement officers are killed in the line of duty each year than commit suicide.

Question 18

The number of police officers killed in the line of duty has decreased since the early 1970s.

Question 19

Violent crimes are more common than property crimes on school grounds.

Question 20

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs suffer the highest rate of workplace homicides of any occupational group.

Question 21

What percentage of the assailants in the aggravated assaults of college students were strangers rather than acquaintances?

A) 18 percent
B) 28 percent
C) 58 percent
D) 78 percent

Question 22

During the 1990s, the rates of all forms of violence at work _____.

A) skyrocketed
B) fell considerably
C) increased slightly
D) remained constant

Question 23

Which occupational group has the lowest rate of workplace assault?

A) health care workers
B) garbage truck drivers
C) college professors
D) retail sales clerks

Question 24

Stalking is an offense motivated by _____.

A) primarily some financial need
B) desire to dominate and subjugate
C) need for an emotional connection
D) desire to be heard by someone

Question 25

Statistics measuring bias crimes may be unreliable due to which of the following?

A) victims' not reporting the crimes
B) police not being committed to keeping bias crime records
C) not identifying motivations for crimes as bigotry
D) bias crime statistics may be unreliable for all these reasons

Question 26

Of stalking incidents reported to the police, how many lead to prosecution?

A) less than one tenth
B) less than a quarter
C) less than one third
D) less than one fifth

Question 27

Under which conditions does the FBI have jurisdiction over a crime committed on a cruise ship while it was at sea?

A) If the victim is an American citizen and the ship is sailing from and returning to a U.S.port
B) If the victim is an American citizen and the ship is sailing from or returning to a U.S.port
C) If the victim is an American citizen regardless of the ports for the ship's departure or return
D) If the victim is any country's citizen and the ship is sailing from or returning to a U.S.port

Question 28

Which crimes outnumber forcible sex offenses on college campuses?

A) Burglaries
B) Aggravated assaults
C) Arsons
D) Motor vehicle thefts

Question 29

Among these requirements of the Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act (2010), which were intended, among other things, to collect and preserve forensic evidence?

A) Installing stronger locks on the cabin doors
B) Installing peepholes into cabin doors
C) Installing medical personnel on board
D) Installing surveillance cameras in corridors

Question 30

In terms of inmate homicide rates, the most dangerous state prison system from 2001 to 2014 (combined) among the following was in _____.

A) New Mexico
B) New Hampshire
C) North Dakota
D) Wisconsin

Question 31

Improvements in the criminal justice system related to bias crime include which of these?

A) the passage of new laws increasing penalties for hate-related crime
B) special steps being taken to investigate and solve hate-related crime
C) district attorneys' being willing to prosecute bias crimes vigorously
D) all these are criminal justice system innovations against bias crimes

Question 32

To prevent serious stalking outcomes, researchers have suggested the victim should _____.

A) tell the offender to desist only once, then break off all contact
B) log or journal to document the offender's stalking behaviors
C) formulate plans for safety at home, in travel, and at work
D) utilize all criminal and civil justice aids, plus the rest of these

Question 33

Which workers suffer the highest rate of workplace homicides for any occupational group?

A) Gas station attendants
B) Convenience store cashiers
C) Taxi drivers and chauffeurs
D) Police officers and detectives

Question 34

For an incident of stalking to result in arrest, many state laws require that the targeted individual:

A) have "reasonable fear of death or grave bodily injury" arising from a credible threat of violence made by the aggressor.
B) produce tangible evidence, such as a voicemail recording of a credible threat of violence.
C) track a pattern of threats for at least 3 months which is supported by tangible evidence of the threats made by the aggressor.
D) have had at least one in-person contact with the alleged stalker.

Question 35

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), how does the change from 1992 to 2016 in the crime victimization rate for middle/junior high and high school students compare to the change over the same years in the victimization rate for all Americans?

A) It has risen to much higher than the national rate.
B) It has fallen to much lower than the national rate.
C) It has fallen to about the same as the national rate.
D) It has risen to around the same as the national rate.

Question 36

Which of the following is most typically a characteristic of hate crimes?

A) lone offenders
B) low levels of brutality
C) prior relationships between victims and offenders
D) high rates of reporting by victims

Question 37

A 1998 survey study estimated that what percentages of women and men, respectively, believed they were stalked at some point in their lives?

A) 8 percent of women and 2 percent of men
B) 5 percent of women and 1 percent of men
C) 7 percent of women and 4 percent of men
D) 6 percent of women and 3 percent of men

Question 38

Risk factors for slayings at work include working at establishments _____.

A) where many people are available
B) where cash transactions are made
C) where escape routes are available
D) where workers do tasks in groups

Question 39

In 2009, the Hate Crime Statistics Act was amended a second time to include acts driven by the perpetrators' prejudices against the targets' perceived _____.

A) race
B) ethnicity
C) religion
D) gender identity

Question 40

Which was the first state legislature to criminalize stalking?

A) California
B) Michigan
C) Arizona
D) Indiana

Question 41

In the aftermath of a traumatic disaster such as a terrorist bombing, victims are likely to be overwhelmed by intense emotions of shock, anxiety, confusion, sorrow, and grief.Identify two programs established to assist this special type of victim, and describe the methods they each use.

Question 42

According to a recent study, what percent of inmates killed while held in local jails had not yet been convicted of any crime?

A) nearly 15 percent
B) nearly 35 percent
C) nearly 55 percent
D) nearly 75 percent

Question 43

Which of the following is true relative to making police officers' jobs safer?

A) Improvements in training have made a difference.
B) Improvements to their weapons have not helped.
C) Gun control legislation has failed to protect them.
D) Interpersonal violence nationwide has increased.

Question 44

In which of the following situations, according to FBI data, are police officers at the highest risk of being killed?

A) on traffic stops
B) making arrests
C) responding to disturbances
D) handling prisoners

Question 45

Why should we be concerned about violence occurring in prisons between inmates?

Question 46

Who is affected most by the crime of stalking? What is the general scope of the problem? Summarize the status of addressing this crime.

Question 47

Of those police officers killed in the line of duty, about how many were working alone at the time they were slain?

A) About 30 percent
B) About 40 percent
C) About 50 percent
D) About 60 percent

Question 48

Unlawful use of force against persons or property in order to intimidate a government or coerce some segment of the public into surrendering to political or social demands is called:

A) bias crime.
B) extortion.
C) terrorism.
D) all of these.

Question 49

Summarize the main reasons that deaths of police officers in the line of duty have decreased.What are some additional measures that the U.S.Department of Justice has taken to protect police officers in their work?

Question 50

Bias-crime victims and their supporters have been able to improve the response of the criminal justice system in a number of ways.Outline two of the recent positive changes that have appeared in the criminal justice system regarding bias crime, and identify the role played by victims and their supporters in forcing these changes.