Deck 4: Empires, Colonies, and Peoples of the Americas, 1600–1750

Question 1

Who famously criticized Spanish settlers for their abusive treatment of Amerindians?

A)Catalina de Erauso
B)Bartolomé Dias
C)Bartolomé de las Casas
D)Spanish Habsburgs
E)The Pope

Answer 1

Bartolomé de las Casas

Question 2

The Spanish established a strict hierarchal political and social system based on Spanish control; however,this system became more fluid when

A)Spanish laws gave limited rights to indigenous people.
B)leaders of certain groups of people were allowed to rule their areas.
C)numbers of mixed blood peoples began to outnumber the Spanish.
D)people moved toward the frontier.
E)rebellions weakened the Spanish hold on their colonies.

Answer 2

people moved toward the frontier.

Question 3

All of these cities were viceroyalty capitals EXCEPT

A)Mexico City.
B)Bogotá.
C)Cali.
D)Lima.
E)Buenos Aires.

Answer 3

Cali.

Question 4

The most valuable of the Spanish exports from their American colonies was

A)slaves.
B)cotton.
C)silver.
D)gold.
E)sugar.

Question 5

In what way were the Inca and Spanish mita systems similar?

A)Exemptions were made for families in difficult circumstances.
B)Work involved the maintenance of the community's well-being.
C)Labor was considered a required service to the government.
D)Dangerous and life-threatening conditions were involved.
E)Families were cared for by the government.

Question 6

How did Spanish authority expand its centralized power throughout its domains?

A)Spain maintained the largest navy in Europe.
B)The pope sent Jesuit missionaries to represent the church.
C)The church controlled Spanish officials.
D)Spanish power was organized into four viceroyalties sent by the emperor in Madrid.
E)Philip II used the military to control Spanish officials.

Question 7

How were the Spanish successful in creating a centralized political system in their American colonies?

A)Through the extraordinary use of military power
B)By installing Jesuits in important political positions
C)By allowing large landowners to collect taxes from local peoples
D)By placing viceroys, governors, and other royal officials in dominant positions
E)By including locally-born Spaniards in the colonial governments

Question 8

The repartimiento

A)gave workers the right not to work in mines.
B)punished Spanish officials who abused workers.
C)imprisoned any Amerindian who would not convert.
D)did nothing to alleviate labor abuses.
E)eliminated the import of African labor.

Question 9

To be able to hold a political position in the Spanish colonies,one had to be

A)a member of the royal family.
B)a member of the church.
C)an officer in the Spanish military.
D)one of the original settlers.
E)of pure Spanish blood.

Question 10

American-born Spaniards were referred to as

A)mestizos.
B)potosi.
C)Iberians.
D)metis.
E)criollos.

Question 11

Erauso's adventure in the Americas started out in

A)Peru.
B)Panama.
C)Mexico.
D)Guatemala.
E)El Salvador.

Question 12

Much of the Andean silver ended up in

A)Madrid.
B)China.
C)the Netherlands.
D)India.
E)Ottoman territories.

Question 13

Debt peonage was associated with all of the following conditions EXCEPT

A)Indians.
B)inherited debts.
C)loans repaid in labor.
D)fluid labor market.
E)minimal wages.

Question 14

How did the Spanish and Inca mita systems differ?

A)Spain relied on convicts as laborers; the Incans used all available workers.
B)Incans required that all adult males work in the mines for one year of every seven, no matter what hardship it may have caused for their families.
C)Incans refused to exempt any men from participating in the mita system.
D)Spain required that all males spend one year out of every seven working in the mines at low wages.
E)Spain granted allowed some men to opt out of the mita system if it would create an economic hardship for their families.

Question 15

In terms of Spain's American colonies,the pope granted Spain

A)the right to control religious and political matters.
B)complete dominion without church interference.
C)control over native, non-Catholic peoples, but not over European Catholics.
D)the power to appoint church officials but not to oversee spiritual matters.
E)the right to enslave native peoples who refused to convert to Catholicism.

Question 16

An agricultural estate in colonial Latin America was referred to as a

A)self-sufficient farm.
B)encomienda.
C)hacienda.
D)commune.
E)repartimiento.

Question 17

Which group of Spaniards was the most prominent in criticizing the outrageous acts of violence and bloody actions taken against the Amerindians?

A)Viceroys
B)Pope
C)Spanish King
D)Representatives of Catholic religious orders
E)Creoles

Question 18

What were the effects of the discovery of huge amounts of Andean silver?

A)Philip II became the most powerful monarch in Europe.
B)A modern world economy developed.
C)Wars against Islam were financed.
D)The power of the pope expanded.
E)China became the richest state in the world.

Question 19

Erauso describes a business experience involving transportation of foodstuffs to Potosí.What foodstuff was she transporting,what was a result of the Columbian exchange?

A)Wheat
B)Potato
C)Llama
D)Corn
E)Beef

Question 20

During her lifetime,Erauso had been all the following EXCEPT a

A)nun.
B)nobleman's personal assistant.
C)soldier.
D)gambler.
E)settler.

Question 21

Portuguese economic efforts in Brazil were rewarded by all the following EXCEPT

A)gold.
B)sugar.
C)lumber.
D)exotic goods.
E)fur.

Question 22

How was the Virgin of Guadalupe related to the indigenous peoples of the time?

A)She had a dark complexion.
B)She had an Aztec headdress.
C)The child she was holding had a dark complexion.
D)Her dress resembled the local dress.
E)She supposedly spoke one of the local languages.

Question 23

The "purity of blood" requirement was based on

A)increasing numbers of marriages between Spanish settlers and Amerindians.
B)the desire to keep converted Jews from positions of power.
C)long-held traditions in the Catholic Church.
D)the rules of the repartimiento.
E)the goal of limiting the number of mixed-race children born in colonial America.

Question 24

Referring to the feature,"World History: Indigenous Studies and Indigenous Languages," roughly how many indigenous languages have survived from conquest to today?

A)None
B)Less than a handful
C)Just over 100
D)Nearly 400
E)More than 600

Question 25

By 1750,Spain's American colonies had established clear patterns of political and economic development that included

A)minimizing the role of the hacienda in commercial life.
B)shifting from Amerindian slaves to indentured servant labor.
C)gradually ending the subjugation of Indians.
D)encouraging criollos to seek greater fortune along the frontier.
E)dominating urban areas such as Mexico City and Lima.

Question 26

Why did the Spanish colonies fail to produce long-term economic growth for Spain?

A)The Portuguese challenged the Spanish in the Americas.
B)The Spanish were too reliant on mineral wealth alone.
C)More advanced militaries were being developed by European powers.
D)Spain's long-term investments in other products did not pay off.
E)Spanish colonies lacked the rich soil needed for a lucrative staple crop.

Question 27

Jesuit missionaries in Brazil

A)owned large cattle ranches.
B)refused to build churches.
C)ignored the inhumane treatment of Amerindians.
D)avoided the frontier.
E)helped stop the spread of European diseases.

Question 28

Palmares was a community of

A)a mixture of runaway slaves and Amerindian groups.
B)Amerindian groups.
C)American-born Portuguese.
D)Amerindian-Portuguese groups.
E)runaway slaves.

Question 29

Consider the two main female figures in the chapter.While the convent gave Sor Juana an opportunity to enjoy a degree of freedom and authority,where did Erauso find her opportunities?

A)Disguised as a man
B)In her personal aggressive nature
C)As a nun
D)In the American colonies
E)Volunteering for the army

Question 30

Spanish hierarchical traditions were based on all of these factors EXCEPT

A)caste.
B)gender.
C)religion.
D)family honor.
E)ethnic identity.

Question 31

Which of these practices helped ease Amerindians' transition to Christianity?

A)Baptism
B)The principles of heaven and hell
C)Crucifixion of Christ
D)Worshiping saints that represented the past polytheism of Amerindian converts
E)Acknowledging the Spanish as being specially chosen by local gods

Question 32

Which statement about slavery in the early conquest era of the Spanish empire in the Americas is FALSE?

A)African slaves often fought alongside Spanish soldiers.
B)African slaves brought a variety of skills with them from Africa.
C)Slaves were important in all areas of the Spanish empire except Peru.
D)Afro-Peruvians eventually lost their status as intermediaries.
E)The influence of Afro-Peruvian music is still apparent in some communities in Peru today.

Question 33

The mixing of peoples and cultures in the Spanish territories became more complex as a result of

A)the forced migration of African slaves.
B)the forced mixing of indigenous peoples and African slaves by the Spanish.
C)the introduction of Slavic slaves purchased from Muslim traders.
D)native-born populations mixing with local peoples.
E)the mixing of the already mixed populations with the Spanish.

Question 34

How was the leader of Palmares chosen?

A)He was a descendent of the existing high priest.
B)He was the head of a powerful group of African people.
C)He was chosen by the African group with the largest population.
D)He was elected according to merit by the entire group.
E)He competed with other contenders for the leadership position.

Question 35

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz's writings are best known for their

A)critique of arranged marriages for women.
B)arguments against exploitative conditions of the mita.
C)defense of the spiritual and intellectual equality of women.
D)condemnation of the lack of educational opportunities in New Mexico for women.
E)personal descriptions of dangerous mining conditions in Peru.

Question 36

What part of Spain was Erauso from?

A)Castile
B)Basque region
C)Toledo
D)Cordova
E)Cádiz

Question 37

When faced with pressure to convert to Catholicism,Amerindians relied on ____,mixing some of their traditions with those of Spanish missionaries.

A)idol worship
B)baptism
C)cultism
D)paganism
E)syncretism

Question 38

Under the code of family honor,men's roles included

A)serving a term in the military.
B)maintaining their marital fidelity.
C)protecting the virginity of their daughters.
D)ensuring family membership and participation in the Church.
E)preserving Spain's elitist hierarchies.

Question 39

The cult of the ____ helped fill the gap between the goddesses of traditional Amerindian religions and their conversion to Catholicism.

A)Malinche
B)Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
C)Virgin of Guadalupe
D)Catalina de Erauso
E)Tonantzin

Question 40

Which colonizing European nation placed greater emphasis on its Asian empire?

A)The Netherlands
B)France
C)England
D)Portugal
E)Spain

Question 41

Over time,the English increasingly associated racial inferiority with

A)whether a person was enslaved or not.
B)Amerindians.
C)any trace of African lineage.
D)Irish immigrant heritage.
E)former status as an indentured worker.

Question 42

By 1750,England faced a serious worldwide challenge from

A)France.
B)the Netherlands.
C)Spain.
D)Portugal.
E)Russia.

Question 43

What type of economic relationship did the French establish with the Amerindians of Canada?

A)A formal French bureaucracy was established.
B)The Catholic Church became a major participant in governing the area.
C)The French developed a cooperative trade relationship with indigenous peoples.
D)The Amerindians were forced to hunt and trap for the French.
E)The Amerindians shared political power with the French.

Question 44

The economic focal point for the English was

A)North American colonies.
B)Caribbean sugar plantations.
C)searching for a Northwest Passage.
D)investment in the slave trade.
E)the search for valuable minerals.

Question 45

New England's social environment was homogeneous because

A)entire families immigrated to New England.
B)farm communities shared resources.
C)the population contained equal numbers of men and women.
D)Amerindians were assimilated into the European settlement.
E)farms were family-tended.

Question 46

The fur trade had all the following effects on Amerindians EXCEPT

A)it depleted animal life.
B)it encouraged indigenous peoples to move onto each other's areas in search of new fur sources to trade.
C)it led to the trade for firearms, which allowed more violent warfare among various peoples.
D)it forced the various peoples to unite to drive the French out of their areas.
E)it instilled a desire for European goods.

Question 47

The Huron of the St.Lawrence region suffered a major decline in population as a result of

A)the actions of the Jesuit missionaries.
B)European diseases.
C)warfare with other peoples over trapping areas.
D)starvation caused by men hunting for furs and not food.
E)major gender issues.

Question 48

What was true about French fur traders in Canada?

A)They preferred to live in communities apart from local Indians.
B)They imposed their cultural traditions on the Indians they traded with.
C)They rejected Indian cultural traditions.
D)They sometimes had mixed-race children who could speak both French and native languages.
E)They taught native peoples how to smoke.

Question 49

By 1700,a wide variety of European settlers could be found in the North American colonies,coming from all the following countries EXCEPT

A)Scotland.
B)Germany.
C)the Netherlands.
D)Denmark.
E)England.

Question 50

The New England colonies became increasingly difficult for England to control because

A)as a predominately Catholic territory, New England had serious religious issues with the crown.
B)the Church of England had no regulatory devices in New England.
C)New England refused to pay a tax to the Crown.
D)New Englanders had grown accustomed to a lack of British authority.
E)New Englanders were an ethnically diverse population.

Question 51

What was true of English interactions with Amerindians?

A)The English enslaved them and made them work on colonial farms.
B)The English formed cooperative relationships of trade and assistance with local Indian groups.
C)The English practiced an exclusionary policy toward the Amerindians.
D)The English taught native peoples how to cultivate tobacco.
E)The English comfortably intermarried with native people.

Question 52

The Dutch eventually surrendered New Netherland to the

A)Spanish.
B)British.
C)French.
D)colony of Virginia.
E)United States.

Question 53

To supply their tobacco farms with laborers,Virginia settlers FIRST relied on ____.

A)criminals from English prisons
B)Amerindians
C)indentured labor
D)European prisoners of war
E)African slaves

Question 54

Virginia's ____ acted independently from English control as early as 1660.

A)House of Burgesses
B)General Assembly
C)Bicameral Legislature
D)Commonwealth Assembly
E)House of Lords

Question 55

The gender ratio (number of men and women)in colonial New England was

A)five men for every one woman.
B)four men for every one woman.
C)three men for every one woman.
D)two men for every one woman.
E)roughly equal.

Question 56

Which statement about the colony of Carolina is FALSE?

A)Carolina plantations were larger than those in Virginia.
B)The large number of slaves allowed Africans to retain many of their culture and traditions.
C)Carolina's coastal settlement resembled that of the West Indies.
D)Slaves were used to produce large quantities of staple crops.
E)Africans were the primary source of labor.

Question 57

The continuing effects of the Columbian exchange in the Americas involved

A)the intermarriage between European and Indian women.
B)the introduction of new methods of distilling alcohol.
C)the deadly exposure to more European diseases.
D)the decimation of Amerindian cattle and horses by Europeans and their illnesses.
E)the introduction of tea from English colonies.

Question 58

The Dutch West India Company initially focused its efforts in the Americas on

A)trade with the Spanish.
B)tobacco plantations.
C)sugar plantations.
D)the fur trade.
E)the slave trade.

Question 59

What religion did the quilombos adopt?

A)Catholicism
B)Amerindian
C)Combination of Catholicism and Amerindian
D)Aztec-Incan
E)African traditions

Question 60

The main motive to immigrate to New England was to

A)escape Catholic persecution.
B)pursue economic opportunities.
C)seek safe areas for Protestants.
D)escape the established Church of England.
E)escape the Black Death.

Question 61

Please define the following key terms
hierarchies of caste

Question 62

Please define the following key terms
import wives

Question 63

Please define the following key terms
"purity of blood"

Question 64

Please define the following key terms
idol worship

Question 65

Please define the following key terms
La monja alférez

Question 66

Please define the following key terms
the silver mine at Potosí

Question 67

Religious intolerance and competition in Europe were mirrored or brought to the Americas through all the following EXCEPT

A)the support of missionary ventures by Catholic nations.
B)the banning of the emigration of French Huguenots to New France.
C)the Church of England being the established church in Virginia and Carolina.
D)the dominance of the Congregationalist Church in New England.
E)the policies of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania.

Question 68

Please define the following key terms
debt peonage

Question 69

Please define the following key terms
Potosí

Question 70

Please define the following key terms
conversos and moriscos

Question 71

Please define the following key terms
criollos

Question 72

Please define the following key terms
encomienda

Question 73

Please define the following key terms
Council of the Indies

Question 74

Please define the following key terms
Catalina de Erauso

Question 75

Please define the following key terms
family honor

Question 76

Please define the following key terms
mita

Question 77

Please define the following key terms
haciendas

Question 78

Please define the following key terms
Basque

Question 79

Please define the following key terms
repartimiento

Question 80

Please define the following key terms
viceroyalties