Deck 7: European Science and the Foundations of Modern Imperialism, 1600–1820

Question 1

Francis Bacon did not

A)base his knowledge on experimentation.
B)use an inductive approach to science.
C)believe in carefully controlled observations.
D)eliminate God from his studies.
E)feel that if one starts with a certainty, one will end in doubt.

Answer 1

eliminate God from his studies.

Question 2

The creation of a binomial naming system was important because it

A)explained the beauty and orderliness of God's creation.
B)renamed all known plants according to genus and species.
C)established the order of plants according to the areas where plants were found.
D)arranged all plants according to kingdom and class.
E)classified plants as natural and hybrid.

Answer 2

renamed all known plants according to genus and species.

Question 3

Seventeenth-century Europe saw the emergence of a group of intellectuals known as the "ancients" who emphasized the authority of

A)the Bible.
B)Plato.
C)human reason.
D)Aristotle.
E)Joseph Banks.

Answer 3

Aristotle.

Question 4

Who said "All our knowledge begins with the senses,proceeds then to the understanding,and ends with reason.There is nothing higher than reason"?

A)Aristotle
B)Plato
C)Immanuel Kant
D)Galileo Galilei
E)René Descartes

Question 5

Which of these statements about Banks's interests is FALSE?

A)He brought back from his travel a  collection of exotic flora.
B)He classified and cataloged his findings in a systematic manner.
C)He felt  a need to name and describe natural phenomena so as to clarify familial relationships in nature.
D)He brought back from his travels numerous drawings of plant and animal life, which helped to expand European knowledge of the natural world.
E)He made military observations.

Question 6

Who defined himself as "first servant of the state"?

A)Louis XIV of France
B)George III
C)John Locke
D)Frederick the Great
E)Frederick Barbarossa

Question 7

Upon the return from his journeys,Banks became a vocal advocate of

A)evolution.
B)British settlements in Australia.
C)the natural rights of indigenous peoples.
D)settlement in New Zealand.
E)voyages for purely scientific goals.

Question 8

The three journeys of Captain Cook played a fundamental role in advancing the expansion of the

A)Spanish empire.
B)British empire.
C)French empire.
D)Polynesian empire.
E)Austrian empire.

Question 9

Which of these statements about Isaac Newton is FALSE?

A)His work in optics led to more powerful telescopes.
B)He became associated with the development of differential calculus.
C)He described a predictable world based on gravity.
D)He proposed the law of acceleration and deceleration of bodies in motion.
E)He upset church authorities with his publications.

Question 10

Who wrote,"If a man will begin with certainties,he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts he shall end in certainties"?

A)Isaac Newton
B)Francis Bacon
C)Immanuel Kant
D)Galileo Galilei
E)René Descartes

Question 11

For Linnaeus,the orderly relationship among living things demonstrated the

A)inherent rationality of the cosmos.
B)absence of a God.
C)harmony of God's creation.
D)need for binomial classification.
E)impossibility for man to classify them.

Question 12

All of the following are associated with Descartes EXCEPT the notion that

A)inherited thought is superior to rational thought.
B)rationality is associated with mathematics, producing a unified system of truth.
C)systematic doubt is a key of knowledge.
D)the ability to perceive the rational order of creation should be grounded in reasoning.
E)one should use the deductive approach to truth and reasoning.

Question 13

Seventeenth-century Europe saw the emergence of a new intellectual group known as the "moderns" who believed

A)in the authority of the works of Aristotle.
B)that knowledge progressed through reasoning.
C)that classical authors should be the foundation of all sciences.
D)that man's knowledge was directly tied to God.
E)that science and knowledge was the creation of God.

Question 14

What made the development of science so revolutionary from a global standpoint?

A)It led to innovations that were easily adopted by rich and poor countries alike.
B)It introduced the theory that the sun rotated around the earth.
C)It inspired various that increased the political and military power of Europeans.
D)It led to the birth of the modern laboratory.
E)It discouraged exploration and instead fostered domestic study.

Question 15

The agricultural revolution in England triggered all of these changes EXCEPT

A)more arable land for planting.
B)urbanization.
C)greater efficiency in production.
D)an increase in food supplies.
E)increased loans to small farmers to reclaim marginal land.

Question 16

Why was George III called "the farmer king"?

A)The people of his kingdom were mostly farmers.
B)In his youth, he had been a farmer.
C)His parents were farmers.
D)He had a keen nostalgia for the bucolic world.
E)He eagerly supported efforts to apply discoveries of natural science to agriculture.

Question 17

For medieval Europeans (before 1543),the main authority on anatomy had been

A)Islamic physicians.
B)the Chinese Book of Medicine.
C)the Dutch book, Tabulae Anatomicae.
D)Galen.
E)the Catholic Church.

Question 18

What did Newton and his followers believe about the universe?

A)The universe is not a self-functioning ordered system.
B)The universe is not perfect.
C)The universe is divinely created and only understandable to humanity through reasoning.
D)The universe is not created by God.
E)The universe is a perfect clock that needs no further interference to function well.

Question 19

Linnaeus's Systema Naturae did NOT

A)lay out a classification of plants.
B)result in religious conclusions.
C)group species into hierarchies of increasingly more general categories.
D)refer to genus/order/class/kingdom categories.
E)allow for any new plant to be placed in a well-ordered system.

Question 20

Which of these actions made Captain Cook famous at that time?

A)Claiming Tahiti as a British territory
B)Surviving a three-year journey at sea
C)Being one of the few men of the time who had sailed around the world
D)Bringing back several indigenous people from Tahiti
E)Finding riches on his three-year journey

Question 21

Adam Smith's concept of laissez faire alluded to

A)free markets.
B)regulated economic interchange within and between nations.
C)government involvement in market functioning.
D)mercantilism.

Question 22

What was the main achievement of John Harrison?

A)He built the first "chronometer."
B)He solved the problem of longitude.
C)He invented the binomial system.
D)He traveled three times to Polynesia.
E)He built the Endeavour.

Question 23

The term that describes the practical application of science to agriculture is

A)enclosure movement.
B)classification scheme.
C)binomial.
D)economic botany.
E)Columbian exchange.

Question 24

The French term ____ literally means "leave it alone."

A)philosophes
B)salon
C)Candide
D)Encyclopedia
E)laissez faire

Question 25

All of these people or works are related to the Enlightenment EXCEPT

A)the Encyclopedia.
B)Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
C)Wealth of Nations.
D)Catherine the Great.
E)Candide.

Question 26

The problem of how to determine a ship's position on an east-west axis is called problem of

A)rationality.
B)longitude
C)biological diffusion.
D)insularity.
E)enlightenment.

Question 27

Why did Joseph Banks want to transfer the Tahitian breadfruit to Polynesia?

A)It was his favorite plant.
B)It was a very expensive plant.
C)The transfer would have made him famous.
D)The breadfruit could have been used as inexpensive food for slaves.
E)The transfer would have increased his profits.

Question 28

What did Montesquieu argue in The Spirit of the Laws?

A)A balanced political order was based on a contract between subjects and government.
B)An absolute monarchy was the best form of government.
C)Citizens must voluntarily give up some of their autonomy to a government.
D)Only propertied males should be able to take an active part in government.
E)Power of government should be limited and rationally distributed between social classes.

Question 29

What was considered to be center of Europe during the Enlightenment?

A)London
B)Milan
C)Rome
D)Paris
E)Madrid

Question 30

Which regarding women during the period of the Enlightenment is FALSE?

A)Women often sponsored and participated in intellectual salons.
B)European enlightened society saw women as intellectual equals.
C)Margaret Cavendish argued that restrictions on women resulted from nothing more than "the over-weening conceit men have of themselves."
D)Mary Astell argued that absolute authority was not acceptable in the state or home.
E)Mary Wollstonecraft believed that women should be allowed to achieve their full potential though education, citizenship, and financial autonomy.

Question 31

Why did Joseph Bank regard Australia as an "empty" land?

A)Its population was low.
B)It was mostly flat land, without significant mountain ranges.
C)It did not produce profitable crops.
D)It has very few trees.
E)Its aboriginal inhabitants had not "improved" it, for instance fencing off vast land holdings for sheep.

Question 32

As a thinker of the Enlightenment,Montesquieu traveled to England from ____ to study English constitutional thought.

A)America
B)Italy
C)France
D)Russia
E)India

Question 33

Voltaire and his novel Candide emphasized all of these qualities EXCEPT

A)awareness of the superstitions, prejudices, and follies in society.
B)reasoning makes all phenomena and situations intelligible.
C)the ability to see oneself in a wider context is an important component of enlightened thinking.
D)organized religion is a hindrance to free and rational inquiry.
E)the use of logic and satire to demonstrate major themes.

Question 34

What example of biological diffusion in the eighteenth century?

A)Kew Gardens
B)Deforestation of the Amazon Forest
C)Transfer of breadfruit to England
D)Columbian exchange
E)Extinction of local animal and plant species

Question 35

The global application of science through economic botany was the goal of

A)enclosure acts.
B)new peasant migration to the cities.
C)English navy.
D)British East Indies trade.
E)Kew Gardens.

Question 36

The Enlightenment had the greatest impact on the

A)monarchies in Europe.
B)church.
C)artisans and common classes.
D)bourgeoisie.
E)leaders in the economic sector.

Question 37

Why do science and its related improvements provide justification for the dominance of England abroad?

A)The British claimed that their empire created the best possible life for the local inhabitants.
B)The British established their laboratories abroad.
C)The British used plants and flowers from their dominions for their experiments.
D)The British taught the aboriginal inhabitants the rudiments of economic botany.
E)The British claimed their agricultural revolution was easily exportable.

Question 38

Who spoke of the "invisible hand" of the market?

A)Isaac Newton
B)Francis Bacon
C)Immanuel Kant
D)Adam Smith
E)René Descartes

Question 39

What did Joseph Banks and Frederick the Great have in common?

A)They were both from Prussia.
B)They both studied music in their youth.
C)They both married three times.
D)They both encourage practical applications of science.
E)They both died of plague.

Question 40

Adam Smith and John Locke both believed ____.

A)that the protection of private property was a core function of government.
B)that only propertied males should be involved in government.
C)that a class system promotes exploitation of the lower classes.
D)in a strong, centralized, controlling government.
E)that economic activity was based on the division of labor.

Question 41

From the sixteenth century,gentlemen and aristocrats competed to assemble ____,which were shelves full of exotic interesting specimens.

A)museums
B)longitudinal charts
C)display boxes
D)cabinets of curiosities
E)portolans

Question 42

An difficult problem associated with navigation was

A)determining latitude.
B)how to determine overall ship speed.
C)how to determine the distance covered in any set time.
D)prevailing wind currents.
E)determining longitude.

Question 43

Which Enlightenment thinker warned that cowardice stood in the way of new ideas?

A)Hobbes
B)Kant
C)Smith
D)Voltaire
E)Cavendish

Question 44

The creation of the African Association was a direct response to the

A)threat of the Spanish to British trade in the Mediterranean.
B)Chinese trade.
C)Columbian network.
D)competition from the French.
E)spread of Islam in Africa.

Question 45

Which monarch was the first to call for compulsory public education?

A)Joseph II
B)George I
C)Maria Theresa of Austria
D)Frederick the Great
E)Catherine the Great

Question 46

Museums are an example of the tight connection between

A)economy and botany.
B)longitude and navigation.
C)maps and navigation.
D)agriculture and enclosures.
E)science and empire.

Question 47

The Great Trigonometrical Survey

A)changed India from an exotic and mystical land into a precisely ordered part of a coherent world region.
B)discovered the source and direction of the Niger River.
C)recognized the various cultures of India.
D)plotted and charted the Himalayas, which was its primary goal.
E)identified the French and English empires in the world.

Question 48

Catherine the Great reacted to the idea of enlightened monarchs by

A)freeing the serfs.
B)allowing a limited freedom of the press.
C)consolidating her power.
D)land distribution reform.
E)legislative reform.

Question 49

Which of these statements about the mapping and exploration of North America is FALSE?

A)Captain Cook's Pacific journey helped establish the dimensions of the North American continent.
B)George Vancouver charted the American western coast as far north as Alaska.
C)Alexander Mackenzie crossed the entire American continent by foot from east to west.
D)Lewis and Clark's journey was the initial step in surveying and locating spaces on a universal grid from the Mississippi to the Pacific coast.
E)The various expeditions led to the discovery of an all-water route that crossed the continent along the Canadian-American border.

Question 50

John Harrison and Joseph Banks contributed to the use of practical science by the late eighteenth century in all of these ways EXCEPT

A)translating the scientific outlook into real-world applications.
B)making Greenwich, and thus Britain, the center of the world.
C)developing Kew Gardens as the world center of botany.
D)supporting Britain's increased power of Britain.
E)solving the problem of longitude.

Question 51

All the following are associated with scientific steps in the search for a predictable longitudinal system except

A)determining lunar distance.
B)how to accurately measure the position of the moon in relation to the sun by day.
C)the timing of Jupiter's eclipses.
D)how to accurately measure the position of the moon in relation to the stars by night.
E)worldwide separate star systems created for different skies in the southern hemisphere.

Question 52

How did the European scientific revolution influence the Qing empire?

A)The Qing spent enormous energies trying to solve the problem of longitude.
B)The Qing abandoned their mapmaking projects.
C)The Qing applied new technology to expand the scope of the maps they created.
D)The Qing decided to map the coastline of West Africa.
E)The Qing created the African Association.

Question 53

In creating the fixed starting point of longitude,the prime meridian was set at Greenwich,which is the site of

A)the British Royal Observatory.
B)the Church of England.
C)the city of London.
D)the workshop of John Harrison, who developed the chronometer.
E)Captain Cook's departure on the Endeavour.

Question 54

Who argued that in the state of nature life is "nasty,brutish and short"?

A)Hobbes
B)Kant
C)Smith
D)Voltaire
E)Cavendish

Question 55

Which of these statements about the voyage of the Mungo Park expedition in Africa is FALSE?

A)Information indicated that the Niger River system had a wider connection through North Africa and Egypt.
B)Studies showed that the Niger River flowed east and west.
C)Park reached Segu, still an important economic center in Africa's interior.
D)Information was collected on how the Niger River could be used as a highway of transport.
E)The expedition often depended on the hospitality or animosity of Africans.

Question 56

What  is considered  the most important publishing project of the Enlightenment?

A)The Encyclopedia
B)Essay Concerning Human Understanding
C)Wealth of Nations
D)The Spirit of the Laws
E)Candide

Question 57

What would have been of greater interest to Captain Cook,rather than to Banks,during their trip to Tahiti?

A)The high priest, Tupaia, helped with the understanding of languages in Polynesia.
B)Thieving was common among the natives.
C)With his navigational background, Tupaia was able to provide information on the local winds and currents.
D)The Tahitians did not understand the British idea of punishment.
E)Tupaia explained the peace ritual that so mystified the English.

Question 58

A system for determining longitude was finally perfected by the use of charts and a(n)

A)astrolabe.
B)telescope.
C)chronometer.
D)solar timepiece.
E)magnetized compass.

Question 59

In expanding its influence into the interior of Africa,English geographers' first goal was

A)mapping the coastline of West Africa.
B)applying new science in studying monsoons.
C)making a grid map of the New World.
D)finding the origin and path of the Niger River.
E)pinpointing the African areas controlled by the French and Muslims.

Question 60

Which monarch would not be considered enlightened?

A)Frederick the Great
B)Empress Maria Theresa
C)George I
D)Catherine the Great
E)Joseph II

Question 61

Please define the following key terms
economic botany

Question 62

Please define the following key terms
Endeavour

Question 63

The economy of New South Wales began with

A)the introduction of wheat varieties from Spain.
B)cattle to graze on the grasslands.
C)the fur trade using the native kangaroo.
D)the introduction of merino sheep by way of Spain and Kew Gardens.
E)slave trade involving the Koori population of Aboriginal Australians.

Question 64

Please define the following key terms
inductive approach

Question 65

Please define the following key terms
Carl Linnaeus

Question 66

Please define the following key terms
Sir Francis Bacon

Question 67

Please define the following key terms
Joseph Banks

Question 68

Please define the following key terms
Sugita Gempaku

Question 69

Please define the following key terms
ethnography

Question 70

Please define the following key terms
James Cook

Question 71

Please define the following key terms
Systema Naturae

Question 72

Please define the following key terms
new science

Question 73

Please define the following key terms
Isaac Newton

Question 74

Please define the following key terms
binomial

Question 75

Please define the following key terms
Royal Society

Question 76

Please define the following key terms
George III

Question 77

British settlements in Australia affected the original inhabitants in all of these ways EXCEPT

A)the natives did not have the military ability or political organization to resist British incursions into their territories.
B)the natives eventually became an extinct group of peoples.
C)the natives became a subclass in cities.
D)the natives were devastated by European plagues.
E)the natives retreated into remote areas to escape British influences.

Question 78

Please define the following key terms
René Descartes

Question 79

Joseph Banks,the traveller in this chapter,became known as "the Father of

A)Hawaii."
B)the New Science."
C)Enlightenment Science."
D)Australia."
E)Tahiti."

Question 80

How did the Tahitians view theft?

A)They punished all cases of theft with life imprisonment.
B)They punished all cases of theft with automatic banishment.
C)They did not believe in exclusive ownership of material objects.
D)They submitted to the laws of the British without question.
E)The Tahitians had no concept of what theft involved.