Deck 8: Dna Structure and Function

Question 1

Which of the following is not a goal of cloning?

A) bring animals back from extinction.
B) form replacement tissues and organs.
C) increase numbers of endangered animals.
D) clone valuable livestock.
E) all of these are goals.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which scientist(s) discovered the basis for the base-pair rule, which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine match, as do the amounts of cytosine and guanine?

A) Avery
B) Griffith
C) Chargaff
D) Hershey and Chase
E) Pauling

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The concept proven by the experiment in this figure is that

A) protein is not the encoding material.
B) protein enters the host cell.
C) protein denatures due to radiation.
D) protein is composed of subunits with phosphate.
E) all of these are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The following questions should be answered using the figure above.
The above figure represents the research of which of the following researchers?

A) Delbrück
B) Avery and McCarty
C) Chagraff
D) Luria
E) Hershey and Chase

Question 5

Friedrich Miescher is credited with

A) proposing DNA as the hereditary material.
B) determining that proteins are the physical basis of inheritance.
C) defining the laws of inheritance.
D) discovering DNA.
E) determining that proteins are composed of unlimited combinations of twenty amino acids.

Question 6

James Watson and Francis Crick

A) were both English researchers working at Cambridge University.
B) performed elegant experiments in DNA chemistry.
C) constructed an accurate model of the DNA molecule illustrating its structural simplicity.
D) performed experiments that convinced scientists that DNA is a double-stranded molecule.
E) did all of these

Question 7

How many pairs of autosomes are in a typical human karyotype?

A) 1
B) 22
C) 23
D) 46
E) 92

Question 8

If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will eventually contain

A) radioactive sulfur.
B) radioactive phosphorus.
C) both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus.
D) neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive phosphorus.
E) complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats.

Question 9

The following questions refer to the figure above and to the Fred Griffith experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless ____ enzymes are added to the extract.

A) protein-digesting
B) mRNA-digesting
C) tRNA-digesting
D) DNA-digesting
E) any of these

Question 10

The following questions refer to the figure above and to the Fred Griffith experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing rough (R) bacteria to smooth (S)?

A) Avery and McCarty
B) Griffith
C) Chargaff
D) Hershey and Chase
E) Pauling

Question 11

Which of the following is not potentially part of a chromosome in eukaryotes?

A) centromere.
B) histone.
C) sister chromatid.
D) nucleosome
E) all of these are part of a eukaryotic chromosome.

Question 12

The following questions refer to the figure above and to the Fred Griffith experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
If the syringe contains live R strain and heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae

A) the mouse will live.
B) live S strain bacteria will be detected in the mouse's blood.
C) the mouse's blood will contain live pathogenic R strain bacteria.
D) The dead S strain bacteria will transform to live R strain bacteria.
E) DNA from the live R strain bacteria will revive the dead S strain bacteria.

Question 13

Rosalind Franklin used which technique to determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA?

A) transformation
B) transmission electron microscopy
C) density-gradient centrifugation
D) X-ray diffraction
E) all of these

Question 14

Hydrogen bonding is strongest between

A) adenine and guanine.
B) uracil and thymine.
C) guanine and uracil.
D) adenine and thymine.
E) cytocine and guanine.

Question 15

The significance of the Hershey and Chase experiments in which ³²P and ³⁵S were used is that

A) DNA labeled with ³⁵S and proteins labeled with ³²P can be traced in the course of an experiment.
B) they demonstrated that DNA labeled with ³²P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus.
C) they established that proteins labeled with ³⁵S become deactivated and unable to be transferred.
D) they demonstrated that bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their protein coats, into their hosts.
E) DNA may be the hereditary material; although, bacteriophages transfer both DNA and proteins into their hosts.

Question 16

The experiments of which of the following researchers clearly distinguished DNA and NOT protein as the hereditary material?

A) Pauling
B) Hershey and Chase
C) Griffith
D) Watson and Crick
E) Avery

Question 17

The following questions refer to the figure above and to the Fred Griffith experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
If the syringe contains live S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae

A) the mouse will die.
B) live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood.
C) the mouse will live.
D) no live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood.
E) the live S strain bacteria will lose their pathogenicity.

Question 18

The significance of Fred Griffith's experiment in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae is that

A) pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms.
B) it demonstrated that harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by bacteria a transformation factor.
C) it established that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains.
D) dead cells lose their genetic information.
E) the genetic material is DNA, not protein.

Question 19

DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT

A) adenine.
B) uracil.
C) guanine.
D) adenine.
E) thymine.

Question 20

The following questions refer to the figure above and to the Fred Griffith experiments involving Streptococcus pneumoniae.
If the syringe contains live R strain Streptococcus pneumoniae

A) the mouse will die.
B) live S strain will be detected in the mouse's blood.
C) the mouse will live.
D) no live R strain will be detected in the mouse's blood.
E) the live R strain bacteria will develop pathogenicity.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true of adult cell cloning?

A) It involves differentiated cells.
B) It occurs with some frequency in nature.
C) It involves rewinding the developmental clock.
D) It involves an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.
E) It may involve nuclear transfer.

Question 22

DNA polymerases

A) are enzymes.
B) add new nucleotides to a strand.
C) catalyze hydrogen bonding.
D) assemble new strands in a specific direction.
E) are all of these.

Question 23

Franklin worked closely with

A) Wilkins.
B) Watson.
C) Crick.
D) Chargaff.
E) none of these.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The hydrogen bonding of cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing.
B) In DNA, adenine always base pairs with guanine, and cytosine always base pairs with thymine.
C) Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base.
D) When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds.
E) None of these statements are true.

Question 25

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Avery

Question 26

Franklin's assignment at Cambridge was to investigate the structure of

A) proteins.
B) coal.
C) DNA.
D) carbohydrates.
E) lipids.

Question 27

The above figure represents

A) cloning with a stem cell.
B) somatic cell nuclear transfer.
C) genetic manipulation of a single gene.
D) microsurgical manipulation of a chromosome.
E) none of these.

Question 28

The function of helicase enzymes is to

A) break hydrogen bonds and unwind the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to replication.
B) rewind the two DNA molecules after replication.
C) remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly.
D) seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand.
E) fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell.

Question 29

DNA replication is

A) redundant.
B) semiconservative.
C) progressive.
D) conservative.
E) repetitive.

Question 30

Which of the following is not true of mutations?

A) They are always dangerous.
B) They can occur as DNA replication errors.
C) They cannot be repaired after replication.
D) They may become cancerous.
E) If in eggs or sperm the pass to the next generation.

Question 31

Rosalind Franklin was the first scientist to work with

A) the "wet" form of DNA.
B) dehydrated DNA.
C) DNA from eukaryotic cells.
D) X-rays in biological research.
E) and learn from Watson and Crick.

Question 32

Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a type of

A) embryo cloning.
B) adult cloning.
C) therapeutic cloning.
D) artificial twinning.
E) stem cell cloning.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of embryo cloning?

A) It occurs all the time in nature.
B) It involves the genetic contribution of two parents.
C) It produces identical offspring.
D) "Artificial twinning" is a laboratory application of the process.
E) All of these are true.

Question 34

Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating

A) covalent and ionic bonds.
B) nitrogen-containing bases.
C) hydrogen bonds.
D) sugar and phosphate molecules.
E) covalent and hydrogen bonds.

Question 35

The DNA strands that will be together in the new DNA molecules are

A) A - D and B - C.
B) A- B and C -D.
C) A -C and B - D.
D) A - D - B and A - D - C.
E) A - B -C- D.

Question 36

Strand B has the same order of nucleotides as strand(s)

A) A.
B) C.
C) D.
D) C and D.
E) A and D.

Question 37

DNA polymerase assembles new strands

A) in a 5' to 3' direction only.
B) in a 5' to 3' direction building one strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the other stand.
C) in a 5' to 3' direction building the first half of a strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the second half of a strand.
D) in a 3' to 5' direction building the first half of a strand and a 5' to 3' direction building the second half of a strand.
E) in a 3' to 5' direction on the "old" 3' to 5' strand.

Question 38

Which of the following is determined about DNA from X-ray diffraction data?

A) DNA is uniform in diameter.
B) DNA is long and narrow.
C) Part of the DNA molecule repeats itself often.
D) The DNA molecule is spiraled.
E) All of these are determined.

Question 39

In the spiral staircase model of DNA, the rungs are

A) deoxyribose sugars.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) nucleotide base pairs.
D) phosphate groups.
E) composed of all of these.

Question 40

The following questions refer to the figure above.
The figure illustrates

A) DNA repair.
B) semiconservative replication.
C) the action of the ligases.
D) the action of glycosylases.
E) DNA hybridization.

Question 41

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Franklin

Question 42

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Hershey and Chase

Question 43

Is it possible to prevent mutations entirely?

Question 44

DNA is replicated by a process called __________.

Question 45

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Miescher

Question 46

Consider the Hershey-Chase experiment.Is their choice of a bacteriophage unusual?

Question 47

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
A free nucleotide has a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), __________ phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases.

Question 48

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
Experiments with bacteria and __________ offered solid evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not protein, is hereditary material.

Question 49

Does reproductive cloning always involve somatic cell nuclear transfer?

Question 50

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Griffith

Question 51

A bacterium undergoes four rounds of replication.How many cells would result, and how many of those cells would still have part of an original DNA strand from the starting bacterium ?

Question 52

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
This nucleotide is not incorporated into the structure of the DNA helix.

Question 53

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
Two hydrogen bonds connect adenine to __________ in the DNA molecule.

Question 54

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Chargaff

Question 55

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
If one chain of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position, this complements it on the other chain.

Question 56

In __________ one cell from an adult is fused with an enucleated egg.

Question 57

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
Erwin Chargaff's data indicates that within a species the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of this.

Question 58

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Watson and Crick

Question 59

Classification.Answer the following questions in reference to the five nucleotides listed below:
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
e.uracil
This nucleotide is a double-ring molecule.

Question 60

MATCHING
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.discovered that the hereditary system of one strain of bacteria could be transformed by the hereditary system from another strain of bacteria
b.first to discover DNA and isolate it from fish sperm
c.discovered that DNA-digesting enzymes prevented bacterial transformation
d.the first to build an accurate model of DNA and to describe it explicitly in a publication
e.the first to demonstrate, through the use of radioactive isotopes, that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material
f.provided two important clues to the structure of DNA; one clue is that A = T and the other is that C = G
g.discovered the structure of collagen
h.obtained excellent X-ray diffraction photographs that suggested that DNA was a long, thin molecule with regularly repeating units
Pauling