Deck 45: Community Ecology

Question 1

Predators can switch to alternative prey when a prey species is low in abundance as is shown in

A) type I response.
B) type II response.
C) type III response.
D) types I and II.
E) none of these.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which one of the following is the final consequence of one or more of the others?

A) resource partitioning
B) competition
C) predation
D) parasitism
E) parasitoidism

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Use the figure above showing three models for predator response to prey density to answer the following questions.
The ability of predators to eat and digest prey determines the number of prey captured as is shown in

A) type I response.
B) type II response.
C) type III response.
D) types I and II.
E) none of these.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

All of the populations of different species that occupy and are adapted to a given area are

A) the biosphere.
B) a community.
C) an ecosystem.
D) a niche.
E) an ecotone.

Question 5

Which of the following is(are) true about predator-prey coevolution?

A) Each species exerts selection pressure on the other.
B) Predators are selective agents that favor improved prey defenses.
C) Prey with better defenses are selective agents that favor better predator hunting skills.
D) All of the above are true.
E) None of the above are true.

Question 6

The range of all factors that influence whether a species can obtain resources essential for survival and reproduction is its

A) habitat.
B) niche.
C) carrying capacity.
D) ecosystem.
E) community.

Question 7

An interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is

A) mutualism.
B) parasitism.
C) commensalism.
D) competition.
E) predation.

Question 8

Competitive exclusion is the result of

A) mutualism.
B) commensalism.
C) competition.
D) predation.
E) parasitism.

Question 9

Predators often avoid a mimic species because of

A) its bad taste.
B) its toxic secretion.
C) its resemblance to a model species.
D) its painful sting.
E) all of these.

Question 10

A one-way relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of another is

A) commensalism.
B) competitive exclusion.
C) parasitism.
D) obligate mutualism.
E) a neutral relationship.

Question 11

Species richness refers specifically to

A) the numbers of individuals of each species present.
B) the ability of larger animals to enrich themselves by successfully preying on smaller ones.
C) the number of different species in the habitat.
D) the feeding levels at which the animals are located.
E) none of these.

Question 12

The image in the above photograph is a prime example of

A) double mutualism.
B) associative commensalism.
C) interference competition.
D) team predation.
E) parasitism.

Question 13

The relationship above is

A) a parasitic association.
B) predation.
C) resource partitioning.
D) a mutualistic association.
E) none of these.

Question 14

Coevolution is

A) where each species is a selective agent that shifts the range of variation in the other.
B) random association between two individuals that allows similarity patterns to emerge.
C) resource partitioning between two related species.
D) mutualistic associations and commensalism.
E) none of these.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT generally characteristic of parasites?

A) They are specialists and usually are able to affect only one variety of hosts.
B) They inflict serious injury and kill their hosts.
C) Some reside inside their hosts, whereas others live outside their hosts.
D) Their host may be a plant as well as an animal.
E) Plants as well as animals can be parasites.

Question 16

Competitive exclusion is based on the idea that

A) one species will hold some sort of advantage over the other one.
B) no two species can completely occupy the same niche.
C) the more two species overlap in their capacity to obtain and use resources the less likely they are to coexist.
D) all of these are true.
E) none of these are true.

Question 17

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the four steps of the nitrogen cycles listed below.
a.nitrogen fixation
b.nitrification
c.denitrification
d.ammonification
Argentine fire ants entered the United States in the

A) 1920s.
B) 1930s.
C) 1940s.
D) 1950s.
E) 1960s.

Question 18

An interaction between two species in which both species benefit is

A) mutualism.
B) parasitism.
C) commensalism.
D) competition.
E) predation.

Question 19

The images above are an example of

A) mimicry.
B) display behavior.
C) warning coloration.
D) chemical defenses.
E) camouflage.

Question 20

The animal in the above figure is using ____ for protection.

A) mimicry
B) display behavior
C) warning coloration
D) chemical defenses
E) camouflage

Question 21

The photograph above of the aphid and the wasp is an example of

A) mimicry.
B) display behavior.
C) warning coloration.
D) chemical defenses.
E) biological control of pests.

Question 22

Which of the following represents an early stage in primary succession?

A) pine trees
B) moss and lichens on bare rock
C) weedy annual plants in an open field
D) climax species in succession
E) alder, cottonwood, and willow thickets

Question 23

Secondary succession is likely to occur in

A) a burned forest.
B) a shallow lake.
C) an abandoned field.
D) a burned forest and a shallow lake.
E) a burned forest, a shallow lake, and an abandoned field.

Question 24

Of the following four islands at the same latitude, the one possessing the fewest species is

A) 1,000 square kilometers in area and 300 km from the mainland.
B) 3,000 square kilometers in area and 100 km from the mainland.
C) 100 square kilometers in area and 3,000 km from the mainland.
D) 300 square kilometers in area and 1,000 km from the mainland.
E) none of these.

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT apply to parasitoids?

A) They are insects
B) They kill animals on which they feed
C) The host usually survives
D) The larvae develop in host body
E) Some are effective biological control agents

Question 26

Many introduced species have deleterious effects on communities and ecosystems because

A) coevolved parasites and competitors are absent.
B) the introduced species are long-lived.
C) predators prefer the introduced species; therefore, the local prey proliferate to dangerously high levels.
D) the communities from which they came lost an important predator, competitor, or parasite.
E) all of these occur.

Question 27

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
competitive exclusion

Question 28

Graph A shows that ant species richness

A) peaks at the equator.
B) drops by 50 percent at 30 degrees north latitude.
C) is less than 50 at 60 degrees north latitude.
D) is somewhat greater at 30 degrees north latitude than at 30 degrees south latitude.
E) includes all of these.

Question 29

Graph B shows that breeding bird species richness

A) is greater than 1,000 at the equator.
B) drops off in northern and southern latitudes.
C) is less than that of ants at 30 degrees north latitude.
D) drops by more than an order of magnitude at 40 degrees north latitude.
E) includes all of these.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is FALSE about cowbirds?

A) Their host relationship is similar to cuckoos.
B) They are insect-eaters.
C) Females can lay thirty eggs in a season.
D) Cowbird hatchlings are recognized as imposters by host parents.
E) They now parasitize at least fifteen species of native North American birds.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about kudzu is false?

A) It was imported from Asia for erosion control and forage.
B) It was originally introduced into the Pacific Northwest.
C) It is an exotic species.
D) It grows over most anything stationary in its path.
E) It is a vine.

Question 32

Pioneer plant species are usually characterized by

A) small size.
B) high dispersal rates.
C) slow maturation.
D) high dispersal rates and high numbers of offspring
E) small size, efficient dispersal mechanisms, and slow maturation.

Question 33

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
camouflage

Question 34

Use the figure above to answer the following questions.The graphs illustrate diversity patterns for ants (A) and breeding birds (B).
Which graph shows that species diversity is much less at the equator than at 60 degrees north latitude?

A) A
B) B
C) both
D) neither
E) not enough data is provided to answer the question

Question 35

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis,

A) species richness becomes greatest in between disturbances of moderate intensity or frequency.
B) a disturbance is necessary during succession in order to stabilize the community.
C) community succession is highly predictable.
D) competition and other species interactions are the most important factors in shaping community structure.
E) a community reverts to a climax state after a disturbance.

Question 36

Which of the following is(are) NOT a factor(s) that explain(s) the area effect on island diversity?

A) Larger islands have more habitats.
B) Smaller islands have more varied and higher elevations.
C) Larger islands intercept more colonizers.
D) Smaller islands have less complex topography.
E) None of these are factors.

Question 37

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
commensalism

Question 38

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
habitat

Question 39

A keystone species

A) has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance.
B) controls the prey species.
C) may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community.
D) has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance and may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community.
E) has a disproportionately large effect on a community relative to its abundance, controls the prey species, and may increase or decrease the number of prey species in a community.

Question 40

Secondary succession occurs

A) after a fire.
B) on a new volcanic island.
C) on bare rock.
D) on land exposed as a glacier retreats.
E) none of these

Question 41

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
primary succession

Question 42

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
mimicry

Question 43

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
secondary succession

Question 44

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.predation
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
In this interaction between two species, both species are harmed to some degree.

Question 45

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
The interaction between a human and the intestinal bacterium E.coli is usually this.

Question 46

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
mutualism

Question 47

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Each species occupies a certain __________characterized by physical and chemical features and by the array of other species living in it.

Question 48

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
parasitism

Question 49

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
The interaction between two closely related species of woodpeckers that live in a temperate forest is likely to be this.

Question 50

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
When a tropical bird places its nest in association with a wasp nest on the same tree, the interaction is this.

Question 51

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Each species in a community has its own __________, or way of living.

Question 52

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
The relationship between a dog and a wood tick is this.

Question 53

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.predation
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
In this interaction, one species is harmed but usually not killed, to the benefit of the other that lives on or in it.

Question 54

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.predation
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
In this interaction, both species benefit.

Question 55

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
If a wasp lays its eggs inside the larva of a fly, the interaction is this.

Question 56

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
succession

Question 57

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.predation
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
In this interaction, one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

Question 58

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.predation
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
In this interaction, one individual or species is usually killed while the other benefits by eating it.

Question 59

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
All populations of all species in a habitat are a __________.

Question 60

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.blending in and being hidden by the background
b.where an organism is generally located in a community
c.one organism benefits at another organism's expense
d.traditionally a self-sustaining array of interacting organisms that is best suited for a particular environment
e.lichens on newly hardened, newly cooled lava
f.robins and human populations
g.the yucca moth and the yucca
h.one species is eliminated from an area of niche overlap
i.tasty species resembles repugnant one
j.
the process that leads from a pioneer community to a mature community
k.natural reforestation of burned-over forest
climax community

Question 61

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Are all species introductions the fault of humans?

Question 62

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Character displacement makes competing species less similar, which facilitates __________.

Question 63

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which harms both species.

Question 64

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Explain why mutualism is sometimes viewed as 'reciprocal exploitation'.

Question 65

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Which sort of interaction is harmful to one species but beneficial to the other?

Question 66

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
__________ are free-living and usually kill their prey.

Question 67

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Species interactions between members of a community include __________ and __________, in which one species benefits at the expense of another.

Question 68

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Use the concept of coevolution to explain the abundance of large mammals in Africa after the rise of humans but their rapid demise in the Americas after the arrival of humans.

Question 69

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which benefits both species.

Question 70

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
Species interactions between members of a community include __________, which is helpful to one species and does not harm the other species.

Question 71

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the five kinds of species interactions listed below.
a.competition
b.parasitoidism
c.mutualism
d.commensalism
e.parasitism
The first species of a community are __________.