Deck 3: Molecules of Life

Question 1

Oligosaccharides include

A) sucrose.
B) glucose.
C) fructose.
D) lactose
E) both sucrose and lactose.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What kind of reaction produces large molecules by linking small molecules?

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) condensation
D) hydrolysis
E) decarboxylation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The figure above illustrates a ____ reaction that produces two _____ and a ____.

A) condensation; hydroxyls; polymer
B) condensation; water molecules; polymer
C) cleavage; water molecules; monomer
D) rearrangement; water molecules; polymer
E) rearrangement; hydrogen ions; polymer

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Hydrogenation is a chemical process that

A) turns liquid oil to solid fats.
B) turns amino acids into proteins.
C) turns DNA into lipids.
D) creates stable alternative energy sources.
E) does none of these.

Question 5

Fats are major constituents of

A) proteins.
B) genes.
C) photosynthesis.
D) cell membranes.
E) all of these.

Question 6

Sucrose is composed of

A) two molecules of fructose.
B) two molecules of glucose.
C) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose.
D) a molecule of fructose and a molecule of galactose.
E) a monosaccharide and a disaccharide.

Question 7

Monosaccharides may be characterized by all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) a ketone group
B) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
C) a backbone of five to six carbon atoms
D) one carbonyl group
E) the presence of glycerol and fatty acids

Question 8

Glucose and fructose

A) form rings with the same number of carbon atoms.
B) both have two oxygen atoms as part of their ring structure.
C) are alike in that both have identical functional groups.
D) contain the same number of hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups.
E) are disaccharides.

Question 9

A single atom of carbon may form up to ____ covalent bonds with other atoms.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 10

An -OH group is a(n) ____ group.

A) carboxyl
B) hydroxyl
C) amino
D) methyl
E) carbonyl

Question 11

A hydrolysis reaction results in

A) formation of a macromolecule.
B) bond breakage of a macromolecule.
C) lipid molecule creation.
D) nucleic acids being made.
E) most macromolecules.

Question 12

Glucose and sugars in DNA and RNA

A) have the same number of carbon atoms.
B) have the same structural formulas.
C) are the two components of sucrose.
D) are monosaccharides.
E) are both components of RNA.

Question 13

Cellulose is

A) a polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants.
B) a component of cell membranes.
C) an oligosaccharide.
D) formed by hydrolysis of monosaccharides.
E) a component of invertebrate exoskeletons.

Question 14

Fructose and glucose are

A) isotopes.
B) monosaccharides.
C) disaccharides.
D) six-carbon sugars.
E) both monosaccharides and six-carbon sugars.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT true of polysaccharides?

A) composed of many linked monosaccharides
B) may be straight and unbranched or highly branched
C) most likely made of glucose molecules if they are one of the natural polysaccharides
D) may be insoluble because of their large size and structure
E) are formed by cleavage reactions

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT describe some aspect of polysaccharides?

A) energy storage
B) straight or branched chain
C) glucose subunits
D) contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
E) produced by condensation reactions

Question 17

Typical fat molecules have ____ chain(s).

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 18

An -NH₂ group is a(n) ____ group.

A) carboxyl
B) hydroxyl
C) amine
D) methyl
E) carbonyl

Question 19

Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by

A) animals.
B) plants.
C) protistans.
D) bacteria.
E) archaea.

Question 20

Although carbon dioxide contains carbon, it is not considered an "organic" compound because

A) it is not found in the earth's crust.
B) it is not present in living cells.
C) the carbon atom is not bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
D) the carbons are not in chains or rings.
E) it is too small.

Question 21

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one most appropriate item from its description.
a.a six-carbon sugar
b.found in DNA and RNA
c.principal components of cell membranes
d.affect metabolic reaction rates
enzymes

Question 22

The interaction of several polypeptide chains in a hemoglobin molecule is its ____ structure.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) combined

Question 23

Denaturation of proteins may result in all of the following EXCEPT

A) breakage of hydrogen bonds.
B) loss of three-dimensional structure.
C) removal of R groups from amino acids.
D) alteration of enzyme activity.
E) endangerment of a cell's life.

Question 24

In the figure above, the honeycomb on which the bee is standing is made up primarily of which of the following:

A) carbohydrates
B) nucleotides
C) proteins
D) lipids
E) amino acids

Question 25

Which of the following does not belong?

A) phospholipids
B) polysaccharides
C) unsaturated fats
D) steroids
E) saturated fats

Question 26

Cholesterol

A) has a rigid backbone of four carbon rings.
B) is the most common steroid in animal tissue.
C) is a lipid without a fatty-acid component.
D) is needed to produce sexual development and maturity.
E) is all of these.

Question 27

The figure above illustrates a(n)

A) FAD coenzyme.
B) cytosine nucleotide.
C) thymine nucleotide.
D) ATP molecule.
E) adenine nucleotide.

Question 28

____ are long-chain fatty acids attached to long-chain alcohols.

A) Triglycerides
B) Phospholipids
C) Sterols
D) Waxes
E) Most neutral fats

Question 29

Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds to form the primary structure of a protein?

A) disulfide
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) peptide
E) none of these

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT found in every nucleotide?

A) ribose
B) a phosphate group
C) a single-ring base
D) a double-ring base
E) nitrogen

Question 31

The sequence of amino acids is the ____ structure of proteins.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary
E) stereo

Question 32

Lipids

A) yield less energy per gram than do carbohydrates.
B) include cartilage and chitin.
C) include fats consisting of one fatty-acid molecule and three glycerol molecules.
D) are composed of monosaccharides.
E) are none of these.

Question 33

The dotted areas in the figure above indicate where ____ reactions will occur to produce ____ and ____.

A) condensation; covalent bonds; hydroxyl ions
B) electron transfer; covalent bonds; water molecules
C) condensation; covalent bonds; water molecules
D) cleavage; covalent bonds; hydrogen ions
E) condensation; ionic bonds; hydrogen ions

Question 34

The figure above illustrates one possible ____ structure of ____.

A) primary; proteins
B) primary; carbohydrates
C) primary; lipids
D) secondary; proteins
E) tertiary; proteins

Question 35

Polyunsaturated fats

A) have fewer hydrogen atoms than do saturated fats.
B) are more characteristic of animal fats than plant fats.
C) have no double bonds.
D) are solid at room temperature.
E) are none of these.

Question 36

Which molecule is incorrectly matched with its monomer?

A) fat; fatty acid
B) starch; ribose
C) protein; amino acid
D) glycogen; glucose
E) nucleic acids; nucleotide

Question 37

Steroids

A) have no fatty-acid component.
B) consist of four rings.
C) may have different numbers, types, and positions of functional groups attached to them.
D) are a specialized type of lipid.
E) are described by all of these.

Question 38

All steroids have

A) the same number of double bonds.
B) one or more fatty acids.
C) four rings of carbon to which other atoms are attached.
D) the same functional groups.
E) the same number and positions of double bonds.

Question 39

Triglycerides are

A) carbohydrates.
B) nucleotides.
C) proteins.
D) neutral fats.
E) amino acids.

Question 40

Nucleotides contain what kind of sugars?

A) three-carbon
B) four-carbon
C) five-carbon
D) six-carbon
E) seven-carbon

Question 41

A denatured protein has lost its __________.

Question 42

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the hydroxyl group

Question 43

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the group typical of energy carriers such as ATP

Question 44

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-A __________ is a term given to a macromolecule (large molecule) made up of individual subunits.

Question 45

A lipid __________ is the most common conformation of the membrane of living systems.

Question 46

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the group on the carboxyl-terminal end of proteins

Question 47

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the group that distinguishes glucose from fructose

Question 48

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the carbonyl group of fructose

Question 49

In biology, many complementary processes exist.Explain how condensation reactions are complementary to hydrolysis reactions.

Question 50

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the group that occurs repeatedly in sugars

Question 51

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one most appropriate item from its description.
a.a six-carbon sugar
b.found in DNA and RNA
c.principal components of cell membranes
d.affect metabolic reaction rates
phospholipids

Question 52

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one most appropriate item from its description.
a.a six-carbon sugar
b.found in DNA and RNA
c.principal components of cell membranes
d.affect metabolic reaction rates
nucleotide

Question 53

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the group that is acidic

Question 54

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the group on the amino-terminal end of proteins

Question 55

Write the empirical formula for a carbohydrate.

Question 56

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the methyl group

Question 57

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the amine group

Question 58

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one most appropriate item from its description.
a.a six-carbon sugar
b.found in DNA and RNA
c.principal components of cell membranes
d.affect metabolic reaction rates
glucose

Question 59

Classification.The following are chemical functional groups that may be part of a biologically active molecule.Answer the questions by matching the items with the most appropriate group.
a.-COOH
b.-CH₃
c.-NH₂
d.-OH
e.
f.-PO₄^3-
g.-CHO

-the carboxyl group

Question 60

How are cellulose and starch similar and how do they differ?

Question 61

What property of phospholipids allows them to form cell membranes?

Question 62

Explain why vigorous exercise in warm weather could be hazardous to your enzymes?