Deck 17: Processes of Evolution

Question 1

The Hardy-Weinberg rule is

A) useful in determining the extent to which a sexually reproducing population is evolving.
B) used to predict when genetic drift will occur in a sexually reproducing population.
C) useful in determining the extent to which polyploidy is occurring in specific plant populations.
D) used to predict when specific groups of organisms will become extinct.
E) all of these.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Male mallards have had emerald green head feathers and wings with metallic blue patches for hundreds of years, whereas female mallards have been drab, brown-feathered ducks.This phenotypic situation suggests that mallards may be an example of

A) directional selection.
B) polyploidy.
C) allopatric speciation.
D) disruptive selection.
E) sexual selection.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Directional Selection
As the trees in England become less sooty due to pollution controls on factories, which of the moths in the figure above would have been selected against?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) all of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Of the following, which does NOT characterize a population in genetic equilibrium?

A) large population size
B) no mutation
C) differential reproduction
D) absence of gene flow
E) random mating

Question 5

Stabilizing selection occurs when

A) the environment controls which organisms will survive.
B) humans determine which organisms will survive.
C) the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive.
D) the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive.
E) the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme.

Question 6

This graph shows both human birth weight and newborn infant mortality.The most common birth weight is between seven and eight pounds.Human birth weight seems to be an example of

A) directional selection.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) sexual selection.
D) disruptive selection.
E) artificial selection.

Question 7

If this population of butterflies is in genetic equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype in the new generation will be

A) p².
B) 2pq.
C) p² + q².
D) 490 AA.
E) p² and 490 AA.

Question 8

Which of these statements is true?

A) Environment can readily alter some genotypes.
B) Genotype is manifested in phenotype.
C) Genetic variation is easier seen than phenotypic variation.
D) Variation dies with individuals.
E) Phenotype is seen physically in the genotype.

Question 9

The best control for rats is

A) a very effective rodenticide.
B) removal of garbage which causes them to eat each other.
C) cats introduced into the food storage buildings.
D) new sonic disturbance boxes.
E) none of these.

Question 10

The famous "bell-shaped curve" that usually results when test scores are plotted against number of students is an example of what type of selection?

A) disruptive
B) stabilizing
C) divergent
D) variable
E) directional

Question 11

Selection pressures acting on a population may favor

A) individuals at the left end of the range of variation.
B) individuals at the right end of the range.
C) extreme individuals at both ends of the range.
D) the intermediate individuals within the range.
E) all of these.

Question 12

If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent?

A) 16
B) 25
C) 40
D) 50
E) 67

Question 13

Genetic equilibrium and allele frequencies are maintained by all EXCEPT which one of the following?

A) lack of gene flow
B) large population interbreeding freely
C) differential survival and reproduction
D) random mating
E) absence of mutations

Question 14

When DDT was first introduced, insects were very susceptible to it.The development of resistance to DDT by insects was the result of

A) special creation.
B) natural selection of forms that expressed genes for resistance.
C) the high biotic potential of insects.
D) a naturally occurring example of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
E) mutation induced by DDT.

Question 15

Which is NOT true about gene mutations?

A) All are transmitted to the next generation.
B) They are rare but their rates can be predicted.
C) Those with beneficial effects will be favored by natural selection.
D) Many reduce an individual's chance of surviving and reproducing.
E) Those with neutral effects neither help nor hurt the individual.

Question 16

Which of the statements below is true about warfarin?

A) It is a very effective rodenticide.
B) It interferes with blood clotting in rats.
C) Rats that are resistant to warfarin possess a gene that is rare among vulnerable rats.
D) It is an agent of natural selection in rats.
E) All of these are true.

Question 17

Sexual dimorphism has arisen as a result of

A) stabilizing selection.
B) heterozygote superiority.
C) kin selection.
D) sexual selection.
E) directional selection.

Question 18

If the frequency of a recessive gene in a population under genetic equilibrium is 40 percent, in the next generation the frequency of that gene would be

A) 20 percent.
B) 40 percent.
C) 80 percent.
D) 2pq.
E) unpredictable.

Question 19

All EXCEPT which of the following events shuffles existing alleles into different combinations in sexually reproducing organisms?

A) changes in chromosome number
B) mutation
C) independent assortment of chromosomes
D) crossing over
E) fertilization

Question 20

Which of the following is(are) a group of individuals of the same species that occupies a specified area?

A) individuals
B) species
C) population
D) polyploids
E) all of these

Question 21

Parapatric speciation occurs most often

A) within in the same home range.
B) when a population extends across different habitats within the same home range.
C) within a group of interbreeding populations.
D) on either side of geographic barriers.
E) by polyploidy.

Question 22

Allopatric speciation requires

A) accelerated gene flow.
B) physical separation.
C) physical diversity.
D) behavioral diversity.
E) all of these.

Question 23

Balanced polymorphism is a type of

A) disruptive selection.
B) sexual selection.
C) directional selection.
D) stabilizing selection.
E) any of these.

Question 24

An extant organism is found to be almost unchanged from its 200 million year old fossil.This is an example of:

A) stasis.
B) coevolution.
C) mass extinction.
D) adaptive radiation.
E) none of these.

Question 25

Speciation caused by a change in the course of a river is an example of ____ speciation.

A) divergent
B) parapatric
C) allopatric
D) convergent
E) sympatric

Question 26

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
p + q

Question 27

The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in the African population is the result of

A) a high rate of mutation of the normal allele to the sickle-cell anemia allele.
B) the advantage of the heterozygous form over the homozygous forms.
C) nonrandom mating.
D) a decline in the occurrence of malaria in Africa.
E) genetic drift.

Question 28

A species consists of individuals that are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) they are in one or more groups.
B) they produce fertile offspring.
C) they are reproductively isolated from other groups.
D) they are identical in appearance.
E) they interbreed.

Question 29

When a population goes through a bottleneck,

A) genetic drift is likely to occur.
B) mutation rates increase.
C) extinction rates decrease.
D) natural selection decreases in intensity.
E) inbreeding decreases.

Question 30

Adaptive radiation would be described by:

A) the dinosaurs going extinct.
B) coelecanths.
C) Darwin's finches.
D) rats and warfarin.
E) all of these.

Question 31

Gene flow

A) has a homogenizing influence on a population.
B) speeds up the divergence of two populations.
C) increases the genetic variation between populations.
D) is promoted by isolating mechanisms.
E) promotes inbreeding.

Question 32

Postzygotic reproductive isolation occurs

A) just after the union of the egg and sperm nuclei.
B) during embryo development.
C) during fetal development.
D) after birth.
E) with any of these.

Question 33

Which of the following is the best definition of sympatric speciation?

A) species that evolve due to geographical distance
B) mechanical isolation acts to prevent speciation
C) breeding behavior that prevents the organisms from breeding due to differences in their breeding time
D) ecological isolation
E) evolutionary change that creates two species occupying the same space

Question 34

Which of the following can result in speciation within a few generations?

A) development of a physical barrier
B) polyploidy arising in a plant species
C) postzygotic isolating mechanisms
D) change in environmental conditions
E) the introduction of a new predator into an area

Question 35

Which of the following is a type of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism?

A) temporal isolation
B) mechanical isolation
C) behavioral isolation
D) hybrid sterility
E) all of these

Question 36

The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of

A) natural selection.
B) genetic isolation.
C) the bottleneck effect.
D) the founder effect.
E) all of these.

Question 37

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
species

Question 38

What is the type of speciation that can occur in an instant with a change in chromosome number?

A) temporal
B) mechanical
C) behavioral
D) ecological
E) polyploidal

Question 39

The situation in which an embryo produced as a result of a mating between individuals of different species is incompatible with the mother and is subsequently aborted is an example of

A) temporal isolation.
B) hybrid inviability.
C) mechanical isolation.
D) gametic mortality.
E) behavioral isolation.

Question 40

Speciation occurs

A) after populations become reproductively isolated.
B) when mutations generate observable differences.
C) when transitional forms develop between different populations.
D) when natural selection pressures reach their maximum.
E) with all of these.

Question 41

Classification.For the following statements select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
The occurrence of mimicry is best explained as the ultimate result of this process.

Question 42

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
balanced polymorphism

Question 43

__________ can lead to the loss of genetic diversity.

Question 44

__________ occurs in different patterns depending on the species and selection pressures.

Question 45

Classification.For the following statements select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
The reduced contribution of one phenotype in comparison to another to the next generation is an example of this.

Question 46

Deviations from __________ indicate that a population is evolving.

Question 47

Classification.For the following statements select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
This process produces new genetic variation within a species.

Question 48

Microevolution is change in the __________ of a population.

Question 49

Classification.For the following statements select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
This process can rapidly offset the effects of genetic isolation when two populations come into secondary contact.

Question 50

__________ shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction.

Question 51

Classification.For the following statements select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.
a.mutation
b.gene flow
c.genetic drift
d.natural selection
This is most likely to lead to the loss of genetic variation in a small population.

Question 52

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
gene pool

Question 53

Mutations are the original source of new alleles, but many are __________ or __________.

Question 54

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
p²
46.2pq

Question 55

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
directional selection

Question 56

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
genetic equilibrium

Question 57

Individuals of a __________ share a gene pool.

Question 58

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter for each.
a.a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generations
b.encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
c.the genes of an entire population
d.the frequency of homozygous dominants in a population
e.the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population
f.the frequency of heterozygotes in a population
g.the frequency of homozygous recessives in a population
h.heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is found
i.pesticide-resistant pests
q²

Question 59

__________ selection leads to forms of traits that enhance reproductive success and may result in sexual dimorphism.

Question 60

__________ selection favors intermediate forms of a trait whereas __________ selection favors extreme forms.

Question 61

Consider the sources of variation in traits among individuals of a species.Which of those can the member of the species control and which can they not control?

Question 62

Do human beings meet the five conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg law? Explain.

Question 63

In __________ speciation, populations in contact along a common border speciate.

Question 64

__________ species of many plants (and a few animals) originated by chromosome doublings and hybridizations.

Question 65

With __________ speciation, populations in physical contact speciate.

Question 66

Give an example of exaptation in humans?

Question 67

In __________ speciation, a geographic barrier interrupts gene flow between populations.

Question 68

Imagine the birds that eat peppered moths went extinct.What would happen to the peppered moth population?

Question 69

__________ occurs when two species act as agents of selection upon one another.

Question 70

__________ is rapid diversification into new species that occupy novel niches.

Question 71

__________ counters the effects of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.

Question 72

Reproductive isolating mechanisms typically evolve after gene flow __________.