Deck 15: Studying and Manipulating Genomes

Question 1

Bacteria use restriction enzymes to

A) integrate viral DNA.
B) destroy viral DNA.
C) prevent mutation of their DNA.
D) copy their genes.
E) inhibit the expression of some of their genes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which panel of the figure represents the DNA with genes of interest?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) both A and B

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Nucleic acid hybridization is the pairing between

A) cDNA and DNA.
B) mRNA and cDNA.
C) mRNA and DNA.
D) mRNA and tRNA.
E) DNA or RNA from more than one source.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A collection of host cells that house different cloned fragments of DNA is a

A) cDNA library.
B) transcribed DNA library.
C) genomic library.
D) gene library.
E) plasmid library.

Question 5

cDNA

A) does not contain introns.
B) is produced from mRNA.
C) production utilizes reverse transcriptase.
D) begins as a hybrid molecule with an mRNA.
E) fits all of these descriptions.

Question 6

Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA at a specific base sequence

A) between genes.
B) and produce fragments of four to eight base pairs in length.
C) between bacterial and viral DNAs.
D) between purines and pyrimidines.
E) between promoter and operator DNA sequences.

Question 7

What fraction of your DNA is the same as every other human being?

A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 90%
D) 95%
E) 99%

Question 8

Small circular molecules of "extra" DNA in bacteria

A) are plasmids.
B) are DNA fragments from their main chromosome.
C) result from the activity of restriction enzymes.
D) are eventually degraded.
E) are none of these.

Question 9

In this step in the identification of the colony that contains a targeted gene,

A) bacterial cells are cloned.
B) bacterial colonies are transferred.
C) bacterial cells are ruptured.
D) DNA is lysed.
E) cells with the targeted gene are identified.

Question 10

Which of the following enzymes join the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments?

A) reverse transcriptases
B) restriction enzymes
C) DNA ligases
D) DNA polymerases
E) polynucleotide kinases

Question 11

How many single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in humans?

A) 10s
B) 100s
C) 1000s
D) 100 000s
E) 1 000 000s

Question 12

Probes for cloned genes use

A) complementary nucleotide sequences tagged with a detectable label.
B) specific antibodies that kill all the cells except those that have incorporated the genes.
C) specific enzymes that lyse all the cells except those that have incorporated the genes.
D) certain bacteria that glow when they take up the genes.
E) all of these.

Question 13

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating the initial steps in the formation of recombinant DN
a.
The scissors in the figure represent

A) restriction enzymes.
B) reverse transcriptases.
C) DNA polymerases.
D) RNA polymerases.
E) DNA ligases.

Question 14

Restriction enzymes

A) work at recognition sites.
B) function only at "sticky ends."
C) produce uniform lengths of DNA.
D) function in viruses.
E) are produced by viruses to break down bacterial DNA.

Question 15

Enzymes used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research are

A) ligases.
B) restriction enzymes.
C) transcriptases.
D) DNA polymerases.
E) replicases.

Question 16

The circles in "B" are

A) fragments of the main bacterial DNA.
B) plasmids.
C) cDNA molecules.
D) DNA templates.
E) none of these.

Question 17

In order for DNA molecules to undergo recombination,

A) they must be from the same species.
B) their strands must separate as in replication.
C) they must be cut and spliced at specific nucleotide sequences.
D) one of the two DNA strands must be degraded.
E) they must first be transcribed.

Question 18

RNA can be used as a template for the production of DNA through the action of

A) DNA polymerase.
B) RNA polymerase.
C) reverse transcriptase.
D) ligase.
E) restriction endonuclease.

Question 19

Which panel of the figure contains the recombinant DNA plasmids that will be incorporated into a host cell?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) none of these

Question 20

Recombinant DNA is any DNA that

A) has been cut by restriction enzymes.
B) is at least four to eight base pairs in length.
C) has had its gene sequence rearranged.
D) consists of base pairs from two or more organisms of the same or different species.
E) is none of these.

Question 21

Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments according to

A) their length.
B) their mass.
C) their speed of travel through the gel.
D) the number of nucleotides in the fragment.
E) all of these.

Question 22

MATCHING
Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the five items listed below:
a.restriction enzymes
b.recombinants
c.plasmids
d.clones
e.restriction sites
These are bacterial populations containing thousands or millions of identical copies of one to several genes.

Question 23

Genetic engineering has produced which of the following animals?

A) freeze-resistant salmon
B) low-fat pigs
C) extra hefty sheep
D) cows resistant to mad cow disease
E) all of these

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true?

A) There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in humans.
B) There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in bacteria.
C) There is no danger in releasing recombinant organisms into the environment.
D) Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible.
E) None of these statements is true.

Question 25

Researchers can deliver genes into plants by using

A) the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
B) microscopic particles coated with DNA.
C) electric shocks.
D) chemicals.
E) all of these.

Question 26

The use of SNPs for analyzing genomes is based on

A) the nucleotide base pairing in the SNPs.
B) the types of nucleotides in the SNPs.
C) differences in SNPs among individuals.
D) the ratio of purines to pyrimidines in SNPs.
E) bonding patterns between nucleotides in the SNPs.

Question 27

For the polymerase chain reaction to occur,

A) isolated DNA molecules must be primed.
B) all DNA fragments must be identical.
C) the DNA must remain double stranded.
D) a sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to function.
E) all of these must occur.

Question 28

Seed banks

A) provide a source of seeds for farmers.
B) preserve seeds for museums.
C) preserve plant genetic diversity to be tapped by genetic engineers.
D) distribute seeds to member seed companies.
E) do all of these.

Question 29

Gene therapy

A) has not yet been used successfully with mammals.
B) is a surgical technique that replaces defective genes with normal genes.
C) has been used successfully to treat victims of autosomal dominant disorders by replacing the dominant allele with a recessive allele.
D) is a genetic engineering technique that replaces defective alleles with normal ones.
E) is none of these.

Question 30

The results of the treatment of 20 boys with SCID-X1 showed that

A) SCID-X1 can be cured through genetic engineering.
B) most of the treated boys were cured of the disease.
C) a transplanted normal IL2RG gene can cure SCID-X1.
D) our understanding of the human genome lags behind our ability to modify it.
E) all of these are true.

Question 31

DNA chips are used

A) to sequence DNA.
B) in DNA fingerprinting.
C) to determine which genes are silent or are being expressed.
D) in PCR.
E) for all of these.

Question 32

In automated DNA sequencing, eventually there will be millions of DNA fragments all tagged at

A) one end.
B) both ends.
C) every nucleotide.
D) the most numerous nucleotide.
E) the least numerous nucleotide.

Question 33

The goal of eugenics is to

A) selectively engineer and change normal human traits into what some perceive to be more desirable characteristics.
B) eliminate genetic disorders.
C) produce genetically identical humans.
D) eliminate genes for abnormal behavior.
E) accomplish all of these.

Question 34

Cross-breeding produced featherless chickens for which of the following purposes?

A) to make it easier to process after slaughter
B) to prevent a feather infecting disease
C) to be more resistant to high temperatures in the desert
D) to improve breeding efficiency
E) to do all of these

Question 35

Which area of biology is concerned with studying gene maps, looking for similarities and differences that point to evolutionary connections?

A) structural genomics
B) Darwinian genomics
C) phylogenetic genomics
D) comparative genomics
E) classical genomics

Question 36

Genetic engineering started with

A) bacteria.
B) viruses.
C) fungi.
D) plants.
E) animals.

Question 37

The term "biotech barnyards" commonly refers to

A) the production of human products by farm animals.
B) the development of new species of farm animals.
C) the increase of milk, egg, and wool production.
D) ultramodern methods of rearing more animals on less feed.
E) creation of transgenic animals that can produce more of their natural products.

Question 38

One of the first successful applications of genetic engineering was the commercial production of

A) clotting factor.
B) insulin.
C) hemoglobin.
D) collagen.
E) human growth factor.

Question 39

The primers in PCR are

A) fragments of mRNA.
B) designed to base pair with mRNA.
C) free nucleotides.
D) radioactive.
E) none of these.

Question 40

The process illustrated in the figure is a step in

A) the production of recombinant DNA.
B) probing for transferred genes.
C) DNA fingerprinting.
D) sequencing DNA.
E) producing radioactive probes.

Question 41

Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.gene library
These are collections of host cells that house cloned DNA.

Question 42

RNA cannot be cloned directly.________, a viral enzyme, is used to convert single-stranded RNA into ___________ for cloning.

Question 43

__________ can reveal the order of nucleotide bases in a fragment of DNA.

Question 44

Why are cDNA libraries considered so valuable?

Question 45

What is the current status of the Human Genome Project?

Question 46

MATCHING
Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the five items listed below:
a.restriction enzymes
b.recombinants
c.plasmids
d.clones
e.restriction sites
The use of the techniques of genetic engineering to move a novel or foreign piece of DNA into the DNA of an organism produces DNA __________.

Question 47

__________ are multiple copies of a short DNA sequence that follow one another along a chromosome.

Question 48

Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.gene library
This is a nuclease whose only function is to cut apart foreign DNA entering a cell.

Question 49

Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.gene library
This is an enzyme used to produce cDNA.

Question 50

There is concern that transgenic genes have been found in unrelated crops.Could such genetic transformation occur with traditional breeding programs?

Question 51

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses ________ and a heat-resistant DNA polymerase to rapidly increase the number of molecules of a DNA fragment.

Question 52

Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.gene library
In DNA cloning, __________ cut DNA into pieces.

Question 53

How could personal DNA testing be beneficial to medicine?

Question 54

Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.gene library
This is any DNA made from mRNA transcripts.

Question 55

Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the four items listed below.
a.cDNA
b.restriction enzyme
c.reverse transcriptase
d.gene library
This is from a viral source and catalyzes reactions to construct DNA strands from mRNA.

Question 56

MATCHING
Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the five items listed below:
a.restriction enzymes
b.recombinants
c.plasmids
d.clones
e.restriction sites
The pieces of DNA that are moved by a genetic engineer from one organism to another are first incorporated into these.

Question 57

MATCHING
Classification.To answer the following questions refer to the five items listed below:
a.restriction enzymes
b.recombinants
c.plasmids
d.clones
e.restriction sites
The function of these is to cut apart foreign DNA molecules.